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Targeting indoor air quality
in sustainable patterns
A SEARCH II project working paper
School Environment
and Respiratory Health
The SEARCH initiative is supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea (IMELS) of Children
CONTENTS
Targeting Indoor Air Quality in Sustainable Patterns
A SEARCH II project working paper
December 2013
A. Burali • J. Calzoni • E. Colaiacomo • F. De Maio • L. Sinisi
2 Introduction
5 EU sustainability policies and indoor air quality
5 From sustainability to sustainable consumption and production
8 Sustainability and indoor source control
11 Indoor air and chemical safety policies
13 Sustainability policies and exposure control
19 The energy efficiency upgrading of buildings
and indoor air quality: Suggestions for retrofitting
19 Overview of retrofitting measures
to improve building energy performance
21 Energy efficiency and indoor air quality
23 The SEARCH II project partner questionnaire
23 Introduction
24 Overview of questionnaire results
31 Conclusions
33 Overall conclusions
35 Annexes and endnotes
36 Annex I: SEARCH II questionnaire
39 Annex II: EU initiatives on improving IAQ
44 Endnotes
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 1
Introduction
Research evidence has been produced at international,
European and national level on indoor air quality (IAQ),
as well as on the health risks to children and adults of exposure
to indoor sources of pollution in vulnerable indoor settings
such as schools (see Annex II).
Several joint environment and health initiatives have and at home, as well as the impact of building design
also been implemented on procedures for monitoring on IAQ and comfort.
indoor pollutants, as well as guidelines and limit values
for chemicals in the indoor air (e.g. by the World Health It was also highlighted that, although the importance
Organization, the EC’s Joint Research Centre and the US of IAQ has received a lot of attention at institutional
Environment Protection Agency), and upcoming areas of level, at the European and national levels there is still
research such as secondary indoor air pollutants. At EU no joint strategy that appropriately includes IAQ issues
level, the environment and health priorities contained in the implementation of sectoral policies, especially
in the final proposal for the 7th EU Environmental those outside the traditional environment and health
Action Programme (7th EAP) stress the importance of domain, which, via different mechanisms, may have an
action to prevent exposure to harmful chemicals re- impact on protecting IAQ.
leased from consumer products.1
On the issue of IAQ management, it is generally ac-
The SEARCH initiative was launched in 2006 to investi- cepted2 that there are two major strategic areas in miti-
gate indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools and the poten- gating the health risks from exposure to chemicals:
tial health risks among children (page 3). In the second exposure control and source control. The first is linked
phase of the SEARCH project (2010–2013), intercon- to building management and design and is mainly fo-
nections between energy use in school buildings, build- cused on adequate ventilation to preserve IAQ and
ing management and the indoor comfort of children comfort, especially when upgrading energy use in
were also analysed, and the environment and health buildings. The source control strategy aims to put in
assessment of indoor air pollutants was extended to place measures to eliminate or minimise the release of
schools in new partner countries outside the EU. hazardous chemicals from indoor sources such as fur-
nishings, flooring, building materials, cleaning products
The SEARCH II project results highlighted, among other and air fresheners, which are known to have an impact
risk factors, the significance of pollutants emitted from on the quality of the air we breathe inside schools,
consumer products that are usually present in schools homes and offices.
2 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S
This working paper, together with the results of the
SEARCH II project, is intended to open a discussion
THE SEARCH INITIATIVE
on the role of sustainability policies related to con-
sumer products and building design for IAQ manage-
ment, in accordance with statements contained in the The SEARCH initiative (School Environment and
renewed European Union Sustainable Development Respiratory Health of Children) is an international
Strategy (EU SDS), approved by the Council of the EU research project launched within the framework of
in 2006, about the prevention of unhealthy indoor the Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan
emissions.3 To support further discussion on the sus- for Europe (CEHAPE), which was adopted in 2004 at
tainability process, the paper is ultimately intended the fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment
to identify gaps in the knowledge and tools needed and Health organised by the World Health Organiza-
for effective IAQ management through source control tion for the European Region. The initiative, sup-
and building design. ported and promoted by the Italian Ministry for the
Environment, Land and Sea (IMELS), is coordinated
A brief section is dedicated to presenting recommenda-
by the Regional Environmental Center for Central
tions, bearing in mind the potential conflict between
and Eastern Europe (REC). During the first phase
energy efficiency policies and IAQ, in particular in con-
(2006–2009), IAQ and children’s health were in-
nection with the retrofitting of existing buildings.
vestigated in schools in six European partner coun-
The working paper will also discuss the results of the tries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary,
ad hoc questionnaire (Annex I) that was sent to all Italy, Serbia and Slovakia). Based on the SEARCH I
SEARCH II partner countries to investigate IAQ manage- conclusions and recommendations, the initiative
ment issues in order to share knowledge and best prac- was reaffirmed at the fifth Ministerial Conference on
tices and raise awareness among local stakeholders. Environment and Health, held in Parma, Italy, in
The information provided by the countries also con- 2010. With the active involvement of stakeholders
tributed to creating a clear (even if not exhaustive) pic- and experts, IMELS launched the follow-up project
ture of the situation at national level, especially SEARCH II (2010–2013) to continue and extend
regarding the non-EU SEARCH II countries. the valuable research activities. Four new countries
(Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Ukraine) joined
the project and undertook environment and health
assessments in selected schools to explore the con-
nections between energy use in school buildings
and the indoor comfort of children.
