New forecast for Irish GDP to contract by 10% in 2020

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May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                                                                       ECONOMIC RESEARCH
IRISH ECONOMY

New forecast for Irish GDP to
contract by 10% in 2020

                                                                                       Conall MacCoille
THE DAVY VIEW
                                                                                       conall.maccoille@davy.ie
Our new forecast is for Irish GDP to contract by 10% in 2020 and                       +353 1 6148770
rebound by 7% in 2021, with the unemployment rate peaking at
25% in Q2 2020 and falling to average 12% in 2021. We expect
the government deficit to equal 9% of GDP in 2020 and 5% in
2021. Housing completions are expected to fall to just 13,800
accompanied by a 5% decline in house prices through 2020.

Irish economy to contract by 10% in 2020, rebound 2021
Our new forecast is for Irish GDP to contract by 10% in 2020 followed by a 7%
rebound in 2021. This reflects an initial 20% hit to GDP in Q2 2020 followed by a
gradual recovery as the economy re-opens along the lines of the Irish
government’s phased roadmap. Despite this recovery, our forecasts imply GDP
will be 10% below its pre-COVID-19 level at end-2020 and 5% below by end-
2021. We expect the Irish unemployment rate will rise to 25% in Q2 2020, falling
thereafter but remaining in double-digit territory through 2020 and 2021.

Economic hit will be focused on domestic demand
Our forecast is for consumer spending to contract by 12.5% in 2020, rebounding
by 7.3% in 2021. Investment spending will fall sharply, in part due to homebuilding
declining to 13,800 units, accompanied by a 5% drop in house prices. Ireland’s
defensive export sector should perform better but we still expect a 7% contraction,
with world trade set for a double-digit decline. We forecast a government deficit of
9.2% of GDP in 2020 and 5.3% in 2021.

Enormous risks around our forecasts
There is clearly enormous uncertainty around our forecasts. There is still limited
information on the size of the initial hit to the economy. We assume the economy       See the end of this report for important
re-opens through Q3 2020 along the lines of the Irish government’s roadmap.            disclosures and analyst certification. All
                                                                                       authors are Research Analysts unless
Clearly, another COVID-19 outbreak with associated business and travel
                                                                                       otherwise stated.
restrictions could derail this recovery. We also assume the UK does not opt for a
‘cliff-edge’ exit from the EU single market, with an extension of the transition
period still the most likely outcome.
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                          Ireland and COVID-19
                                          Our new forecasts are for a deep and lingering impact of COVID-19 on the Irish
                                          economy. We expect Irish GDP to initially contract by 20% in Q2 2020, rebounding
                                          slowly, with the level still 10% below pre-COVID-19 levels by end-2020 and 5%
                                          below by end-2021. This means the unemployment rate will average 16% in 2020
                                          and 12% in 2021 with the government deficit equal to 9% of GDP in 2020 and 5% in
                                          2021.

                                          However, the outlook is very uncertain. There is still a lack of data to gauge the
                                          immediate impact of COVID-19 business and travel restrictions on GDP. Ireland’s
    We expect Irish GDP to initially
    contract by 20% in Q2 2020,           PMI surveys are consistent with a 15% reduction but do not capture the impact of the
    rebounding slowly so that the         shutdown in activity in many sectors. Exports and industrial production held up well in
    level is still 10% below pre-COVID-   March, tentative evidence that the defensive nature of Irish trade will provide some
    19 levels by end-2020 and 5%
                                          protection. However, Ireland’s labour market data, showing an unemployment rate of
    below by end-2021
                                          28% in April, are far worse than in other countries.

                                          We assume the economy re-opens consistent with the Irish government’s roadmap,
                                          starting on May 18th, with the final phase beginning on August 10th. Nonetheless,
                                          social distancing restrictions are likely to hinder activity in many sectors well beyond
                                          these dates. The Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation’s ‘Economic
                                          Considerations for Reinstating Economic Activity’ concedes that Ireland’s lockdown
                                          has been longer and more severe than in other EU countries with a more
                                          conservative plan to re-open the economy.

                                            Figure 1: PUP and TWSS claimants as percentage of employment by sector

                                              Accomodation and Food Services
                                                                    Construction
                                           Administrative and Support Services
                                                             Wholesale & Retail
                                                            Other Nace activities
                                                      Professional and Scientific
                                                                           Total
                                                          Transport and Storage
                                                                        Industry
                                           Financial, Insurance and Real Estate
                                                                      Education
                                              Information and Communications
                                                                          Health
                                                           Public Administration
                                                                     Agriculture
                                                                                    0%      20%         40%        60%        80%        100%

                                                                   Source: Central Statistics Office; Department of Social Protection; Irish Revenue

                                          Ireland’s labour market data look far worse than in the UK. The Central Statistics
                                          Office (CSO) reported a 28% unemployment rate in April. Currently, there are
                                          585,000 claimants of the €350 per week Pandemic Unemployment Payment (PUP),
                                          of which 38% had incomes less than €300 per week prior to the COVID-19 outbreak.
                                          This incentive problem may have persuaded many workers not to participate in the
                                          Temporary Wage Subsidy Scheme (TWSS).

