SUMMER 2021 THE MAGAZINE OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION - MSU Extension
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SUMMER 2021 THE MAGAZINE OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
Lives & Landscapes is the
magazine of Montana State We’ll See You This Summer
University Extension.
Editorial Committee A few summer highlights that we coordinate and regularly
Sara Adlington Adam Sigler celebrate in MSU Extension are 4-H camp, the 4-H fair, and 4-H
Josie Evenson Jason Stutzman congress. These events showcase the year-long learning and
Jesse Fulbright Millie Veltkamp life skills of 4-H members. With nearly 18,000 participants and
Michelle Grocke Mat Walter 3,500 volunteers in Montana 4-H, you can likely see benefits
Inga Hawbaker Roubie Younkin of 4-H in your local community. And in summer at your local
Mandie Reed fair, you can see 4-H learning, teamwork, and leadership on full
display. If you want to help empower Montana’s youth to learn
Line & Interim Managing Editor
skills to lead for a lifetime, contact your local MSU Extension
Sara Adlington
office to inquire how to volunteer as a leader for a project or
club or donate to their efforts.
Contributing Writers
Sara Adlington Andrea Marzi Explore montana4h.org to find more information about 4-H
Barbara Allen Jeff Mosley youth development, and how to join, volunteer or offer support.
Katelyn Andersen Noelle Orloff Montana 4-H is also on facebook at https://www.facebook.
com/montana4h.
11
Eva Grimme Mandie Reed
Laurie Kerzicnik Abiya Saeed
Clain Jones Sharon Wetsch Todd Kesner is the Director of the Montana 4-H Center and has worked
Tyler Lane Roubie Younkin in Extension for over 30 years, as an Extension agent and specialist in
youth development programs.
Thank You to Our Reviewers
Jared Beaver Shelly Mills
Alison Brennan Dara Palmer
Colleen Buck Deb Regele
Casey Delphia Abiya Saeed
Chris Dorsi Darla Tyler
Patrick Mangan -McSherry
Molly Masters Barb Watson
Featured Contributor
Clain Jones is a professor of nutrient
management in the Montana State
University College of Agriculture’s
Department of Land Resources
27
and Environmental Sciences, and Copyright © 2021 by Montana State University. All rights reserved.
Excerpts from this magazine may be reprinted with permission from the
the MSU Extension Soil Fertility Managing Editor. Please provide appropriate credit to Montana State University
Specialist. He studies nutrient cycling, Extension and supply copies of printed materials to the editor. Opinions
primarily in agroecosystems, and has expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the university administration. Montana State University
a particular interest in cropping sys- Extension is an ADA/EO/AA/Veteran’s Preference Employer and Provider of
tems, and teaches how to maximize Educational Outreach.
economic return and soil health and Common chemical and trade names are used in this publication for clarity of
fertility across Montana and the Great the reader. Inclusion of a common chemical or trade name does not imply
endorsement of that particular product or brand of herbicide and exclusion does
Plains region.
not imply non-approval.
2 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021
In This Issue...
04 Grazing Decisions During and After
Extended Drought
08 Being Mindful Through the Years
10 Baling Twine Recycling in Montana
11 Featured Montanan: Darla Tyler-McSherry
is Helping Prevent Suicide with the Website
‘Ask in Earnest’
15 Ask Steward: Native Bee Conservation for
Montana Landscapes
04 17
19
Enhancing Work-Life Balance
Master Gardener Spotlight: The Gardens at
Zoo Montana
20 The Science of Vaccines and How They Work
23 Tools for Cleaner Indoor Air: A Few Things
to Consider
24 Plant Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
27 Q&A: Grasshopper Pest Management
in Cropland
29 Common Issues with Conifer Trees in Montana
Have an idea for a story or a question for Ask Steward
17 or our Master Gardeners?
E-mail: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu
Phone: 406.994.4602
Front cover photo by Casey M. Delphia. See article on page 15. Back cover
photo by MSU Extension. Lives & Landscapes is published quarterly by
Montana State University Extension. Also available online at msuextension.
org. To receive a free online subscription, or purchase a print subscription,
visit: msuextension.org/magazine.
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 3
Grazing Decisions
D
rought – the word conjures angst and
even fear among many Montana live-
stock owners. Will I be able to produce
During and or buy enough hay for the winter? Will
I have enough stock water for my livestock to drink?
After Extended
Will I have enough grass for my livestock to graze? Will
my pastures suffer long-term damage? Of course, living
with drought is part of living in Montana. It’s a pretty
Drought safe bet that our state’s semi-arid climate will deal us at
least one or more drought years per decade and peo-
ple wanting to raise livestock here for the long-term need
to plan accordingly. Three or more successive drought
Jeff Mosley explains why Montana’s semi-arid
years, however, challenge even the best grazing land
environment makes it critically important for livestock stewards, stressing their livestock, their finances, and
owners to understand the potential impacts their grazing lands.
of drought. Years can pass without much apparent change to
seeded pastures and rangelands, but extended drought
Molly Hammond
can cause dramatic shifts in vegetation. The land then
remains relatively unchanged until the next environ-
mental trigger occurs. Three or more successive years of
4 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021
drought represent an environmental trigger plants because most weeds grow earlier in poisonous plants will require extra attention
for Montana’s pastureland and rangeland, the growing season before soil moisture is during and after extended drought. It’s par-
and failure to care for the land during and fully depleted. When normal amounts of ticularly important to be vigilant about new
after extended drought can have serious rainfall return, weeds are in better shape to weed or poisonous plant infestations if hay
consequences for decades. respond and they get a jump-start on the was purchased from new sources during the
desirable plants. drought. Be sure to inspect areas where the
Were weeds or poisonous plants Poisonous plant problems also com- hay was fed and plan to control new infes-
common before the drought? monly worsen during or after an extended tations as soon as possible – before weeds
Grazing plan adjustments depend drought, especially early in the growing sea- or poisonous plants become well-established
upon the drought’s impacts to pastures. son when many poisonous plants green-up and suppression becomes more costly.