(search.rec.org)
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 3
4 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S
EU sustainability policies
and indoor air quality
Recent concepts such as sustainable consumption and production,
eco-innovation, energy efficiency, the environmental performance
of products and lifecycle thinking have enhanced the value
and meaning of sustainability, bringing environmental concerns
into strategic areas of the economy and establishing valuable
benchmarking in market competitiveness.
This development has various implications for environ- From sustainability to sustainable
mental policies and operators in terms of knowledge, skills
and challenges. The present document focuses on the po- consumption and production
tential role of renewed sustainability policies in relation to The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment
the three main strategic areas related to IAQ: (indoor) and Development (the Rio Earth Summit) called for a
source control; exposure control; and chemical safety. global sustainable development approach in order to
preserve the integrity of the global environment.
In order to describe this challenging scenario, and to
enable focused discussion, we propose a framework As a concrete response to the Rio Summit, in 1992 the
(see page 8) showing those interconnected EU policies EU endorsed the Fifth Environmental Action Pro-
that, via different mechanisms, can influence IAQ and gramme (1993–1999), which recognised the interna-
chemical safety. The aim is to raise awareness of issues tional concept of sustainable development and called
related to the indoor air among operators involved in for a multi-sector approach, integrating the environ-
different sectors of the broad (and still developing) area mental dimension into the main strategic sectors such
of sustainable production and buildings. An overview of as transport, energy and agriculture.
the sustainability process will be followed by a concise
analysis of key policies. In 2001, the first EU Sustainable Development Strategy
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 5
E U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
(the Gothenburg Strategy) was adopted. This was a • public health; and
milestone in European policy and proclaimed a new
approach to policy making in order to foster the inte- • sustainable consumption and production.
gration of the economic, social and environmental di-
mensions. One of the specific objectives of the The overall objective for public health, “To promote
Gothenburg Strategy was to address health threats. good public health on equal conditions and improve
protection against health threats”, includes:
In the same year the EU also adopted the Green Paper
on Integrated Product Policy (IPP)4, a political instru-
• improving protection against health threats by
developing capacity to respond to them in a coordi-
ment that opened the way to a new approach in the EU nated manner;
that also referred to “consumer products”. Following the
Green Paper, in 2003 the EC presented its Communica- • ensuring that, by 2020, chemicals, including pesti-
tion on Integrated Product Policy: Building on Environ- cides, are produced, handled and used in ways that
mental Life-Cycle Thinking, aimed at making products do not pose significant threats to human health and
more environmentally friendly throughout their life- the environment. In this context, the rapid adoption
cycle. The EC communication recommended, among of the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation,
other things: Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
will be a milestone, the aim being to eventually re-
• the promotion of lifecycle thinking by making place substances of very high concern by suitable
lifecycle data available and by promoting IPP alternative substances or technologies; and
for specific products;
• improving information on environmental pollution
• the improvement of product information aimed and adverse health impacts.
at consumers; and
• greater attention to environmental criteria in public These targets are to be achieved through a list of specific
procurement. actions, including the following: “The Commission should
propose a strategy for improving indoor air quality, with
In June 2006, the European Council adopted its ambi- particular attention to VOC emissions…”5
tious renewed Sustainable Development Strategy (EU
SDS, 10917/06) for an enlarged EU, recognising the Operational objectives and targets were also set to pro-
need to gradually change currently unsustainable con- mote sustainable consumption and production patterns,
sumption and production patterns and move towards a among them6:
better-integrated approach to policy making. • promoting sustainable consumption and production
by addressing social and economic development
The EU SDS established overall objectives and related within the carrying capacity of ecosystems and de-
concrete actions in seven areas: coupling economic growth from environmental
• climate change and clean energy; degradation; and
• sustainable transport; • improving the environmental and social perform-
ance of products and processes and encouraging
• the conservation and management of natural
their uptake by businesses and consumers.
resources;
• social inclusion, demography and migration; In July 2008, the EC presented the Sustainable
Consumption and Production (SCP) Action Plan and
• global poverty and sustainable development
Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan7, adopted by
challenges;
the EU Council in December 2008.
