RAW MATERIALS TRANSITION - 12 ARGUMENTS FOR A
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12
ARGUMENTS FOR A
RAW MATERIALS TRANSITION1
METALLIC RAW MATERIALS ARE
DAILY COMPANIONS Tin
Copper
Lithium
Chrome
Nickel Cobalt
Zinc Bauxite
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Lead
Gold Iron
Tungsten
Platinum
Palladium Magnesium
Coltan Titanium2
METAL PRODUCTION CONSUMES LARGE VOLUMNES OF
WATER, LAND AND AIR
German copper imports consume 115,4 Mio. cubic
5. Germany is the 5 largest c
onsumer WATER meters of water each year alone. That equals
th
of raw materials worldwide. 577 million bathtubs of water.
For the extraction of the copper used in industrial
More than
production in Germany, 4.8 million tons of CO2
are released annually. A car would produce the
AIR
99 %
same amount of CO2 over a distance of 25,4 billion
kilometres, equalling 633,890 circumnavigations.
of all metals are imported to
Germany.
220 million smartphones were sold in Germany over
the last decade, containing over 6,58 tons of gold.
Mining this amount of gold produced 8,3 million tons
LAND
of tailings. That equals a convoy of 330,000 40-ton
million tons of metals are consumed in Germany
69
trucks with an average load of 25 tons each, starting at
annually. Indirect* raw material consumption the North Cape and reaching as far as Tunisia. Gold is
amounts to 723 million tons. only one of 30 raw materials used in a smartphone.
* indirect raw material consumption includes all resources
that are used in the extraction and the transportation of the
iron ores as well as all the equipment required.3
OUR COMSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS
ENDANGERS LIVES
The dam disaster in Brumadinho/Brazil in January 2019
caused a mud wave of 11 million cubic meters. At least
246 people died.
GOING ON CONTAMINATION WITH
DANGER CHILD
STRIKE HEAVY METALS TO LIFE LABOUR
CAN HAVE DEADLY
CONSEQUENCES for workers and the
population
At least 1 million children
In August 2012, 34 mining Blood and urine analysis show that work globally in mines.
workers on strike were shot over 90 % of the population in
in Marikana/South Africa. Cerro de Pasco/Peru are poisoned
with heavy metals.
CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER
ENORMOUS
WATER CONSUMPTION In 2014, over 40,000 cubic meters of copper
sulphate containing residues were dispersed
into the rivers Sonora and Bacanuchi in So-
nora/Mexico after a dam burst. Heavy metals
In Galba-Uush Doloodin Gobiu Basin/Mongolia, 85 % of the water have been contaminating both rivers and the
available is used in the mining sector, reducing directly the groundwater since then, rendering food pro-
availability of water for the population. duction in the region merely impossible.4 VERY UNFAIRLY DISTRIBUTED
CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS IS GLOBALLY
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
[e.g. Germany]
Iron 7.000–14.000 kg
Aluminium 350-500 kg
Copper 140–300 kg
METAL STOCK
COMSUMPTION PER CAPITA
Metal Stock is an equivalent of the amount of metals historically
accumulated and currently used as resources in a society.
Amount of cars per 100 people
Germany
69,2
COUNTRIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Guinea
0,3
Iron 2.000 kg Bauxite, a raw material used in the production of
Aluminum 35 kg cars, comes mainly from Guinea.
Cooper 30–40 kg5 RESOURCE-RICH COUNTRIES
EXPECT TO BENEFIT FROM THE MINING SECTOR, BUT OFTEN DON‘T
“Countries can generate
high revenues.”
“Exporting raw materials In 2015 and 2016, the tax refunds “The mining companies are sub-
will bring revenue to the the mining companies received
ject to high risks, it is justified
country.” from the state of Peru resulted
to be higher than the taxes they
that they pay fewer taxes.”
actually paid.