                                          Nonetheless, Figure 1 illustrates that the hit to activity has been concentrated in
                                          accommodation & food services, construction, admin & support services and
                                          wholesale & retail (sectors in which almost all activity has been shut down until now),
                                          where the combined total of PUP and TWSS claimants exceeds 60%.

2    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                                         It is difficult to gauge specific dates for sector re-openings from the Irish
                                                         government’s roadmap. Construction activity has resumed from May 18 th. However,
                                                         retail activities will not fully resume until phases 3, 4 and 5, beginning June 29th
                                                         through to August 10th. Cafes and restaurants can begin to re-open from June 29th
                                                         and hotels from July 20th. However, in many cases, social distancing restrictions will
                                                         mean that many services (e.g. entertainment, cinemas, etc) will not be available or
                                                         will continue to be impaired.

    Our forecasts for 2020 rest on                       Our forecasts for 2020 rest on assumptions regarding how quickly activity returns to
    assumptions regarding how                            pre-COVID-19 levels across different sectors. In framing these assumptions, we have
    quickly activity returns to pre-                     contacted a range of industry bodies and drawn on the evidence from the
    COVID-19 levels across different
    sectors                                              government roadmap and the Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation’s
                                                         analysis of the re-opening of the economy. Figure 2 illustrates how we see the key
                                                         sectors’ output recovering (as a percentage of pre-COVID-19 output) in 2020 and
                                                         2021.

      Figure 2: Forecasts for output by sector (as % of pre-COVID-19 output)
                          Agri.     Industry   Construction   Distribution   Information Financial   Real Estate   Prof, Admin       Public      Arts, Ent,
                                                               Transport,    and Comm.      and       Activities   and Support       Admin,       Other
                                                              Hotels and     Restaurants Insurance                   Services      Education     Services
                                                              Restaurants                                                          and Health
     2020                   96%      94%           68%           61%            94%        94%          66%           88%             99%           55%

     2021                  100%      96%           92%           83%            97%        93%          90%           92%            101%           78%

                                                                                                                        Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

3    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                    New Irish economic forecasts
                                    Due to the enormous disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic, we have revised our
                                    forecasts for Irish GDP growth to a 10.3% contraction in 2020 followed by a partial
                                    rebound in 2021, with GDP expanding by 7.1%. Our forecast is for an initial 20% hit
                                    to Irish GDP in Q2 2020, with GDP still 10% below its pre-COVID-9 level by end-
                                    2020 and 5% below by end-2021.

                                    We expect 2020 GDP to initially contract by 20%, rebounding gradually through the
                                    second half of the year. Similarly, we expect employment to initially decline by 23% in
                                    Q2 2020, finishing the year 12% down on pre-COVID-19 levels.

                                        Figure 3: Davy forecasts for the Irish economy
                                                                                            2019              2020             2021
Our new forecast is for the Irish
                                    Consumer spending                                         2.8             -12.5              7.3
economy to contract by 10.3% in
2020                                Government expenditure                                    5.6               9.1              -4.0

                                    Investment                                               94.1             -50.3              8.4

                                    Building & construction                                   6.8             -36.6             20.5

                                    Machinery & equipment (core)                              2.7             -40.0             22.5

                                    Exports                                                  11.1              -7.4              7.2

                                    Imports                                                  35.6             -21.0              6.0

                                    GDP                                                       5.5             -10.3              7.1

                                    Government balance, % GDP                                 0.4              -9.2              -5.3

                                    Government debt, % GDP                                   58.8              70.4             69.2

                                    Employment growth                                         2.9             -11.3              4.7

                                    Unemployment rate, %                                      5.0              15.8             12.4

                                                                                              Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

                                    Key features of our new Irish economic forecasts
                                    ▪     Irish GDP to contract by 10.3% in 2020 and rebound by 7.1% in 2021.

                                    ▪     Consumer spending to contract by 12.5% in 2020 and rebound by 7.3% in 2021.

                                    ▪     Investment to decline by 50%, reflecting weaker imports of intellectual property,
                                          with building and construction to fall by 37%.