Drought does not impact every pasture and attract livestock (e.g., low larkspur,
equally. Weed infestations, poisonous plant death camas, and locoweed). After successive When was the pasture grazed during
densities, amounts of residual vegetation, drought years, there is less residual carry- drought?
and vigor of desirable plants all must be as- over forage available from desirable plants One silver lining about drought years
sessed. For example, if weeds were a problem to buffer the toxins in livestock diets, thus is that more of the grazing season usually
before the drought, your weed problems dietary concentrations can reach toxic levels occurs after plants are dormant. Plants are
will probably be worse after the drought even when livestock don’t increase the total more tolerant of grazing during dormancy,
ends. Drought stresses all plants, but weeds amount of poisonous plants consumed. so some plants may have endured less stress
are usually stressed less than desirable forage Altogether, areas with weeds and from grazing during drought than during
Clipart.com
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 5
6 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021
normal years. The plants stressed most stock water available during drought can
during drought are plants that were grazed be stretched by reducing livestock num-
in early summer, because these plants bers. Early pregnancy detection enables
were unable to regrow and recover before earlier marketing of nonpregnant females.
soil moisture was depleted. Pastures grazed Early weaning and marketing of calves
during late spring to early summer immedi- or lambs similarly reduces forage demand.
ately after drought should be those pastures For example, dry cows consume about 35%
that were grazed when plants were dormant less forage and water than lactating cows,
during the drought. and one, 400-pound calf consumes about
one-third as much forage and water as a
How heavily was the pasture grazed mature cow.
before and during the drought?
Light or moderate grazing every year Should I consider reducing stocking
doesn’t harm most plants, nor does one rate after drought?
year of heavy grazing, provided the plants Current year’s forage production
are given sufficient time to recover before usually recovers by mid- to late-summer of
being grazed again. Plants are stressed the first year after drought, but total stand-
when heavy use occurs for two or more ing forage (current year’s forage production
consecutive years. When drought breaks, plus last year’s residual forage) doesn’t
plants grazed lightly to moderately in the usually recover until mid- to late summer
past will recover from drought quicker of the second or third year after drought.
than plants that have been grazed heavily Therefore, because livestock consume both
for many years. Sometimes stock water current year’s forage and last year’s resid-
supplies dry up during drought and prevent ual forage, stocking rate may need to be
portions of pastures from receiving much lower for a year or two after drought ends.
grazing pressure during drought. If possible To avoid reductions in livestock numbers,
after drought and after stock water supplies extra hay can be purchased to extend
recover, these areas should be grazed during the feeding period and thereby reduce pas-
late spring-early summer while other areas ture stocking rates.
are allowed more time to recover.
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON GRAZING
Should I consider delaying turnout DURING AND AFTER DROUGHT
onto pasture during and after drought? Contact Jeff Mosley (406-994-5601,
Desirable forage grasses may be harmed jmosley@montana.edu) or your local MSU
by grazing in late spring-early summer Extension office.
during drought years and during the first
year after drought. However, grasses won’t Jeff Mosley is the MSU Extension Range
be harmed by moderate grazing later in Management Specialist. This article
summer. Therefore, turning out onto pas- originally appeared in the 2016 Spring/
ture will likely need to be delayed as long as Summer Big Sky Small Acres Extension
possible during and after extended drought. magazine.
Extra hay will likely need to be purchased
to extend the feeding period and allow
delayed turnout onto pastures.
Should I consider culling or weaning
Jane Wolery
animals earlier during drought?
The limited amount of forage and
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 7
A
break from school is highly anticipated,
Being Mindful and summer provides a perfect escape
from the rigors of structured learning. For
Through the
parents, it may be tempting to fill these
days with activities to live each moment to the fullest.
However, the greatest gift might be just slowing down.
Years Carefree summer days lend themselves to introducing
mindfulness and the importance of being present. By
teaching children mindfulness skills, we can empower
them to meet the stresses of the world with presence,
Roubie Younkin explores the benefits for children to
self-compassion, and openness.
learn and practice mindfulness. Mindfulness practices can be simple techniques that
encourage the individual to focus on what is happening
in the moment. Mindfulness practices help youth and
adults intentionally observe what is going on in the pres-
(this page) Bigstock, (opposite page) Bigstock
ent. Examples might include a mindfulness walk, where
youth focus on lifting their feet, the sounds around them,
their breathing, what the air smells like or a mindfulness
snack where youth notice how the food smells, what it
tastes like, and how it feels. Other examples include
mindful breathing, listening, or drawing.
When mindfulness is taught to children, they gain
tools to build confidence, cope with stress and relate to
uncomfortable or challenging moments. For children,
mindfulness may offer relief and a sense of control
8 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021
when encountering difficulties. Teaching learning this ancient art worthwhile. It is not • Finding peace through meditation
mindfulness to children can also help conceptual learning and cannot be “taught” • Promoting happiness by lowering
shape three critical skills developed in early like math or science. It is, however, one tool social anxiety
childhood: paying attention and remem- that parents have a unique opportunity to • Encouraging patience
bering information, shifting back and forth gift their children; the gift of peace, with the • Creating habits for the future
between tasks, and behaving appropriately ability to pause.
with others. Children’s brain development Practicing mindfulness does not
aligns well with mindfulness as connections
in the prefrontal circuits are created at a fast
Mindfulness come naturally to most kids, but most are
receptive to the process. The research-backed
rate during childhood. These abilities are
known as executive functions and they are
is one tool that benefits of mindfulness are a parent’s dream.
They include positive effects on the child’s
essential for more advanced tasks: planning,
reasoning, problem-solving, and positive
parents have physical and mental health, the power to
promote kindness, patience, and compassion
social relationships. a unique for others and the ability to boost self-con-
Practicing mindfulness is helpful in trol, increase attention/focus and encourage
recognizing what is positive in our lives, and opportunity better decision making.
to gift their
in noticing difficulties. Youth who practice The more strategies a child has to han-
being aware of their feelings during diffi- dle emotions, the better equipped they will
culties are better able to navigate through
adverse situations.
children be to face challenges and move through hard
times with confidence and resilience.