In Peru, mining amounted to more
than 61 % of all exports in 2016,
“Mining offers but only generated 6,7 % of state
In Peru alone, there are 8,616 contaminated
labour and income industrial sites. Mines have not been renatured
revenue. This number still excludes
or restored in a way that prevents toxic substan-
to the p opulation.” the costs.
ces from polluting the environment. 4,281 sites
therefore bear a high or even very high risk for
Modern mining activities create the population. The Peruvian state bears the
only few jobs. Only one percent costs of environmental damage, restoration
of the workforce works in the “Mining is democratic, because and health impacts because the mining com-
mining sector. society has a direct say.” panies do not compensate for partly historical
damage.
“Countries in the Global South could
benefit a lot from deep sea mining.”
If the population opposes a mining project,
the country risks lawsuits by the investors.
The Canadian corporation Gabriel Resource
After a deep sea mining operation failed in the
demands 5.7 billion Dollar from Romania in
coastal zone of Papua-Neuguinea, the govern
so-called compensation. After protests by
ment had to write off 100 million Dollars of its
civil society, the Romanian government put a
own contribution. This sum equals a third of the
ban on gold mining operations.
annual expenditures in the health care sector of
the country. The country now demands a 10-year
moratorium for high-risk technologies like deep
sea mining.6
MINING BECOMES
CONTINUOUS RISE IN
MORE AND MORE RISKY DEMAND
GROWING
THE MINING SECTOR IS CONTROLLED BY VERY FEW CORPORATIONS CONCERN
BY COMMUNITIES, INVESTORS
AND AUTHORITIES
According to a report of the European Union,
85 % the 150 biggest mining corporations control
more than 85 % of the global raw materials
extraction.
GROWING USE IN
CHEMICALS,
Particularly in countries in the Global South, ENERGY AND WATER
it’s foreign transnational corporations that are
responsible for extractive activities. In Peru and
Colombia, those corporations extract more than
80 % of the available resources, in Guinea, With declining c oncentration
Ghana and Tanzania they take up 100 % of the in ore deposits, the
formal market. amount of tailings grows
disproportionally.
GROWING AMOUNTS OF ORE DEPOSITS Concentration:
WASTE AND DEEPER AND Ore:
10 %
Soil moved:
25 kg
HIGH-RISK
TAILINGS REMOTER 3% 125 kg
DEEP-SEA MINING
DECLINE OF
THE ORE GRADE
IN THE ROCK7 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
LEAD TO A RAPID INCREASE IN THE COMSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS SCENARIO FOR THE I NCREASE
IN RAW MATERIALS USE FOR
E MERGING TECHNOLOGIES
EXAMPLE RFID-TAGS DEMAND IN RAW MATERIALS RFID-TAGS [Metall Consumption By 42 Emerging technologies
in 2013 and SCENARIO for 2035]
RFID-Tags are a form of technological barcode that
improves the traceability of products. In order to function, 0,052t 4,25t
2013
they need a system of transmitters and receivers. We are 21– 251–
2035
already familiar with RFID-Tags in consumer goods like 846 t 10.100t
DVD cases, clothes or other electronic devices.
Nickel Silver
162t
10.800–
87,8t
15.400–
+17.900 %
436.000t 625.000t
NETWORS OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES Copper Aluminium
In Europe, the growing number of home automation
systems may cause an additional energy demand of
70 TWh, which equals the amount of electricity produced
by all nuclear power plants in Germany (2017). In Germany,
home automation alone will cause an additional demand
of 15 TWh.
+ 4.300 %
+ 2.300 %
+ 120 %
Rare Earths Cobalt Copper Lithium
2013 29.000 t. 5.000 t. 120.000 t. 610 t.