                                    ▪     Exports to contract by 7% in 2020, slower than the likely double-digit decline in
                                          world trade.

                                    ▪     Government deficit to grow to €29bn, 9% of GDP, in 2020 and fall to €18bn, 5%
                                          of GDP, in 2021.

                                    ▪     Unemployment rate to peak at 25% in Q2 2020 but fall back to average 12% in
                                          2021.

4   Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                        What do we know so far about the COVID-19
                                        impact?
                                        There have been few data so far to gauge the impact of COVID-19. Ireland’s
                                        Composite (17.3), Manufacturing (36.0) and Services (13.9) PMIs have fallen to
                                        unprecedented levels in April. On past form, this points to at least a double-digit
                                        decline in Irish GDP in Q2.

                                        Monthly data on exports and industrial production have held up better – pointing to
                                        some protection from the defensive nature of the sectors. Nominal goods exports
    The Irish PMI surveys point to a
    large double-digit decline in GDP   reached a record high in March at €16bn, including an 81% rise in pharmaceuticals to
    in Q2 2020                          €10bn. Industrial production was up 39% in March.

                                          Figure 4: Short-term indicators on the Irish economy
                                                                                         2018           2019            2020            Date

                                        Composite PMI (50 = no change)                   57.1            52.9           17.3            April

                                        Manufacturing                                    55.8            50.9           36.0            April

                                        Services                                         58.0            54.6           13.9            April

                                        Construction                                     58.2            53.0             4.5           April

                                        Industrial production, yoy %                       0.1            1.6           22.9           March

                                        Modern sector                                     -0.7            1.2           35.3           March

                                        Traditional sector                                 2.6            7.4            -4.8          March

                                        Goods exports, yoy %                             14.5             8.6           39.2           March

                                        ex-pharma & other transport equipment              2.6            5.6             0.2          March

                                        Retail sales, yoy %                                3.7            1.6           -11.2          March

                                        ex-motor trades                                    3.7            4.4            -0.5          March

                                        Tax revenues, yoy %                                9.5            6.8            -8.0           April

                                        Unemployment rate, %                               5.8            4.8          28.0*            April

                                                                                Source: Central Statistics Office; Thomson Reuters DataStream

                                        Retail sales (excluding motor trades) held up well in March, down 0.5%; within this,
                                        total food stores sales were up 19% but department stores (-28%), clothing &
                                        footwear (-51%), furniture & lighting (-14%) and books, newspapers & stationery
                                        (-29%) all saw enormous declines. Central Bank data on debit card spending showed
    Ireland’s labour market data look   a 40% annual contraction in early April.
    especially weak, but the apparent
    damage may have been
    accentuated by design features in   Ireland’s labour market data look especially weak. The CSO’s COVID-19 adjusted
    the scheme                          unemployment rate rose to 28% at end-April, reflecting 600,000 claimants of the new
                                        PUP. However, the generosity of the payment (€350 per week) has created a
                                        financial incentive not to participate in the government’s TWSS.

5    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                         Defensive Irish exports provide some protection
                                         The European Commission’s Spring 2020 projections were for double-digit declines
                                         in imports for Ireland’s most important trading partners: euro area (-13%), UK (-10%)
                                         and US (-13%). This is clearly a very difficult environment for Irish exporters.

                                         However, Figure 5 illustrates that although Irish export markets contracted by 11% in
    Pharmaceuticals and ICT services     2009, Irish export volumes rose 4.5%, albeit after a 3.6% decline in 2008. This
    exports should hold up better than   defensive nature of Irish exports - specifically, concentration in agri-food,
    a likely double-digit decline in
                                         pharmaceuticals, information & communications technology and medical technology -
    world trade
                                         makes their performance less sensitive to global trade.

                                           Figure 5: Irish exports and world trade volumes
                                           yoy %
                                           35
                                           30
                                           25
                                           20
                                           15
                                           10
                                            5
                                            0
                                           -5
                                          -10
                                          -15
                                                1999     2001   2003   2005     2007   2009    2011     2013     2015      2017    2019

                                                   Goods Exports        Services Exports             OECD Export Markets Ireland

                                                                                                      Source: Central Statistics Office; OECD

                                         The early data indicate that Irish trade has fared relatively well so far. Nominal goods
                                         exports rose to a record high of €16bn in March, benefiting from an 81% surge in
     Nominal goods exports in March      pharmaceutical goods exports. Hence, Irish industrial production was also up by 23%
     were up 39% on the year to €16bn,
     helped by buoyant                   in March.
     pharmaceuticals
                                         Nonetheless, we still expect that COVID-19-related disruption will hurt Irish exports in
                                         2020. Our forecast is for a 7.4% contraction in 2020 followed by a 7.2% rebound in
                                         2021 – still implying that Ireland will outperform the broader slowdown in global trade.