Mindfulness is most effective when it
is modeled by parents or teachers. Parents Mindfulness benefits include: Roubie Younkin is the MSU Extension
are encouraged to develop their own inner • Developing the habit of focusing on Family and Consumer Science and 4-H
mindfulness skillset and share their triumphs the moment, ignoring distractions, Youth Development Agent in Valley County.
with children. The results of mindfulness and improving attentiveness
and its effects on a child’s mental health • Staying calm and regulating behavior
make the time invested in modeling and during stressful moments
Mindfulness
Strategy
Early training typically involves
breathing exercises with concentra-
tion on each breath; breathe in and
breathe out. Focusing on breathing
while learning to bring the mind back
when it wanders is the first step. For
young children, placing a stuffed
animal on their stomach and encour-
aging them to watch it rise and fall as
they breathe is one effective means of
Photo Credit
illustrating focus and how relaxing it
can be to just breathe.
Baling Twine
Recycling in Montana
Mandie Reed highlights the benefits of correct baling twine disposal to livestock and the environment.
M
any Montanans feed twine fibers readily stick and embed in the Reprocessing in Minnesota. A full load of
livestock or horses hay, wool, significantly reducing the value. Twine clean, dry twine will pay the cost of loading
especially during the fibers are very difficult to remove once they and shipping, so it is critical the twine is not
winter months. Most become embedded. wet or contaminated. Once delivered, the
hay is held together with baling twine, Unfortunately, there are limited twine is reprocessed into beads which are
which is often a polypropylene plastic rope. options for disposing of baling twine in an recycled into outdoor tanks, flowerpots, bins
Polypropylene plastic is a non-renewable environmentally-friendly way. However, like and other #5 polypropylene plastic products.
resource that remains in the environment other items made from polypropylene plastic,
for decades. In addition to persisting in the baling twine can be recycled. The Twine FOR MORE INFORMATION:
environment, loose baling twine can cause Collection and Recycling Site (TCRS) was TCRS phone: 1-406-591-8606
other inadvertent problems, especially for started in 2019 in Laurel, Montana, to pro- TCRS email: yvas.twine.recycle@gmail.com
wildlife and livestock. vide an environmentally safe and convenient Map and additional information:
Ospreys, ravens and other birds gather way for people to collect and recycle baling yvaudubon.org
loose twine and use it to line their nests twine. The site is maintained by volunteers
where both adult and young birds can be- of the Yellowstone Valley Audubon Society. Mandie Reed is the MSU Extension agent
come entangled in the twine increasing the Polypropylene baling twine that is in Wheatland County.
likelihood of injury or even death due to suf- 90% clean and dry can be gathered and
focation, starvation, or infection. Twine can delivered to the TCRS, located 2.5 miles
also be a danger for deer, elk, and antelope if north of Laurel on Buffalo Trail Road. Small
it becomes tangled around their hooves or in deliveries can be dropped off in the outside
their antlers or horns. bin (access is through the pedestrian gate)
Loose baling twine can also have an or appointments can be made by phone
adverse effect on the livestock industry, for larger deliveries. Once enough twine is
Deb Regele
especially sheep. Montana is known for the gathered to fill a semi-trailer, about 38,000
high-value wool produced in the state. Loose pounds, the twine is transported to I90
10 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021ATV safety tips
Darla Tyler-McSherry with her father, Dick Tyler.
Featured
D
arla Tyler-McSherry knows the firsthand
effects of suicide in Montana. It’s how
she lost her dad, farmer Dick Tyler.
Montanan: Darla While Montana’s suicide rates have
been amongst the top five in the nation for the last 40
years, suicide is a public health challenge that everyone
Tyler-McSherry is can help positively impact.
After living through the loss of her dad, Tyler-
Helping Prevent
McSherry, who is the director of Student Health Services
at MSU-Billings, struggled to reconcile her profession
with the knowledge that her family never saw it coming.
Suicide with the
of Darla Tyler-McSherry
“My dad was the stereotypical Montana farmer. I
couldn’t imagine him doing anything else. A good farmer
Website ‘Ask in
and steward of the land, a good neighbor, who loved a
good story and to visit with neighbors and friends. He
Credit
was very meticulous with machinery, and proud that
Earnest’
Courtesy
anything with a motor had a place to sit inside. He
Photo
wanted to help others and was appreciative and gracious
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 11of those who have helped him over the years.
While he was proud of his accomplishments,
he was also humble,” said Tyler-McSherry.
Her warm description of her dad and
his connected community contradicts the
population data around the family farm at
Lonesome Prairie, a rural location with just
1.5 people per square mile. Low population
density and limited access to health care in
rural areas are just two of the reasons why
Montana ranks high in suicides per capita.
In processing his death, Tyler-McSherry
wanted to create something positive come
from it. Her dad’s friend commented that
her dad would always ask in earnest how
others were doing, because he genuinely
cared about them.
The phrase “Ask in Earnest,” led Tyler-
McSherry to build the website, askinearnest.
org, where people can learn more about
helping to prevent suicide, especially in
farming and ranching communities.
While she worked on building and pro-
moting the website, she met a lot of people
who were willing to talk about suicide in
farming and ranching communities, which
is the opposite of what one might expect.
“Most of my conversations about in-
creasing suicide awareness have been healing.
I’ve talked with lots of people at the NILE
(Northern International Livestock Expo),
peanut farmers in South Carolina, and po-
tato farmers in Idaho. It’s all too common,
and tragic, what they are working through.
We help each other and it’s healing to make
a difference, raise awareness and educate
people,” said Tyler-McSherry.
She is working on updating askinear-
nest.org, and highlights the need to just
reach out and create an opportunity for
honest conversation.
“Some goals for the website and be-
yond include offering Question, Persuade,
Refer (QPR is a training to help people
recognize warning signs of a suicide crisis)
directly to farming communities and
making mental health more acceptable to
talk about. Turns out people do want to
12 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021talk about it, despite the belief that they farmer and clinical psychologist from Iowa,
don’t. I’ve been blessed and humbled with who studies how farmers will do whatever is
the stories people choose to share with me. needed to keep or keep up their land. His
Especially men want to talk about it, we research, called “The Agrarian Imperative,”
just have to create the safe environment looks into what drives farmers to work in-
for them to do it, and they can leave that credibly hard, to tolerate uncommon pain,
conversation with helpful tools,” said take huge risks, and trust themselves.