2035 64.000 t. 120.000 t. 5.300.000 t. 110.000 t.8
METALIC RAW MATERIALS ARE SHARE OF GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
IN RAW MATERIALS USE
THE BLIND SPOT OF SUSTAINABLE POLICIES [selected raw materials]:
FUEL CONSUMPTION
of cars and wagons in million liters 75 % 40 % 37 % MOBILITY SECTOR
Lead Platinum Zinc
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 37 %
26 % 10 % 9%
39.816 32.520 25.304
38.129 27.724 25.768
Gasoline Steel Stainless Steel Copper Aluminum
[Chrome, Nickel,
Molybdenum &
Manganese]
8.260 16.613
7.447 12.740 20.020 21.082
Diesel
45.260 45.324 INCREASE OF RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
47.263 43.873
46.389 46.850 THROUGH SHIFT TO ELETRIC DRIVES
Total
Lithium +2.898 %
Cobalt +1.928 %
Rare Earths +655 %
Fuel consumption of cars in Germany in 2017 was more than 46 billion liters of Graphite +524 %
gasoline and diesel. A simple shift to electric drives would reduce that level of Nickel +105 %
consumption but at the cost of increased consumption in metals and minerals. Copper +22 %
Instead, the total amount of registered cars (47 million in Germany) should be Manganese +14 %
reduced. Rather than a shift in drive technology we need a mobility transition. Aluminum +13 %9 POLITICAL DISINCENTIVES 2016
219.300.000
PREVENT THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES
+40% smartphones sold
REPAIR COSTS over a period of 10 years in Germany
1991 At the same time, costs
for repair work have
increased by 40 %.
18
30–40%
–34 % of the devices are being
replaced, because hard-
PURCHASE PRICE ware and software are
no longer compatible
The level of prices at
purchase has declined
by 34 % between 1991
and 2016.
MONTHS
is the average lifespan
1/3 +40%
11,6 124.000.000
unused smartphones
are not recycled (Germany) =
of all machines are 2,9 t gold | 30 t silver | 1,100 t copper
YEARS REPL ACED
a machine used for only 5 years
consumes 40 percent more energy
is the average lifespan of a in relation to a machine used for 20
fully functional
washing machine. years because of the energy intense
production phase10 TOO MUCH ELECTRONIC WASTE
GERMANY PRODUCES
Only
1,03
35-40 %
Mio. t x100
In Germany, 1.03 million tons of electronic
of all electric waste in Germany is devices are not collected thrown away with
recycled at all residual waste or exported illegally. That equals
the weight of 100 Eiffel towers.
AMOUNT PER CAPITA OF
ELECTRONIC WASTE
IN KILOGRAMS PER YEAR
22,8 16,6 6,1
Germany EU Global11 RECYCLING
CAN ONLY BE ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION
3,85 Mio. t
during scrap collection
SYSTEMIC LOSSES IN
THE COPPER CYCLE
2,1 Mio. t
200.000 t during waste separation
during the production of end products
TOTAL LOSS IN THE COPPER CYCLE:
150.000 t
during the production of
semi-finished products 60–70 %
including material remaining in the lifecycle
350.000 t 9,25 million tons remain in use
during the melting process [such as in buildings, cabling or other electronic devices]12 EFFICIENCY
ALONE IS NOT ENOUGH
“Globally seen, Germany is
“The right course is
an insignificant player!”
already set!”
“We simply need a l ittle We externalise our material footprint “So we need to beco-
No, unfortunately not. The me more efficient!”
more recycling and to other countries: The material foot-
use of mined raw materials
print for aluminium and iron ore increa-
even increased slightly then it will be fine!”
sed significantly in Germany during the
between 2000 and 2015 in In the past 18 years,
past years. Iron ore increased by 120 %
Germany. efficiency increased by
140,000 tons of small electronic between 1990 and 2010, bauxite as raw
material for aluminium by 80 %. 50 %. While raw material
devices are being burnt each year,
savings only amounted
because they are disposed in d omestic
to 17 %.
waste. These devices contain some of
the most critical and rarest metals. Less
than 1 % of these materials are being
recycled.PROTESTS LAW FOR THE RESTRICTION OF MINING PROTESTS AGAINST
ACTIVITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES. DEEP SEA MINING.