                                           Figure 6: Davy trade forecasts
                                                                            2018              2019                2020                  2021

                                         Exports                            10.4              11.1                  -7.4                  7.2

                                         Irish export markets                 3.0              1.4                -12.5                 10.5

                                                                                               Source: Central Statistics Office; OECD; Davy

6    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                        Labour market
                                        At face value, Ireland’s labour market data look considerably worse than in other
                                        countries. The CSO has published a ‘COVID-19 adjusted unemployment rate’, which
                                        rose to 28.2% in April. In addition, at end-April there were 425,000 employees paid
                                        via the TWSS.

                                        However, the apparent damage to the Irish labour market may have been
    At end-April, 1.2m people, or
                                        accentuated by incentivisation problems with the €350 per week PUP payment. The
    53.5% of pre-COVID-19
    employment, were claiming benefit   government now estimates that 38% of PUP claimants were previously paid less than
    payments                            €300 per week. Also, unlike the UK’s scheme, employees paid via the TWSS scheme
                                        may still be at work.

                                        This implies that Irish unemployment benefit claimants could quickly fall as sectors of
                                        the economy are re-opened and as eligibility for the schemes is tightened.

                                          Figure 7: Irish labour market indicators
                                         000s
                                         2500

                                         2000

                                         1500

                                         1000

                                          500

                                            0
                                                 Live Register     Pandemic    Temporary       Unemployed           2019
                                                 Job Seekers     Unemployment Wage Scheme                         Employment
                                                                   Payment
                                                                         March       April

                                                                                                 Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

                                        Hence, we are forecasting a very deep cut in employment in Q2 2020 followed by a
                                        sharp recovery in Q3 and Q4. Nonetheless, this still leaves the unemployment rate
                                        averaging 16% in 2020 and 12% in 2021. By end-2021, we expect the level of
                                        employment to still be 5% lower than its pre-COVID-19 outbreak level.

                                          Figure 8: Irish labour market forecasts
                                                                                               2019              2020             2021

                                        Employment growth                                       2.9              -11.3              4.7

                                        Labour force growth                                     2.0                0.1              0.6

                                        Unemployment rate                                       5.0               15.8             12.4

                                        Wages per head                                          4.7               -2.0              3.0

                                                                                                 Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

7    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                         Consumer spending set for large contraction
                                         Retail sales volumes in March actually held up reasonably well, with core sales down
                                         only 0.5% on the year, held up by buoyant food stores but with other sectors seeing
                                         far bigger declines in revenues. However, more timely Central Bank data paint a far
                                         more negative view – pointing to spending being down by circa 40% in April.

                                         This isn’t surprising given the closure of large swathes of the retail sector. We expect
                                         retail spending should rebound in June and July as the sector re-opens.
    Central Bank of Ireland data point   Nonetheless, consumer spending should see a hit through 2020 given the 10.5%
    to spending being down 40% in
    early April                          decline in employment on average through 2020. That said, the PUP has helped to
                                         protect incomes.

                                           Figure 9: Irish consumer spending
                                           %
                                           15

                                           10

                                            5

                                            0

                                           -5

                                          -10

                                          -15

                                          -20
                                                 2005

                                                        2006

                                                               2007

                                                                      2008

                                                                             2009

                                                                                    2010

                                                                                           2011

                                                                                                  2012

                                                                                                         2013

                                                                                                                  2014

                                                                                                                         2015

                                                                                                                                 2016

                                                                                                                                          2017

                                                                                                                                                 2018

                                                                                                                                                          2019

                                                                                                                                                                 2020

                                                                                                                                                                        2021
                                                                                                                                Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

                                         Our forecast is that Irish consumer spending will contract by 12.5% in 2020 followed
                                         by a 7.3% rebound in 2021. This forecast rests on a sharp rise in the savings ratio to
                                         12%, up from 6% in 2019, falling back to 7% in 2021.

                                           Figure 10: Davy household income forecasts
                                                                                                           2018                  2019                   2020                   2021

                                         Employment                                                             2.9                 2.9                 -11.3                   4.7

                                         Wages per head                                                         2.9                 4.7                  -2.0                   3.0

                                         Household disposable incomes                                           5.2                 7.0                  -7.4                   2.9

                                         Household savings rate                                                 3.7                 5.7                 12.0                    7.2

                                                                                                                                Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

8    Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                           Investment spending to collapse
                                           Irish investment will undergo a sharp contraction as capital investment projects are
                                           delayed or cancelled and given that construction activity has been depressed by the
                                           shutdown for the best part of three months.

