Role of seaweed extract and NPK on the growth and yield of onion (Allium wakegi L. Varaggregatum)
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E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
Role of seaweed extract and NPK on the growth
and yield of onion (Allium wakegi L.
Varaggregatum)
Ramal Yusuf1*, Abdul Syakur1, Yulianti Kalaba2, and Randi Randi1
1
Tadulako University, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Palu, Indonesia
2
Tadulao University, Study Program of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Palu, Indonesia
Abstract. Onion is one of the primary commodities of growing in Central
Sulawesi and is a raw material for the fried shallot processing industry cv.
lembah palu. This study aimed to determine the effect of seaweed extract
and NPK on the growth and yield of the onion. This research was performed
at the Faculty of Agriculture farm, Tadulako University. This research was
prepared using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of seven
treatments, with the following details: (A1) = Caulerpa sp Extract 100
ml/pot; (A2) = Sargassum sp Extract 100 ml/pot; (A3) = Ulva sp. Extract
100 ml/pot; (A4) = 0.25 g NPK fertilizer per plant; (A5) = 100 ml of
Caulerpa sp. Seaweed Extract and 0.25 g NPK per pot; (A6) = Sargassum
Sp Extract 100 ml and 0.25 g NPK per pot; (A7) = Ulva sp. Extract 100 ml
and 0.25 g NPK per pot. Thus, there are seven treatments. Each treatment is
repeated three times so that there are 21 experimental units. The results
showed that the treatment of seaweed extract and NPK obtained better
number of leaves, plant height, fresh plant weight, fresh tuber weight, plant
dry weight, and number of tuber clumps.
1 Introduction
Shallots are a spice vegetable crop that is sometimes used by someone worldwide. In every
region uses shallots at every food, which function as a aroma enhancer and enhance food
taste with a distinctive aroma. In addition, this crop can also be used as a food industry [1].
In the province of Central Sulawesi, especially in the Palu Valley, there are local superior
shallot commodities are well known as a source of raw material for fried onions and are very
distinctive compared to other onions in Indonesia [2].
The “Palu Valley" shallots were developed, considering that consumer demand from time
to time continues to increase. In addition, with the development of the fried onion industry,
there will also be an increase in the need for shallots.
The use of seaweed in horticulture and agriculture has yet to be widely used [3, 4]. In
contrast, Indonesia is some of the countries seaweed producers. Seaweed is the largest part
of marine plants, which grows in almost all Indonesian oceans and is one of the marine
commodities that has been used for a long time as an export commodity [5]. This seaweed
* Corresponding author: ryusufus@untad.ac.id
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
has essential economic value because its use is extensive as a cosmetic industry, textile
industry, pharmaceutical industry, raw material of food, and fertilizer industry [6].
This study aimed to determine the effect of seaweed extract and NPK on the growth and
yield of shallots of the lembah palu variety.
2 Materials and methods
This experiment was carried out at the Green House of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako
University glasshouse. The tools used in this study were a shovel, sieve, polybag (14 cm x
18 cm) scales, analytical balance, stirrer, scissors, aqua bottle, ruler, cutter, oven, and
stationery.
Shallot seeds of the lembah Palu variety were used in this study. Also seaweed, (Caulerpa
Sp, Sargassum, Ulva sp) Aquades, and NPK fertilizer included as part of material in this
study.
This study was arranged using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 7
treatments, with the following details:
(A1) = Caulerpa sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml/pot
(A2) = Sargassum sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml/pot
(A3) = Ulva sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml/pot
(A4) = 0.25 Gram NPK Fertilizer
(A5) = Caulerpa sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml and 0.25 g NPK per pot
(A6) = Sargassum Sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml and 0.25 g NPK per pot
(A7) = Ulva sp Seaweed Extract 100 ml and 0.25 g NPK per pot
Thus, there were seven treatments and three replications; each treatment was repeated
three times, so there were 21 experimental units.
The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of diversity (5% F test). The treatment had
a significant effect, and a further honest significant difference test (HSD) was conducted.
3 Result and discussions
3.1 Plant height
Based on the 5% HSD test, it showed the application of seaweed extract fertilizer and NPK
on the observation of the number of leaves (Table 1). At the age of 2 WAP, A5 treatment
gave the highest score of 28.45. but significantly different from A1, A2, A3, A4 and A7. But
the difference was not significantly different in the A6 treatment. At the age of 3, WAP A6
gave the biggest score of 37.80. But it was significantly different from the treatments A1,
A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6. At the age of 4 WAP treatment, A1 gave the biggest value, namely
43.00, significantly different from treatments A3, A4, A5, and A7. But not significantly
different from A2 and A6 treatments.