In many Philippine regions, local activists, indigenous The manifold protests against deep sea mining begin
people and others affected by the mining sector use to show effect in the Pacific region. After the first
conflicting legislation. Many municipalities restrict deep sea mining project in Papua New Guinea failed,
PROTESTS AGAINST TITANIUM SAND LAW FOR GLACIER PROTECTION IN mining projects, usually open cast mines, by issuing opposition against high-risk mining procedures is
MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA. ARGENTINA. orders. This is the only way to limit mining activi- growing. Countries like Fiji, Vanuatu or Papua New
ty locally, because national authorities award the Guinea now demand a 10-year moratorium for deep
The South African province of Eastern Cape witnessed On November 10 th 2008, the law was discussed for licences. In some areas, the restrictions equal bans sea mining for the first time.
successful protests. For 10 years, the Amadiba Crisis the first time, but it was not adopted until 2010, because of geological conditions.
Committee has been opposing plans to extract titanium following massive pressure from Argentina‘s civil
sand near the coast. For this purpose, a highway will society. The law protects 8,484 square kilometres
be built through protected areas and farmland. First, and prevents many mining projects. In 2019, the
the protests led to a moratorium and the Australian c ompany Barrick Gold took legal action against
mining company partly withdrew its plans. However, it, but the case was dismissed. The law was even
LONGSTANDING PROTEST LEADS TO IN ROMANIA, MASS PROTESTS LEAD
in march 2016, the chairman of the Amidaba Crisis anchored in the Constitution. As a consequence, the
Committee, Sikhosiphi Rhadebe, was killed, activists legitimacy of mining projects by Barrick Gold as well WITHDRAWAL OF TWO COMPANIES IN TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE
keep r eceiving threats. as 44 other projects are subject to examination. ECUADOR. COMPANY.
In the Intag region, many communities and local initiati- In all Romanian cities, tens of thousands of people
ves oppose mining projects to preserve biodiversity, the protested between September 2013 and February 2014
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS KILLED GLOBALLY habitat of the cloud forest and their environment. With against a gold mine in Rosia Montana. In Bukarest
their protests, they already expelled two international alone, 25,000 protesters were in the streets, it was the
companies from their territory and established many biggest mass protest after the fall of the Iron Curtain.
2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: economic alternatives instead. They plan to collectively
build two hydroelectric power plants, grow fair trade There were local, regional, national and international
With 43 activists coffee and founded women’ cooperatives to promote protests and other activities such as music and cultural
185 200 207 164 killed, the mining local products. festivals and an application to become a UNESCO world
sector is the heritage site. Celebrities spoke out against the mining
deadliest sector. Codelco, the state-owned Chilean company, has been project. In the end, the Romanian parliament did not
trying to extract copper since 2012, but the protest is give permission for mining activities in Rosia Montana.
still ongoing. For the moment, the project remains withdrawn.F S O N R AW
E X P O R T TA R IF
CONCEPTS M AT E R IA L S
[INDONESIA]
A LT E R N A
TIVE MIN
FOR HOW RAW MATERIALS CAN BE GOVERNED FAIRLY IN RESOURCE-RICH COUNTRIES With these M A N AG E M ERALS
at io n, ni ck el followed.
suc-
ENT BILL
ing legisl ns, Indonesia
In its new min er l
eg is la tio
oduced high extended its
value [PHIL IPPINES]
Indonesia intr es se d cessfully O p p o s it io
n membe
oc ti-
export tariffs
on un pr ing to fir es
st rs o f P a rl
, ev en an chains accord a m e n t, a ff
e c te d c o m i- d e m o c ra c
In 2019
ores in 2014. mates. and NGOs m u n it ie s y in li c e
n s in g , th
unprocessed in tr o d u c e d e s ig n a ti e
L AND export ban on la ti o n b il d a le g is - o n of no-
S M A L GO] l [ A lt e rn a fe e s fo r th g o a re a s
,
ION OF [DR KON ti ve M in e e use of w
C TO R S
ra ls M a n a -
INCLUS
gement B lo g g in g a a te r a n d
P R O S P E q u ir e s e le il l] th a t re s we ll a s
NDENT
- h e n s ive c o m p re -
BA NS ON MI NI NG E P E S E L F-O R G A N IS E m e n ts o f
g ra ss ro o ts e nv ir o n m
I N D social
p ro - D C IT IZ E N S ‘ s o c ia l a ss
e ss m e n ts
e n ta l a n d
benefits ities. C O N S U LTAT IO N S .