                                           Our forecasts are based on a 35% drop in dwellings investment, or housing
    We expect homebuilding to drop         completions falling to 13,800 units in 2020. In addition, we assume non-residential
    to 13,800 units in 2020                construction activity declines by 36%. In both cases, we assume a partial rebound in
                                           2021 with activity up 22.5%.

                                             Figure 11: Irish housing completions

                                            000s
                                            100

                                             90

                                             80

                                             70

                                             60

                                             50

                                             40

                                             30

                                             20

                                             10

                                               0
                                                   2003        2005    2007   2009   2011       2013   2015     2017       2019      2021

                                                                                                        Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

                                           Our forecast for total investment is a 50% contraction in 2020. However, this largely
                                           reflects the close to €100bn of investment in intellectual property assets in 2019 not
     Our forecast is for core investment
     spending to contract by 38% in        being repeated in 2020. We expect core investment spending to decline by 37.6% in
     2020                                  2020 before rebounding by 22.5% in 2021.

                                           Figure 12: Investment spending forecasts
                                                                                            2018        2019             2020            2021

                                           Residential                                      25.8          2.6            -35.4            21.6

                                           Non-residential construction                      6.9          9.1            -36.0            20.0

                                           Core machinery & equipment                       14.4          2.7            -40.0            22.5

                                           Other transport equipment                        60.6        -36.2              4.0              3.0

                                           Intangible assets                                -52.6      140.0             -60.0              3.0

                                           Total investment                                 -21.1        94.1            -50.3              8.3

                                           Core investment                                  13.0          5.9            -37.6            21.0

                                                                                                        Source: Central Statistics Office; Davy

9   Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                         Housing market: price falls now likely
                                         The latest updates of the Irish Property Price Register show normal transaction levels
                                         down 50%, and this looks set to fall further as the impact of business/travel
                                         restrictions is felt. New listings on MyHome in May were down circa 85% on normal
                                         levels.

  Housing market transactions will       Transactions will only resume gradually as restrictions are lifted through the summer.
  effectively cease in May-June
                                         It will also take time for consumer confidence to rebound sufficiently for many
                                         households to follow through on transactions. Hence, we expect mortgage lending to
                                         equal just €5.2bn in 2020, picking up to €8.4bn in 2021.

                                         In this context, price movements may be difficult to measure or unrepresentative,
                                         biased perhaps towards cash purchases and vendors willing to provide a discount in
                                         a very illiquid market. So far, the evidence from MyHome does not point to an
                                         unusually high number of instances of asking prices being cut or transactions at a
                                         discount.

                                           Figure 13: Ireland residential property price inflation

                                           40

                                           30

                                           20

                                           10

                                            0

                                          -10

                                          -20

                                          -30

                                          -40
                                             2006          2008          2010       2012         2014          2016        2018          2020

                                                                         National           Dublin        Ex Dublin

                                                                                                                 Source: Central Statistics Office

                                         Our contacts suggest that estate agents our now expecting price falls through 2020.
                                         Price falls may be sharper in the near term but dissipate as the housing market re-
                                         opens. Our forecast is for average wages to drop by 2%. We also know Irish banks
    Our baseline forecast is for a 5%    have been tightening credit standards, particularly for loans exceeding the 3.5x loan-
    drop in Irish house prices through
    2020                                 to-income multiple. Hence, our forecast is for a 5% drop in Irish house prices through
                                         2020 followed by a 3.5% rebound in 2021.

                                           Figure 14: Irish house price inflation and mortgage lending forecasts
                                                                                      2019              2020              2021              2022

                                         House price inflation (yoy %)                     6.3           0.3               -5.0               3.5

                                         Mortgage lending, €bn                             9.5           5.2                8.4              11.1

                                                                                                                 Source: Central Statistics Office

10 Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

                                        Public finances: deficit worth 9% of GDP in 2020
                                        April’s Stability Programme Update forecast was for a deficit of €23.1bn (or 7.4% of
                                        GDP) in 2020, narrowing to €13.8bn (4.1% of GDP) in 2021. This forecast was based
                                        on a 10.5% contraction in Irish GDP in 2020 and a 6% rebound in 2021, with gross
                                        current expenditure expected to grow by 17% in 2021 but tax revenues to decline by
                                        16% from €59.3bn in 2019 to €49.6bn in 2020.

  Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar has      However, since the publication of the Stability Programme Update, Irish Taoiseach
  said a deficit close to €30bn in
  2020 is now likely, up from €23bn     Leo Varadkar has announced that the PUP and TWSS will be extended beyond the
  forecast in Ireland’s Stability       initial 12-week period. These supports are estimated to cost €4-4.5bn per quarter.
  Programme Update                      Media also widely reported that, within the context of government formation talks,
                                        Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe had presented an updated forecast for a
                                        deficit of €30bn (10% of GDP) in 2020.

                                          Figure 15: Ireland’s General Government Deficit
                                          % nominal GDP
                                           6

                                            4

                                            2

                                            0

                                           -2

                                           -4

                                           -6

                                           -8

                                          -10

                                          -12

                                          -14
                                                                                                          2005

                                                                                                                               2008

                                                                                                                                                    2011

                                                                                                                                                                         2014
                                                  1997
                                                         1998
                                                                1999
                                                                       2000
                                                                              2001
                                                                                     2002
                                                                                            2003
                                                                                                   2004

                                                                                                                 2006
                                                                                                                        2007

                                                                                                                                      2009
                                                                                                                                             2010

                                                                                                                                                           2012
                                                                                                                                                                  2013

                                                                                                                                                                                2015
                                                                                                                                                                                       2016
                                                                                                                                                                                              2017
                                                                                                                                                                                                     2018
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2019
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2020
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2021
                                                                                                                                      Deficit

                                                                                                                                                                  Source: Davy; Department of Finance

                                        Exchequer returns for April showed tax revenues of €2.8bn, down 8% on the year,
                                        and €15.6bn in the first four months of 2020, down 0.6%. While clearly showing a
   We expect the deficit to equal       marked downturn in revenues, these out-turns were actually slightly better than the
   €29bn (9% of GDP) in 2020, falling   Department of Finance’s revised forecast for €15.5bn of tax revenues in the first four
   to €18bn (5% of GDP) in 2021
                                        months. Gross expenditure was €4.2bn in April, up 21% on the year. Our forecast is
                                        for a deficit of €29bn in 2020, or 9.2% of GDP, falling to €18bn, or 5.3% of GDP, in
                                        2021. This means that Ireland’s gross debt/GDP ratio will rise to 70% in 2020 and fall
                                        marginally to 69% in 2021.

                                          Figure 16: Davy forecasts for the public finances
                                                                                                                           2019                                      2020                                                  2021

                                        Deficit                                                                                1.3                                   -29.0                                                 -18.0

                                        % GDP                                                                              0.4%                                     -9.2%                                                 -5.3%

                                        Gross debt                                                                        204.0                                     222.5                                                 236.5

                                        % GDP                                                                            58.8%                                     70.4%                                                  69.2%

                                        % GNI                                                                            99.2%                                    122.9%                                              119.7%

                                                                                                                                                                           Source: Central Statistics Office

11 Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

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   Our ratings are based on the following parameters:
   Outperform: Outperforms the relevant E300 sector by 10% or more over the next 12 months.
   Neutral: Performs in-line with the relevant E300 sector (+/-10%) over the next 12 months.
   Underperform: Underperforms the relevant E300 sector by 10% or more over the next 12 months.
   Under Review: Rating is actively under review.
   Suspended: Rating is suspended until further notice.

   Restricted: The rating has been removed in accordance with Davy policy and/or applicable law and regulations where Davy is engaged in an investment
   banking transaction and in certain other circumstances.

   Distribution of ratings/investment banking relationships

    Investment banking services/Past 12 months
    Rating                 Count        Percent          Count        Percent
    Outperform                65             64             33             89
    Neutral                   30             29              3               8
    Underperform               4              4              0               0
    Under Review               2              2              1               3
    Suspended                  0              0              0               0
    Restricted                 1              1              0               0

   This is a summary of Davy ratings for all companies under research coverage, including those companies under coverage to which Davy has provided
   material investment banking services in the previous 12 months. This summary is updated on a quarterly basis. The term 'material investment banking
   services' includes Davy acting as broker as well as the provision of corporate finance services, such as underwriting and managing or advising on a public
   offer.

   Regulatory and other important information

   J&E Davy, trading as Davy, is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Davy is a member of Euronext Dublin, the London Stock Exchange and BATS Chi-
   X. In the UK, Davy is authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland and authorised and subject to limited regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority. Details
   about the extent of our authorisation and regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority are available from us on request. No part of this document is to be
   reproduced without our written permission. This publication is solely for information purposes and does not constitute an offer or solicitation to buy or sell
   securities. This document does not constitute investment advice and has been prepared without regard to the individual financial circumstances and
   objectives of persons who receive it. The securities/strategy discussed in this report may not be suitable or appropriate for all investors. The value of
   investments can fall as well as rise and there is no guarantee that investors will receive back their capital invested. Past performance and simulated
   performance is not a reliable guide to future performance. Projected returns are estimates only and are not a reliable guide to the future performance of this
   investment. Forecasted returns depend on assumptions that involve subjective judgment and on analysis that may or may not be correct. Any information
   related to the tax status of the securities discussed herein is not intended to provide tax advice or to be used as tax advice. Tax treatment depends on
   individual circumstances and may be subject to change. You should consult your tax adviser about the rules that apply in your individual circumstances.