2E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
Table 1. The average value of the lembah palu variety shallot on the application of various seaweed
extracts and NPK to plant height (cm) aged 2 WAP, 3 WAP, and 4 DAP.
Plant height (cm)
Treatments
2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP
A1 26.23cd 37.37bcd 46.27d
b ab
A2 27.00 27.73 44.40abcd
cd bc
A3 26.50 36.80 46.43d
A4 25.07ab 36.87bc 43.27abc
e b
A5 28.45 36.13 41.90a
e d
A6 27.93 37.80 43.70abcd
bcd e
A7 25.17 39.73 42.07ab
HSD 5 % 1.23 1.61 2.76
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column indicated
significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
3.2 Number of leaves
Based on the results of the 5% HSD test, it showed that the application of seaweed extract
fertilizer and NPK on the observation of the number of leaves (Table 2) showed that at the
age of 1 WAP, the A6 treatment gave the highest value of 8.73, and significantly different in
treatment A1, A2, A3, and A4, but not significantly different in A6 treatment. At the age of
2 WAP, A5 treatment gave the highest score of 28.45. but significantly different from A1,
A2, A3, A4 and A7. But the difference was not significantly different in the A6 treatment.
At the age of 3, WAP A6 gave the highest score of 37.80. But it was significantly different
from the treatments A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6.
Table 2. The average value of the lembah palu variety on the application of various seaweed extracts
and NPK to the number of leaves at aged 1 WAP, 2 WAP, 3 WAP, and 4 DAP
Number of Leaves
Treatments
1 WAP 2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP
A1 7.83e 26.23bc 37.37cd 43.00e
A2 7.07de 27.00bc 27.73a 42.60e
abc bc cd
A3 4.63 26.50 36.80 35.40bc
abc b cd
A4 5.40 25.07 36.87 34.77b
A5 3.87a 28.45c 36.13c 31.17a
e c d
A6 8.73 27.93 37.80 42.27e
ab a bc
A7 4.30 20.63 31.93 37.07d
HSD 5 % 2.22 2.36 1.38 1.24
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column indicated
significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
3.3 Plant fresh weight
Based on the results of the 5% HSD test, it showed that the application of seaweed extract
fertilizer and NPK on plant height observations (Table 3) showed that at the age of 60 DAP
treatment A3 gave the highest value of 39.33 and was significantly different in treatment A1,
A4, A5, and A6.
3E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
Table 3. The average value of the lembah palu variety shallots on the application of various seaweed
extracts and NPK on plant fresh weight (g) at 60 DAP.
Plant Fresh Weight
Treatments
60 ADP
A1 30.13a
A2 37.22e
A3 39.33e
A4 33.30c
A5 34.47d
A6 31.23ab
A7 38.33e
HSD 5 % 1.30
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column
indicated significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
3.4 Dry weight of plants
Based on the results of the 5% HSD test showed that the application of seaweed extract
fertilizer and NPK in the observation of plant dry weight (Table 4) showed that at the age of
60 DAP treatment A3 gave the highest value of 14.24 and was significantly different from
treatment A7. However, there was no significant difference among A3, A1, A2, A4, A5, and
A6 treatments.
Table 4. The average value of the lembah palu variety shallots on the application of various seaweed
extracts and NPK to the dry weight of plants (g) aged 60 DAP.
Plant Fresh Weight
Treatments
60 ADP
A1 10.75b
A2 11.33b
A3 14.24b
A4 10.4b
A5 9.65b
A6 10.09b
A7 9.40a
HSD 5 % 4.81
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column
indicated significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
3.5 Bulbs dry weight
The 5% HSD test results in Figure 1 show that the A3 treatment tends to be better than other
treatments for the dry weight of shallot bulbs, with the highest value of 7.11.
4E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
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8
Plants Dry Weight (g)
6
4
2
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Treatments
Fig. 1. Graph of Lembah palu variety shallots of the on the application of various seaweed extracts
and NPK on dry tuber weight (g) at 60 DAP.