Tyler-McSherry. “The coping tools that help a farmer or
rancher find success in their work are also
Visit some things that put them at higher risk for
suicide. They accept that pain and risk are
askinearnest.org a part of the work, and often have a lack
to learn more of separation of work, from life outside of
work,” said Tyler-McSherry. “Try to be aware
about preventing of factors that put farmers and ranchers at
higher risk–that lack of separation between
suicide, especially work and life outside of work–and the
in farming thinking that if they’re not out there doing
it, then no one else is.”
and ranching
communities ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
MSU Extension Ag Stress Clearinghouse
https://msuextension.org/wellness/
To help a neighbor or anyone strug- stress-management/mt_farm_stress_clear-
gling with stress and contemplating suicide, ing_house/index.html
Above: Back row, Tyler-McSherry suggested some actions,
Lenore Tyler and helpful conversation starters and listed MSU Extension offers classes in Mental
Randall Tyler; Front the warning signs (see inset). She wants to Health First Aid (MHFA), a course that
row, Darla Tyler- dispel the myth that talking about suicide teaches people to identify and respond to
McSherry and Dick will make someone start thinking about it. signs of mental illness or substance abuse
Tyler on the Old “Asking direct questions with care will help disorders. Request classes here: http://
Fort Benton Bridge. open a lifeline,” she said. “Be willing to have health.msuextension.org/mental_health.
Left: Dick Tyler’s a candid conversation and hear what you html
80th birthday. may not want to hear. Be willing to make
the bridge to mental health resources or
professional help.”
Tyler-McSherry also discussed some
of the challenges unique to farmers and
ranchers.
“It’s important to be aware of the legacy
for so many farmers and ranchers. They have See next page for
Courtesy of Darla Tyler-McSherry
the pressure of their own business, often common warning
combined with the legacy of what their
signs someone is
family built, at risk. If they let themselves
down, it’s also letting down the work of thinking about
generations before them.” suicide.
She refers to and highlights the work of
Dr. Michael Rosmann, a fourth-generation
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 13Warning signs
(these behaviors may be a sign
someone is thinking about suicide)
Person talks about:
Wanting to die, being a burden, having great guilt
If you’re worried about
or shame, not seeing a future for themselves.
someone, call the national
Person reports feeling: suicide prevention hotline
Empty, trapped, hopeless; yourself to get advice on
extreme sadness, anxiety or rage;
how to proceed.
unbearable emotional or physical pain
Person exhibits changing behaviors: 800-273-8255
Making a plan or researching ways to die; (800-273-TALK) or
withdrawing from friends, giving items away; text HELLO to 741741.
taking dangerous risks like driving recklessly;
extreme mood swings;
eating or sleeping changes;
using drugs or alcohol more often. Sit with the person and call the suicide hotline
together. (Don’t leave a person alone if it feels like
Actions an immediate risk, especially if they are under the
(Actions and conversations will not fix it but influence of drugs or alcohol.)
can be an important step toward getting mental
health or professional help.) Conversation starters:
If you’re worried about someone, call the • “Gosh, I’m worried about you, but I care about
national suicide prevention hotline yourself to get you and want to know how you’re doing…
advice on how to proceed, 800-273-8255 (800-273- • “Because I care and you’re doing things that
TALK) or text HELLO to 741741. make me worried, I want to check in with you…
Talk to others who know the person and raise • “I want you to stay alive, how about I babysit
your concern or ask if others also have concerns. your weapons for a while, because I am wor-
Prepare to be candid and real with the person. ried about your safety… (If weapons may be a
You may hear something that’s hard or you don’t safety issue)
want to hear. • …You don’t have to figure this out alone. There
Ask them if they are contemplating suicide is a national hotline where you can talk with
(Prepare for them to answer yes, and remember someone.
that asking will not put them at greater risk of
suicide. )
If an immediate crisis, get the person to the
emergency room, or call 911, as law enforcement
is trained in having these conversations.
Bigstock
14 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021a diversity of bloom times. Early season
(spring) and late season (fall) blooms
are amongst the most vital since there
Ask Steward:
are fewer resources available for bees
and other pollinators during these
times of year.
Native Bee
Create nesting habitat for bees.
• Leave small, undisturbed areas of
bare soil in a garden to accommodate
Conservation
nesting habitat for ground-nesting
bees. Most species of ground-nesting
bees are solitary and are not aggressive,
for Montana
therefore will not sting. For cavity-nest-
ing solitary bee species such as mason
and leafcutter bees, incorporate a ‘bee
Landscapes
hotel’ made up of wooden blocks with
holes of varying sizes drilled into them,
bundles of cardboard/bamboo tubes, or
bundles of twigs and hollow or pithy
plant stems. However, these types
of above-ground nesting habitats do
require some care so they do not be-
Answered by Abiya Saeed, Extension Horticulture Specialist, Montana
come a place for diseases and parasites
State University. to build up and potentially harm bees.
Make sure to read about and follow
Why is native bee conservation any state in the U.S. However, Montana best-practices for properly caring for
important for Montana and how can I also has one of the least-studied bee faunas these types of nests.
incorporate “bee-friendly” practices in the country. Because of the diversity of Incorporate IPM strategies to minimize
into the landscape? landscapes, topographies, climates, regions, unnecessary pesticide use.
Pollinators, especially bees, play a and ecological zones in Montana, scientists • Integrated pest management (IPM) is
vital role in our agriculture, economy, and estimate the actual number of bee species the utilization of a variety of tools to
ecosystems through the movement of pollen, could potentially be as high as 1000. The minimize pest problems in a way that
which enables successful reproduction of Wild Bees of Montana project is currently is least harmful to the environment.
several of our crops and many of our native underway to assess the diversity of native Examples of this include scouting the
plant communities. Factors including habi- bees in the state. This puts us in a unique landscape for pests, using mechanical/
tat loss, reduction in diverse and nutritious position to act as stewards of our native physical exclusion strategies, selecting and
food resources, and improper/unnecessary bees, through the incorporation of pollinator planting pest-resistant cultivars, learning
application of pesticides all play a role in conservation practices in our home gardens to identify and enhance beneficial insects,
contributing to the global declines observed and communities. and using pesticides safely to minimize
for several pollinator groups. off-target effects.