   This document has been prepared and issued by Davy on the basis of publicly available information, internally developed data and other sources believed
   to be reliable. While all reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this document, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the
   information contained herein. Any opinion expressed (including estimates and forecasts) may be subject to change without notice. We or any of our
   connected or affiliated companies or their employees may have a position in any of the securities or may have provided, within the last twelve months,
   significant advice or investment services in relation to any of the securities or related investments referred to in this document.

12 Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

   While reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of the information contained in this document, no warranty or representation, express or implied,
   is or will be provided by Davy or any of its shareholders, subsidiaries or affiliated entities or any person, firm or body corporate under its control or under
   common control or by any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, advisers and representatives, all of whom expressly disclaim any and
   all liability for the contents of, or omissions from, this document, the information or opinions on which it is based and/or whether it is a reasonable summary
   of the securities in this document and for any other written or oral communication transmitted or made available to the recipient or any of its officers,
   employees, agents or representatives.

   Neither Davy nor any of its shareholders, subsidiaries, affiliated entities or any person, form or body corporate under its control or under common control or
   their respective directors, officers, agents, employees, advisors, representatives or any associated entities (each an "Indemnified Party") will be responsible
   or liable for any costs, losses or expenses incurred by investors in connection with the information contained in this document. The investor indemnifies and
   holds harmless Davy and each Indemnified Party for any losses, liabilities or claims, joint or several, howsoever arising, except upon such Indemnified
   Party’s bad faith or gross negligence.

   Share ownership policy

   Davy allows analysts to own shares in companies they issue recommendations on, subject to strict compliance with our internal rules governing own-account
   trading by staff members. We are satisfied that our internal policy on share ownership does not compromise the objectivity of analysts in issuing
   recommendations.
   Conflicts of interest

   Our conflicts of interest management policy is available at www.davy.ie/ConflictsOfInterest.

   Other important disclosures

   This report was completed on May 26 2020 at 16:00 IST/BST. It was issued on May 27 2020 at 06:30 IST/BST.

   US Securities Exchange Act, 1934

   This report is only distributed in the US to major institutional investors as defined by S15a-6 of the Securities Exchange Act, 1934 as amended. By accepting
   this report, a US recipient warrants that it is a major institutional investor as defined and shall not distribute or provide this report, or any part thereof, to any
   other person.

   Distribution of research to clients of Davy Securities in the US

   Davy Securities distributes third-party research produced by its affiliate, J&E Davy.
   Davy Securities is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Davy Securities is a member of FINRA and SIPC.

   Confidentiality and copyright statement

   Davy, Research Department, Davy House, 49 Dawson St., Dublin 2, Ireland. Confidential © Davy 2020.