c o f profits te d co m m u n IN VA R IO U S L AT IN
Re p u b li af fe c es
mocratic jects in w oblig A M E R IC A N C O U N
The De ining , the la
dopted
a n e w m
Furth e r m o r e
nies to f
ulfil eir
t h T R IE S
Co n g o a c r e asing m p a [COLOMBIA]
The El Salvadorian Parliament n in 2018
, in ining c o , h e n ce
legislatio c ia l c h a r- m e s p o n sibilities
sp e ial r ciple The citizens of
adopted 2017 a nationwide ban t t axes and r ia ls soc o n s the prin Cajamarca, Colo
C A M PA I G N
ex p o r m a te a b a n d . mbia followed th
on mining in order to set critical
raw actively mitment Tolima [Colombia]
tle ges on same self-com have, to- ampl is ex-
S AY N O
R I G H T TO
A t t h e o lu n t a r y gether with civil e and organised
conflicts between affecte fivefold. ated o
fv society or- cons sim ilar
d almost e gener ultations. As a re
communities and mining com o f t h ganisations, achi sp on s ay n o,
- time, pa
rt eved a ban the se, th e ri g h t to
panies and to protect the he- on mining in th Colombian state
has re- o Cam- O th e r th a n f com-
eir territory st t to S ay N n d id e a s o
trough a citizen ricted the scope
In th e R ig h th e n e e d a e a c ti ve
alth of its citizens. s‘ consulta- co of these c ti v is ts we ll a s th
nsultations. Os and a m u n it y a s
tion. Many munic p a ig n, N G e ri g h t a ffe c te d
ipalities in vo u r o f th ip a ti o n o f th e
fi g h t in fa q u a te ly p a rt ic
or and ade c ru c ia l.
E S TA B L IS H IN G A LT to g ive p ri m in in g g ro u p s a re
E R N AT IV E in fo rm e d c
o n s e n t to
o ri e s .
S [A RGENTINA] E C O N O M IE S o n th e ir te rr it
P R OTO C O L
p ro je c t
OM M U N I T Y R E GIONAL
C L A N D
o ls . T h e N
a ti o n a l O m
-
Local communities in LO CA [PERU]
to c the Intaq ENT C A M PA I G
DEVELOPM
de- P ro c e, w oh ecotourism projects
C o m m u n it ie s m a n , fo r in s ta n Region have opposed and have N ON DIV
Affe c te d
o ls s u c h a
s Com- b
u d s
a n d a te d b
y th e A rg e
n ti -
projects while at the
to mining collectively develop
ed planes esignate ESTM ENT
ve lo p e d to m ct same time s and to red
Tho s e is to p ro te for hydroelectric po communitie for mi-
y P ro to c o ls . ia n C o n s ti tu ti o n establishing coopera
tive struc-
wer plants
an region of
Cajam- dy intended Latin Ame
rican orga
m u n it o ri e s n mo or
n it with as minimal invas e P e ru vi areas alrea terest of nisations in
th a t th e ir te rr it u m a n ri g h ts a n d tures in order to cre
ate eco-
ive effects In th
gional gove
rnment es in the in itiated a div - to inv
en s u re used h
o ri ti e s , o ff
ic ia ll y as possible. Also, the a, th e re ning activiti govern-
estment c
ampaign to estments
a te ri a ls b e a u th nomic alternatives communi- arc hensive ts. The state
influence, in huge m
and ra w m
th e ir p u b li c u n it y to mining. ty produces goods lik t a compre si d e n hence red projects. In ining
w it h th e C o m m They cultivate coffe e soap and carried ou regio- th e re accept uce or eve vestments
c o n s is te n tl y re c o g n is e d
as e, pursue process of o w e ve r, does not prevent in
vestment n that violate in proje cts
n d tr a d it io
ns. Na- Yu p i – H u e ll bags from local plants and inclusive goal was
me n t, h decisions human rig
c u s to m s a ro to c o l “K a c h i ]
.