Many people do not realize that There are simple steps that we can
the diversity of bees lies far beyond just all take to create a more ‘bee friendly’ FOR MORE INFORMATION ON EACH OF
European honey bees, which are actually landscape: THESE TOPICS, VISIT THE FOLLOWING
not native to North America. In fact, the Incorporate a diversity of native plants into RESOURCES:
Casey M. Delphia
number of native bees in Montana alone gardens. https://www.xerces.org/
accounts for approximately 450 currently • To maximize food resources for native https://www.pollinator.org/
identified species, including the most bees, plant native flowers of various https://ipm.montana.edu/
bumble bees (28 species documented) of colors, textures, shapes, and sizes with
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 15Melissodes on aster. Melissodes on sunflower.
Hylaeus on cleome.
Casey M. Delphia
16 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021Enhancing Work-
T
he last year looked different in the various
facets of each of our lives. The details of
social engagements, school environments,
Life Balance sporting events, routine shopping trips,
connections with loved ones changed. Initially, these
changes may have felt awkward and unnatural because
our habits, practices and routines were disrupted.
Katelyn Andersen describes a decision-making tool
The reasons for making decisions changed due to
for planning and accomplishing tasks and suggests the circumstances around us. These changes challenged
ways to build your personal calendar with purpose. our unconscious choices to become conscious decisions
and impacted our executive functioning skills. The ex-
ecutive function is the management system of the brain
involved in setting goals, planning and accomplishing
tasks.
A tool, the ‘Urgent-Important’ Matrix, or the
Eisenhower Matrix, can assist individuals in making
decisions to support executive functioning. The
Eisenhower Matrix was developed by President Dwight
Bigstock
“Ike” Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United
States. The Eisenhower Matrix was made popular by
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 17Steven Covey’s book, Seven Habits of Highly physical time, connecting time, time in, down- Could feeding or walking pets be delegated
Effective People, using the matrix to divide time and playtime as part of everyday self-care. to younger members of the household?
workload and priorities into actions of do,
plan, delegate or eliminate based on the Build in transition times. Routinize habits in life.
urgency and importance of the tasks at hand. This last year, many meetings and activities Planning ahead as much as possible can help
were virtual or cancelled completely. When with the cognitive load of our executive
Refer to the diagram, each of the meetings were virtual, transition time was functioning. Consider selecting clothes at
quadrants are labeled and outlined as deleted and filled with other activities. the beginning of the week to alleviate the
followed: Allow for space in the calendar to attend to time it takes each morning. Create a meal
• Quadrant I: Do; urgent and important informal conversations and connections with plan for the week so meal times flow better.
- tasks needed to complete immediately. others. If virtual meetings are in your future, Write down chores and tasks on paper, also
Examples include emergencies or tasks a recent study from Stanford shares that called brain dumping, to prevent over think-
with clear deadlines and consequences. exhaustion from video conference meetings ing and help free up the cognitive load.
• Quadrant II: Plan; important, but not do take a toll on individuals. Individuals are Each individual and family will
urgent – tasks to schedule to do later. encouraged to take steps to mitigate fatigue establish new habits and routines in the
Tasks could include long-term projects by scheduling breaks between meetings, upcoming months. Take time frequently,
and professional development. implement no-video meeting days and possibly on a weekly basis, to communicate
• Quadrant III: Delegate; urgent, but understand the factors related to fatigue. planned activities and priorities with family
not important – tasks to delegate to members and co-workers to help with ac-
someone else. These tasks need to be Consider the needs of others. countability – for yourself and others. Revisit
completed but not specifically by you. Consider how family members might need your long-term goals and plans frequently to
• Quadrant IV: Eliminate; neither to adjust to changes – pets, children and adjust the workload for both home and work
urgent nor important – tasks to elim- partners. Build in connection time for all expectations.
inate. These items are distractions or family members to discuss the impacts of
tasks that do not align with personal upcoming changes, which could include a Katelyn Andersen, M.S., is a Professor
or family goals. child signing up for a seasonal sport team for Montana State University Extension.
or a change in work hours. What aspects of She serves as the Family and Consumer
As our world transitions to summer your life could be delegated or deleted? Sciences Extension Agent for Ravalli County.
and you take inventory of your current life:
What parts do you enjoy? What parts do
you miss and are important to you? What
More Important
routines do you want to keep? Be purposeful
II I
in designing a schedule and align tasks with
your personal and family core values. Here
are a few facets to consider:
Block out time yourself.
As our lives resume with social engagements,
activities and meetings, remember to block
Less Important
in time for personal time. Taking care of
yourself is a Quadrant II task to prevent
Quadrant I urgencies. Take the time to focus
on personal interests and enjoyments. Refer
to the Lives & Landscapes, 2020 Fall article,
IV III
Stress Management and Social Connection
in a Pandemic by Alison Brennan, PhD, for
using and applying the self-care tool, Healthy Less Urgent More Urgent
Mind Platter. This tool incorporates sleep time,
18 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021Master Gardener
Spotlight: The
Gardens at Zoo
Montana
T
he Yellowstone County Master cold weather conditions. Entirely a Master
Gardeners are very involved Gardener project in coordination with Ross
in keeping Zoo Montana Shrigley, Plant Select Executive Director,
looking spectacular. As the this garden is ever-evolving as new plants
primary labor force for the zoo gardens, are added. The plants are all labeled by sci-
Master Gardeners are instrumental in the entific and common name so one can visit
planting and care of the Sensory Gardens, their local nursery and purchase the same
the Heritage House Perennial Garden, and plants for their yards with confidence they
the Plant Select Garden. will survive in our area. As with the other
One of the newest gardens at Zoo gardens mentioned, this planting proudly
Montana is the Heritage House Perennial displays signage that identifies it as a Master
Garden. This garden is the result of the Gardener project.
vision and hard work of three Master There is much appreciation for all
Gardeners: Linda Franzen, Sherry Porter and the dedicated Yellowstone County Master
Beth Adams. They designed, installed, and Gardeners who volunteer time and effort to
maintain the perennials, which are a beauti- keep the zoo looking beautiful. When you
ful showing in front of Heritage House. visit the gardens at Zoo Montana, look for
Walking through the zoo, you will see the Master Gardener signs.
multiple, colorful containers that are tended
by Karen Botnen, Outstanding Master Sharon Wetsch is a Level 3 Montana
Gardener and President of the Botanical Master Gardener.