13 Davy Research: Irish economy
May 27 2020 06:30 IST/BST

   Research                                                               Institutional Equity Sales
  Telephone: +353 1 614 8997           Email: research@davy.ie            Telephone: +353 1 679 2816                           Email: sales@davy.ie
  Bloomberg: DAVY                                                     Chief Operating Officer, Institutional Group
                                                                          Damian Roddy             damian.roddy@davy.ie              +35316148759
  Head of Research
  Barry Dixon               barry.dixon@davy.ie            +35316148922
                                                                          EQUITY SALES
                                                                          Head of Equity Sales
  ECONOMIC RESEARCH                                                       Kieran Canny              kieran.canny@davy.ie            +35316724232
  Chief Economist
  Conall Mac Coille         conall.maccoille@davy.ie       +35316148770   Patrick Dempsey           patrick.dempsey@davy.ie         +35316724124
                                                                          Cian Fanning              cian.fanning@davy.ie            +35316724249
                                                                          Siobhan Gaunt             siobhan.gaunt@davy.ie           +442074488870
  EQUITY RESEARCH                                                         John Hickey               john.hickey@davy.ie             +35316148959
  Financials                                                              Ronan Hurley              ronan.hurley@davy.ie            +35316724239
  Stephen Lyons             stephen.lyons@davy.ie          +35316148983   Niall Kearns              niall.kearns@davy.ie            +35316149924
  Diarmaid Sheridan         diarmaid.sheridan@davy.ie      +35316149008   Mannie Larchet            mannie.larchet@davy.ie          +35316724215
  Colin Grant               colin.grant@davy.ie            +35316148909   Adam O’Maoldomhnaigh      adam.omaoldomhnaigh@davy.ie     +35316724248
  Industrials
                                                                          EQUITY TRADING
  Robert Gardiner           robert.gardiner@davy.ie        +35316149004
                                                                          Head of Equity Trading                                    +35316792816
  Barry Dixon               barry.dixon@davy.ie            +35316148922
                                                                          Andrew Arnott             andrew.arnott@davy.ie           +35316724231
  Florence O’Donoghue       florence.odonoghue@davy.ie     +35316148741
  Colin Sheridan            colin.sheridan@davy.ie         +35316149936
                                                                          Stephen Church            stephen.church@davy.ie          +35316724238
  Job Langbroek             job.langbroek@davy.ie          +35316148914
                                                                          Fran O’Connor             fran.oconnor@davy.ie            +35316148961
  Transport and logistics
                                                                          Ivan Cummins              ivan.cummins@davy.ie            +35316724247
  Stephen Furlong           stephen.furlong@davy.ie        +35316148924   Cathal Kielty             cathal.kielty@davy.ie           +35316724235
  Ross Harvey               ross.harvey@davy.ie            +35316149145   Edward O’Flynn            edward.oflynn@davy.ie           +35316792816
  Allan Smylie              allan.smylie@davy.ie           +35316148701
  Andrew Young              andrew.young@davy.ie           +35316148764   EQUITY SALES TRADING
  Food                                                                    Turlough Carolan          turlough.carolan@davy.ie        +35316724236
  Cathal Kenny              cathal.kenny@davy.ie           +35316149109   Dara Cosgrave             dara.cosgrave@davy.ie           +35316148969
  Roland French             roland.french@davy.ie          +35316724280   Aidan McSweeney           aidan.mcsweeney@davy.ie         +35316724230
                                                                          Geoff McEvoy              geoff.mcevoy@davy.ie            +35316724218
  Katy Hutchinson           katy.hutchinson@davy.ie        +35316148819
                                                                          Lionel McCarthy           lionel.mccarthy@davy.ie         +35316149065
  Leisure
  Michael Mitchell          michael.mitchell@davy.ie       +35316724226
                                                                          FIXED INCOME
  Jack O’Halloran           jack.ohalloran@davy.ie         +35316149942
                                                                          Head of Fixed Income
  RESEARCH OPERATIONS                                                     Barry Nangle              barry.nangle@davy.ie            +35316148982
  Research Operations Manager                                             Fixed Income Sales
  Jim O’Neill               jim.oneill@davy.ie             +35316148919   Paul Benson               paul.benson@davy.ie             +35316148840
                                                                          Anthony Childs            anthony.childs@davy.ie          +35316148993
                                                                          Fiona Howard              fiona.howard@davy.ie            +35316148986
  Jenny Campbell            jenny.campbell@davy.ie         +35316149153
                                                                          Barry Murphy              barry.murphy@davy.ie            +35316148984
  Laura Chambers            laura.chambers@davy.ie         +35316149132   Eamonn Reilly             eamonn.reilly@davy.ie           +35316148989
  Zara Copeland             zara.copeland@davy.ie          +35316148826   CORPORATE BROKING
  Deirdre Dunne             deirdre.dunne@davy.ie          +35316148766   Head of Corporate Broking
  Brid Frain                brid.frain@davy.ie             +35316148827   Ronan Veale               ronan.veale@davy.ie             +35316148843
  Orla O’Flynn              orla.oflynn@davy.ie            +35316148820
                                                                          Orla Cowzer               orla.cowzer@davy.ie             +35316724233
  Aoibhinn O’Reilly         aoibhinn.oreilly@davy.ie       +35316143383
                                                                          Sean McKeon               sean.mckeon@davy.ie             +35316724246
  Shane Reilly              shane.reilly@davy.ie           +35316143389   Oisin Morgan              oisin.morgan@davy.ie            +35316148712
                                                                          Tom Tynan                 tom.tynan@davy.ie               +35316148871
                                                                          Corporate Access and Events
                                                                          Paula Mulhern             paula.mulhern@davy.ie           +35316148829
                                                                          Rita Murphy               rita.murphy@davy.ie             +35316148740
                                                                          Amy O’Dwyer               amy.odwyer@davy.ie              +35316144997
                                                                          Lynda Rogers              lynda.rogers@davy.ie            +35316144422
                                                                          Paula Thornton            paula.thornton@davy.ie          +35316143373

14 Davy Research: Irish economy
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