3.6 Fresh weight of bulbs (g.)
Based on the 5% HSD test, it showed that the application of seaweed extract and NPK
fertilizer on the observation of the fresh weight of tubers (Table 5) showed that at the age of
60 DAP treatment A1 gave the highest value of 12.84 and was significantly different from
others treatment.
Table 5. The average value of the lembah palu variety shallots on the application of various seaweed
extracts and NPK to the fresh weight of tubers (g) aged 60 DAP.
Fresh dry weight
Treatments
60 ADP
A1 12.84c
A2 10.78ab
A3 12.59b
A4 9.50a
A5 10.04ab
A6 10.23ab
A7 10.23ab
HSD 5 % 2.93
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column
indicated significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
3.7 Number of tubers per clump
Based on the 5% HSD test, it showed that the application of seaweed extract fertilizer and
NPK on the observation of the number of tubers in the cluster (Table 6) showed that at the
age of 60 DAP treatment A2 gave the highest value of 18.07 and was significantly different
from treatment A3 and A5.
5E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
Table 6. The average value of the lembah palu variety shallots on the application of various seaweed
extracts and NPK to the number of tubers (g) aged 60 DAP.
Number of tubers
Treatments
60 ADP
A1 17.40cd
A2 18.07d
A3 12.70b
A4 15.63cd
A5 11.45a
A6 16.33cd
A7 15.90cd
HSD 5 % 2.67
Note: Different letter next to the number in the same column
indicated significantly different at the 0.05% HSD test level.
The combination between NPK and seaweed extract treatment produced the highest value
compared to without NPK or seaweed treatments. This may be affected by the mix between
NPK and seaweed extract given together to shallots plants. NPK is an essential element [7]
that plants need in sufficient quantities. Treatment of NPK and various types of seaweed
extract in pot trials significantly affected the experimental parameters such as , number of
leaves, plant height, fresh plant weight, tuber fresh weight, number of tubers in the cluster,
and plant dry weight.
That could be the effect of seaweed extract given to plants, which consists of an essential
element that plants need in sufficient quantities. The application of seaweed extract can
increase soil properties such as chemical, biological, and physical properties [8–10].
Sufficient nutrient content in the soil or to be given in the form of liquid organic fertilizer
will lead to better vegetative growth in shallots.
Seaweed contains macro mineral components, such as calcium, manganese, potassium,
and micro minerals, and phytohormones as growth regulators, such as auxin, gibberellin, and
cytokinins [11]. Every kind of hormone has its role; auxin compounds can stimulate cell
division growth, protein synthesis, and differentiation; While, gibberellins can stimulate
cambium growth, dormancy, parthenocarpy, geotropism, abscission, and, stimulate nodes
growth so that plants are grow vigorously. On the other hand, cytokinins play an important
role in plant cell to stimulate resulting growth, sprout germination, fruit growth, and [12]
and much more.
Many products taken from seaweed have been used as additional bio stimulants and or
organic fertilizers (biofertilizers) to improve yields and growth because these seaweeds
contain plant hormones. That hormones substances in seaweed include auxin [12, 13].
Crops take elements from whole plant cell surfaces, including growth regulators.
Nutrient absorption on plant surfaces causes the competence of cells to grow and develop to
form new larger organs so that the formation of leaves becomes more [14, 15]. Furthermore,
these substances are converted into proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and other
complex molecules, so that the plant's dry weight and fresh weight increased [16]. An
increase in metabolic processes in plants causes an increase in the formation of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and in the end, the potential for crop yields can be achieved
[17].
Growth and development are basically affected by the adding of manure and the
availability of amendment in the soil [10,18]. Absorption of nutrients is limited by different
nutrients in a minimum state. Optimal growth can be reached if those nutrients are balanced,
6E3S Web of Conferences 373, 03020 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303020
ISEPROLOCAL 2022
meaning that no single nutrient is a limiting factor. In addition, seaweed consist many vital
minerals; seaweed also contains hormone that have been proven to increase plant growth and
crop yields [19]. Therefore, extracts of seaweed are naturally degradable and safe for both
animals and humans and can be used as an organic fertilizer or liquid fertilizer [10].
4 Conclusions
Applying seaweed and NPK show an effect on plant growth and development. Based on the
explanation of the research results above, it can be concluded that the given seaweed extract
and NPK to shallot growing in polybag condition at the same time shown better than given
only NPK alone.
All authors thank for financial support from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher
Education of the Republic of Indonesia.
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