Society. Containers are changed throughout
the year and are a real highlight at the zoo.
A big feature garden at Zoo Montana
is the Plant Select Demonstration Garden.
Courtesy of Sharon Wetsch
This garden is planted with perennials
selected by Colorado State University and
Denver Botanical Gardens for the Plant
Select program. The purpose is to test what
will grow in our area with little upkeep,
little water, and if it can withstand our
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 19The Science of
I
nfectious diseases, such as smallpox, the plague,
and influenza virus, have caused millions of
Used with permission of Bloomberg LP Copyright
deaths over the centuries. Smallpox is a conta-
Vaccines and gious and often deadly disease that has likely
killed millions of humans throughout history. In the
late 18th century, English physician and scientist Edward
How They Work Jenner noticed that milkmaids were not getting sick
©2021. All rights reserved.
even though others around them were getting sick with
smallpox. He hypothesized that the milkmaid’s contact
with pustules on cows’ udders (small blisters on the skin
Andrea Marzi, PhD, describes types of vaccines and
containing pus) might contain the cowpox virus, which
how they work in the body.
could be making them immune to infection with the
20 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021Variola virus, the cause of smallpox. Jenner tested his 3) Subunit Vaccines:
idea by “infecting” people with the cowpox virus. A few Scientists have established procedures to generate
weeks later, he repeated the procedure with Variola virus. vaccines based on these principles for over 100 years, and
None of the cowpox virus-infected people developed these principles have served as a basis to develop newer,
smallpox and the world had its first vaccine. safer vaccines that do not involve the entire bacterium
Vaccination against smallpox was later implemented or virus. In fact, the hepatitis B vaccine is based on only
globally, and the Variola virus was eradicated in 1980, one protein from the hepatitis B virus. This is called a
ridding our planet of a deadly burden. Vaccination “subunit vaccine.” A formulation of this protein is given
against several other infectious diseases like Polio, in several doses often in combination with vaccines
Measles, Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Hepatitis is still against other diseases like Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
ongoing. The vaccines against the viruses and bacteria and Polio to children under 10 years.
causing these diseases follow the same principle – the
human body is exposed to a substance that triggers a
protective immune response.
HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE CAN USE AS A
VACCINE?
Scientists have developed a variety of different tech-
nologies that can be used as vaccines. A single protein or
toxin has been used as well as nucleic acid of a bacterium
or virus. In addition, viral vectors as well as the entire
bacterium or virus have also been used. The three most
used technologies until COVID-19 are the following:
1) Live-attenuated Vaccines:
Jenner discovered that with certain viruses there ex-
ists a “weaker” version in nature. Following this principle,
some of the vaccines we use today are “live-attenuated”
(the process of weakening a disease-causing virus or
bacterium in a lab so that it cannot cause disease). These
types of vaccines infect the human body and grow, but A spike protein is found on the surface of the virus and forms a
they do not cause disease aside from mild side effects “crown” or “halo” around the virus.
like fever and pain at the vaccination site. Today, we still
use this principle for the Measles vaccine, among others.
Credit Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Vaccine Development and COVID-19
2) Inactivated Vaccines: Vaccines in the U.S. are highly regulated like any
Another common method for vaccine development other drug and require Food and Drug Administration
is called chemical inactivation, which is still used today (FDA) approval before they can be used in humans. Before
for the annual flu shot. This process involves a large COVID-19, scientists worked on many ways to make
amount of the virus being grown in a laboratory, and vaccines safer and more effective with only a single dose.
subsequently killed by a chemical treatment and/or heat. The knowledge they gained developing these new strategies
After the “killed” vaccine is purified and formulated with was quickly applied to COVID-19 vaccine development at
an adjuvant (a drug or substance used to increase the the beginning of 2020 when the disease started to spread.
National
efficacy or potency of certain drugs), it can be adminis- Now, 15 months later, scientists from the U.S. and abroad
tered to humans. have developed several vaccines approved for human use to
Photo
The
protect individuals from COVID-19 infection.
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 21All approved vaccines for COVID-19 use the spike lower rate compared to a non-vaccinated person. In fact,
surface protein of SARS-CoV-2 as the “antigen,” the two weeks after the vaccination is complete (two doses
protein triggering an immune response in a vaccinated mRNA vaccine or one dose viral vector), the protection
person’s body. Two different vaccine technologies are from COVID-19 is 94% (mRNA) and 66% (viral
currently in use for COVID-19 in the U.S. – mRNA vector), respectively.
(Pfizer, Moderna) and a viral vector vaccine (Johnson Vaccines are also very important for building herd
& Johnson). immunity in our communities. Herd immunity is the
The mRNA-based vaccine has the genetic informa- principle of protecting the vulnerable people in our
tion for the spike protein as mRNA embedded in a lipid community. The more people that are vaccinated, the
nanoparticle (LNP), or fatty droplet, that is stored at smaller the pool of people is for the virus to infect and
very cold temperatures. Because mRNA is a very unsta- make sick (thus reducing the number of people that
ble molecule and gets degraded quickly, the vaccine must need hospitalization due to COVID-19 and/or other
be given to people within hours after a vial is thawed. infectious diseases). In order to slow down the spread
This mRNA vaccine technology has been successfully of the disease, we need 70% of the people need to be
developed for Zika virus and influenza virus in the past vaccinated.
decade. It is relatively easy to produce as it does not
involve production in cell culture and, therefore, could Curious as to how herd immunity works?
be generated quickly as a COVID-19 vaccine. Once the Watch this video: https://imgur.com/gallery/8M7q8
first vaccine dose (prime) is injected into a person’s arm,
the LNP fuses with one of their cells and the mRNA is What is a Coronavirus spike surface protein?
released, causing the spike protein to be produced in the The spike protein is found on the surface of the
cell. The immune system recognizes the spike protein as a virus and forms a “crown” or “halo” around the virus. In
protein foreign to the body and starts to make an immune Latin, the word for crown is “corona”, which gives this
response against it; during this process, antibodies that virus family their name - Coronaviruses.
protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection are produced. This
process can result in fever and pain at the injection site. The Andrea Marzi, PhD, is a German virologist. She is Chief
second dose (boost) of the mRNA-based vaccine serves as of the Immunobiology and Molecular Virology Unit at
a trial run for the body. After this second dose is injected, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
the body recognizes the spike protein from the previous Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, MT.
injection and ramps up antibody production, resulting in a
boosted antibody level.