ment. Their
made by re
ligious and destroy liv hts and
l law s P in th e ltS a
nal develop the results. elihoods a
te rn a ti o n a l” [Tra c e s of local gious insti non-reli- nd the en
ti o n a l a n d in
ta in a b le
d e la S a
d ete rm in e the needs tutions wh
en it come
vironment,
should be w -
pect sus s o lu ti o n. to s ithdrawn.
m u s t re s in g to th e in a re
acc o rd
p ri n c ip le sCOURSE-SETTING FOR RAW MATERIALS TRANSITION
POLITICAL DEMANDS
WHY DO WE NEED A TRANSITION IN RAW
MATERIALS?
This booklet demonstrates the various issues connected to
human rights, development and the environment caused by the
extraction, the processing and the consumption of raw materials.
Those problems cannot be tackled by more efficiency, better
systems of recycling, new technologies or a better governance
IN OUR UNDERSTANDING, A
SHIFT IN THE WAY WE HANDLE
RAW MATERIAL REQUIRES TWO
CRUCIAL PRINCIPLES:
1.
As many metal ores as possible need to stay in the
ground. To ensure this, all metals and minerals need to
be circulated in loss-less cycles preferably. Countries
like Germany need to reduce their primary raw mate-
rial consumption in absolute terms. That means that
recycled raw materials should be preferred over raw
materials gained through mining.
2.
alone. Until now, the issues of availability, finiteness and the
sustainable use of metals hardly seem to emerge in the debates
on transitions in the fields of energy, mobility, agriculture and
digitalisation.
The different crises that surround us – related to climate, bio
diversity and resources – must be addressed jointly. The escala- All raw materials, end products and up-stream pro-
tion of both climate and social crisis we are currently facing is ducts must be mined, extracted, used and processed
reaching enormous dimensions, while these crises unfold on under highest environmental and social standards.
various levels. Tackling these crisis requires a systemic rethin- Promoting human rights violations and environmental
king as well as a paradigm shift in how we handle our planet’s destruction in third countries by buying a product in
natural resources. From our point of view, this publication is a Europe must be made impossible.
contribution to the debate.CONRETE FIRST STEPS
FOR HOW WE ACHIEVE THESE GOALS
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS WE PROPOSE
1. 2.
CONCRETE FIRST STEPS FOR POLICIES IN GERMANY:
REDUCE THE RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION ENFORCE THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN
IN ABSOLUTE TERMS RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
Industrial and consumption sectors that require large amounts of raw Human rights and environmental due diligence must be legally
materials need to be restructured comprehensively. The transition in anchored along global supply chains and include all companies
the mobility sector involves much more than a simple but necessary [supply chain legislation].
shift to electric mobility. To do so, the share of public transport as well
as cycling and pedestrian mobility need to be increased substantially. Judicial instruments like corporate liability should be available
and effective as well as complaints procedures for affected indi-
Reduce waste of resources by extending the lifespan of products, for viduals and communities. We demand the abolition of systems of
example through the right to repair, long-lasting software architecture corporate justice like investor-state dispute settlement in order
and modular design. to penalize environmental violations and violations of human
rights in the extraction, processing and industrial processing of
Enhance the recycling potential: Through ambitious and efficient raw materials.
collection as well as further development of recycling technologies
and the establishment of a secondary resources market. Incentivize Enshrine environmental and social standards in trade agreements.
products made of secondary raw materials.
Strengthen the participation of communities affected by mining
Sustainable production can be encouraged through fiscal incentives. and their right to veto mining projects This, of course, includes
Governments must remove subsidies for production and consumption transparency in the procedure of awarding concessions, owner
that require large amounts of raw materials. ship structure, value chains and financial flows.SOURCES
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