In the viral vector vaccine, the spike surface protein
genetic information is included in the viral vector DNA.
During this process, the viral vector only serves as a
vehicle to deliver the spike protein DNA into the cell,
where then mRNA is produced from the DNA and the
same process as with the mRNA vaccine starts. While
the mRNA vaccines stay in the cytoplasm of the cell,
the DNA in the viral vector vaccine gets into the cell’s
nucleus and can interact with the cellular DNA.
In case of a COVID-19 infection, the antibodies
specific to the spike protein will bind the spike protein
on the virus surface and neutralize the infection. Usually,
the more antibodies a person has, the more they are
protected from disease. However, no vaccine is 100%
protective and while vaccinated people have spike anti-
bodies, they can still get infected by SARS-CoV-2 and
may even spread the virus to others, albeit at a much
22 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021choose a unit with an activated carbon filter
or other filter designed to remove gases.
Air purifiers use an electric charge
Tools for Cleaner to collect particles on a plate as they pass
through the device. Purifiers tend to be
Indoor Air: A
better at getting rid of biological contami-
nants such as airborne pathogens that cause
sickness, but are less effective at filtering and
Few Things to
reducing larger particles like dust and pollen.
Additionally, many air purifiers generate
ozone which is a highly reactive molecule
Consider
that is harsh on lung tissue. The U.S. EPA
suggests avoiding any unit that produces
ozone.
A key consideration is the effectiveness
of a unit at removing particles of different
sizes, which are sometimes represented
with examples of smoke (smallest), dust
Barb Allen illustrates the differences between using air cleaners and air
(medium), and pollen (largest). The smallest
purifiers to improve indoor air quality. particles (Figure 1: sulfur deficient pea.
Plant Nutrient
T
here are three basic tools to diagnose which
nutrients may be lacking and causing poor
plant growth: soil testing, plant tissue
Deficiency testing, and visual observation of the plants
for nutrient deficiency symptoms. Soil and tissue test-
Symptoms
ing compare values measured by laboratory analyses to
amounts considered sufficient based on research, while
visual assessment is qualitative.
Soil testing helps determine whether a specific nu-
trient should be added to the soil before the crop shows
Clain Jones discusses tools to identify nutrient
signs of deficiency. Given the time and expense of soil
deficiencies in plants. sampling and analysis, typically one sample is sent in for
a field, garden, or lawn, thus providing an average value
of soil nutrients over a large area. For example, a farmer
may have separate samples for upper vs lower parts of a
field, or a gardener might submit separate samples for the
hoop house and the outdoor garden plot.
Tissue testing and visual assessment can pinpoint
Clain Jones
specific areas where problems are observed. Tissue testing
is limited because nutrient concentrations vary among
24 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021species and varieties, by the plant growth stage, plant matter and movement of nutrients like phosphorus (P)
part, even the time of day the sample is collected, and and iron (Fe) are slow in cold soils. Even if the soil
how the tissue is handled after collection. Unfortunately, contains sufficient available nutrients, the plants might
there aren’t always published nutrient sufficiency ranges be unable to take them up. If, additionally, the soil is
for many nutrients and crops in Montana. waterlogged, root rot can further stress the plants and
Looking at leaves is quick and easy. The limitation decrease nutrient uptake. This exacerbates nitrogen (N)
of visual assessment is that once deficiencies are strongly and iron deficiencies. If deficiency is due to cold, nutri-
visible, plant production may have already been hurt. ent deficiency symptoms should go away once soils warm,
Before applying fertilizer on a large scale based on visual and applying more nutrients is a waste and won’t help.
symptoms, plant tissue analysis should be used to con- MSU Extension provides an online nutrient
firm the nutrient deficiency. This is important because deficiency flow chart and the Extension bulletin Plant
many growth issues can cause symptoms that look like Nutrient Functions and Deficiency and Toxicity
nutrient deficiencies. These include stress caused by un- Symptoms to guide visual plant assessment. The flow
derwatering, overwatering, disease, insects, or herbicide chart quickly guides the user to a specific nutrient that
damage. In a garden environment there are more options, is likely deficient based on which leaves are affected (old
with smaller economic consequences, to correct plant and near the base of the plant, or young and at top), the
nutrients mid-season, than for large scale farms. Figure 2, left: leaf color, whether the symptoms are spotted/striped or
The earlier a deficiency is detected and corrected nitrogen deficient affect the whole leaf, and more.
the better. However, a challenge in this region is that wheat. Figure 3, Nitrogen, sulfur (S), phosphorus, and iron are
our cool spring weather may cause nutrient deficiency in right: nitrogen nutrients commonly deficient in Montana. Uniform
the short term. Specifically, nutrient release from organic deficient bean. yellow and light green leaves on crops are likely due to
(left) MSU Extension, (right) Kathrin Olson-Rutz
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 25nitrogen and possibly sulfur deficiency. Nitrogen defi- maple, aspen, strawberry, and mountain ash are plants
ciency is first seen on older, lower leaves, whereas sulfur highly susceptible to iron deficiency, which shows up as
deficiency shows up first on upper, younger leaves (Fig. interveinal chlorosis, a sharp distinction between green
1). In cereals nitrogen deficiency commonly shows as leaf veins and yellow tissue between the veins (Fig. 5).
discoloration from the leaf tip backward in the form of a Even if nutrient deficiency is identified too late
‘V’ (Fig. 2). Yellowing due to disease, and some nutrients to correct for a bumper crop this year, note where in
other than nitrogen and sulfur, is usually non-uniform, the field or garden symptoms showed up. Soil sample
striped or spotty. Even legumes (beans, peas) which those affected areas to determine how much fertilizer or
supply their own nitrogen through specialized bacteria amendment is needed for the next growing season.
on their roots (rhizobia), can be nitrogen deficient if they Visit the MSU Extension Soil Fertility website for
got off to a slow start and didn’t build healthy rhizobia regionally appropriate information about soil nutrients,
nodules early on (Fig. 3). or contact Clain Jones directly at clainj@montana.edu,
Phosphorus deficiency is seen on lower, older leaves Figure 4, left: 406-994-6076.
first. The leaves and stems are dark green with purple phosphorous
on the leaves (Fig. 4), sometimes seen more on the deficient corn. Clain Jones is the MSU Extension Soil Fertility
underside of the leaf. Figure 5, right: Specialist and a Professor in Land Resources and
Iron deficiency is common early in the year and iron deficient Environmental Sciences.
in basic (high pH) soils. Corn, raspberry, rose, Amur sweet pepper.
(left) A. Manson, Wikimedia Commons; (right) Kathrin Olson-Rutz
26 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021hot period, followed by a minimum of one
week of cloudy, wet weather. Warm, early
springs promote embryo development. A hot
period in early spring promotes hatching and
one week of cloudy, wet weather promotes
fungal pathogens on grasshoppers.
Q&A: When should I start monitoring for
grasshoppers?
Begin on May 1. The grasshoppers of most
Grasshopper Pest concern (Two-striped, Migratory and Packard)
usually hatch close to May 15. Another moni-
toring rule of thumb is that embryos will con-
Management in tinue development when the soil temperature
rises to 50-55 degrees Fahrenheit. Eggs will
typically hatch 14 days later.
Cropland I saw grasshoppers long before the soil
temperature reached 50-55 degrees.
Should I be concerned?
The answer is most likely no. There are a
handful of grasshopper species that overwin-
ter as adults and are not considered harmful.
Catch the grasshopper and determine if it
has wings. Winged grasshoppers are adults
that have overwintered and will not cause
Tyler Lane answers questions about grasshopper identification,
any harm to the crop.
monitoring, and control.
How do I monitor for grasshoppers?
Why did we see high populations of species. As long as we have arid conditions, Visualize a square-foot area from a distance
grasshoppers in Montana in 2020? populations will continue to increase. and count the number of grasshoppers
Favorable weather conditions have promoted jumping out. Divide the number of grass-
grasshopper pest populations. In 2019, a What about the cold weather last hoppers by the number of areas counted
cool, wet spring delayed hatching, and then winter? Wouldn’t below zero tempera- and multiply by nine to estimate density per
warm weather moved in without additional tures affect egg survival rates? square yard. Be sure to completely disturb
cool, wet weather, which resulted in a high The answer for 2021 is probably not. In the square foot area because first and second
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
percentage of hatch survival rates later in the Canada, few grasshoppers hatched following instar nymphs often will not jump.
season. In addition, vegetation was highly a winter with temperatures at negative 22º
productive in 2019, especially sweet clover. F. However, Canada had little snow cover Is it true that the migratory grasshop-
As a result, grasshopper populations grew during the time period when mortality oc- per is often the most harmful species
without being noticed or managed. curred. Snow cover generally reduces the im- to cereals?
pact of cold temperatures on below-ground Yes, it can travel very long distances, destroy
Why should I be concerned in 2021? overwintering insects. seedlings, defoliate crops throughout the growing
A dry summer in 2020 and an open fall pro- season and clip cereal grain heads before harvest.
moted high egg laying which will result in Will a wet spring break the cycle?
large hatches in 2021. If a drought continues The answer is yes if timed correctly with hatch- How do I tell a harmful grasshopper
in Montana, populations will continue to es. Prime conditions for decreasing populations from a non-harmful grasshopper?
increase. Grasshoppers are a boom and bust begin with warm, early springs followed by a Many spur-throated (having a spine on
MSUEXTENSION.ORG / SUMMER 2021 / 27the throat area) grasshoppers are harmless, to loss of body fluids. Maximum control on field borders (a minimum of 150 feet).
but a few species, like the Two-striped and usually is achieved in 10-14 days. If a large Lastly, spray contact insecticides if pop-
Migratory are major pests of cropland. Slant- influx from neighboring fields should occur, ulations exceed economic threshold. Be
faced grasshoppers are slim and pointed in the time to reduce that population may not sure to rotate insecticide groups to prevent
profile or they have disproportionately large be short enough to minimize extensive foli- resistance. Remember, diflubenzuron can
heads, and lay too few eggs to be harmful. age feeding; a tank mix with a knockdown be mixed with the knockdown insecticide
insecticide is recommended under these to provide 30 total days of crop protection.
What are yield damaging levels for conditions. Diflubenzuron can be mixed
grasshoppers? with the knockdown insecticide to provide Tyler Lane is the MSU Extension agricul-
Thresholds for managing grasshopper pests 30 days of crop protection. ture agent in Chouteau County.
in spring wheat are used for alfalfa and dry
beans. Lentils are very susceptible to adult When do I spray diflubenzuron?
grasshoppers because they can clip the pods. It is important to apply diflubenzuron when
The action threshold for lentils is only two grasshoppers are second to fourth stage
grasshoppers per square yard in flowering to nymphs, which is when they measure about
pod stages. See Table 1. three-fourths of an inch in length and do
not have fully-formed wings. Diflubenzuron
I have heard about diflubenzuron is not effective on adults. When in doubt,
(Dimilin®). Why is it so highly recom- always refer to the product label.
mended for grasshopper control?
Diflubenzuron is active for 30 days, has a What would be a good step-by-step
low toxicity to mammals, and provides some management order if grasshoppers
safety to beneficial insects. continue to exceed economic thresh-
old levels?
How does diflubenzuron work? First, spray grass borders and neighboring
Diflubenzuron interferes with formation rangeland at beginning of egg hatch using
of a grasshopper’s exoskeleton, which leads diflubenzuron. Second, use diflubenzuron
All Montana Spring All Montana Spring
Immatures/yd2 Adults/yd2
Crops and Alfalfa Crops and Alfalfa
Rating Margin Field Treat? Rating Margin Field Treat?
Safe 15 treatments and monitor for
retreatment
retreatment
28 / LIVES & LANDSCAPES / SUMMER 2021You can also read