6 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S
E U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
The SCP Action Plan provides a dynamic framework for In 2010, the EC defined the Europe 2020 Strategy,
many EU policies and initiatives that are an integral the new political framework for European sustain-
part of the EU’s renewed Sustainable Development ability for the coming decade, setting ambitious ob-
Strategy (EU SDS) while improving the competitiveness jectives to be reached by 2020 for which member
of the European economy and fostering good practice states are called to adopt their own national targets.
internationally for a global sustainable market.8 The The strategy also identifies key areas for action — the
final challenge of the action plan is to improve the so-called seven flagship initiatives, including the Re-
overall environmental performance of products source Efficiency Flagship. In 2011, the EC adopted
throughout their lifecycle9, to boost the demand for the Roadmap to a Resource-Efficient Europe, which
better products and production technologies, to help analyses key resources from a lifecycle and value-
consumers to make informed choices, and, last but not chain perspective.
least, to encourage business and industry to develop
and take up environmental technologies. The overall process is summarised in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1: From sustainability to sustainable consumption and production policies
Changing patterns
of production
and consumption:
a precondition The need to change the current
Equitable development for all human
for achieving unsustainable consumption
beings, including future generations,
sustainable and production patterns and
while preserving the integrity
development at move towards a better-integrated
of the global environment.
a global level. approach to policy making.
Efficient use
of resources
1992 2001 2002 2003 2006 2008
Rio Summit Integrated Product Johannesburg integrated Product Renewed EU Sustainable
Policy Green Paper Summit Policy building Sustainable Consumption and
on environmental Development Production and
lifecycle Strategy Sustainable
Industrial Policy
Action Plans
Environmental
A new approach to reduce the
performance of products
lifecycle environmental impacts
of products from raw materials
to production, distribution, Improve the environmental
use and waste management. performance of products and increase
Environmental impacts at each the demand for more sustainable
stage of the lifecycle of the product. goods and production technologies.
Source: E. Colaiacomo
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 7
E U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
Environmental policies and indoor air quality in the EU
Sustainability and Sustainability and exposure control Sustainability and
indoor source control Eco design • ETAP & ECOAP chemical safety
GPP • Ecolabel Energy building management REACH • Green Chemistry
Construction Regulation Environmental technology • Verification
Source: E. Colaiacomo, L. Sinisi
FIGURE 2: Sustainability policies and IAQ management: A framework proposal
As already mentioned, several EU policies and initia- EU Construction Products Regulation
tives that act as building blocks of the EU SDS and
European Commission services and researchers are
related SCP Action Plan may have a role in one of the
working towards a harmonised framework for product
three main interlinked strategic areas of IAQ manage-
labelling schemes in the EU that support the require-
ment: (indoor) source control, exposure control and
ments related to health, safety and the environment
chemical safety (Figure 2). Below, we outline the main
under the former Construction Products Directive10 and
principles and targets of these policies.
the subsequent Construction Products Regulation11
(CPR). A requirement of these policies is that no con-
struction product should cause harm to the occupants
Sustainability and of a building.
indoor source control The CPR sets out conditions and harmonised rules for
Source control strategies should be aimed at effectively making construction products available on the mar-
preventing emissions of hazardous chemicals to the in- ket. Point 1 of Article 3 of the CPR establishes the
door air from any products or materials used in homes, basic requirements for construction work and the es-
schools and offices, before those products appear on the sential characteristics of construction products: “The
market. With respect to construction products, the 2011 basic requirements for construction works set out in
Construction Products Regulation (see below) gives atten- Annex I shall constitute the basis for the preparation
tion to the IAQ issue. For certain classes of consumer of standardisation mandates and harmonised techni-
products (e.g. household chemicals and furniture), despite cal specifications.”
the mounting evidence already available on their health-
related impacts on indoor air chemistry, and despite the
statements contained in the renewed 2006 EU SDS, the
role of sustainability policies to prevent unhealthy indoor CPR and indoor source control: Regarding VOCs
emissions still needs to be further explored. emissions, until the specifications are adopted
at EU level, national regulators may interpret these
For this purpose, after a brief analysis of construction prod- requirements differently. Indeed, several EU countries
uct policies we will focus on green public procurement have their own labelling systems for VOCs emissions.
(GPP) and the Ecolabel scheme, which may be key policy
areas in preventing VOCs emissions from indoor sources.
8 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SE U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
“Green Public Procurement is a process whereby public
authorities seek to procure goods, services and works with
a reduced environmental impact throughout their lifecycle
when compared to goods, services and works with the same
primary function that would otherwise be procured.”
COM (2008) 400, Public Procurement for a Better Environment
Annex 1, point 3 of the CPR, on hygiene, health and the 351) is working on harmonised rules for the assess-
environment, states the following: ment of releases of dangerous substances. Working
Group 2 is responsible for emissions into the indoor air.
“The construction works must be designed and built in
such a way that they will, throughout their lifecycle, not
be a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of work- Green Public Procurement:
ers, occupants or neighbours, nor have an exceedingly
high impact, over their entire lifecycle, on the environ-
Guiding principles and targets
mental quality or on the climate during their construc- Green Public Procurement (GPP) is an EU voluntary in-
tion, use and demolition, in particular as a result of any strument to stimulate sustainable innovation in Europe.
of the following: More recently, the Europe 2020 Strategy has identified
public procurement as one of the key means of attain-
(a) the giving-off of toxic gas; ing smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
(b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile The EC estimates approximately EUR 2 trillion annually
organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or for general expenditures by European public authorities
dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air; — that is, about 17 percent of the EU’s gross domestic
(c) the emission of dangerous radiation; product. Environmentally friendly choices in terms of the
public authorities’ purchasing power for goods, services
(d) the release of dangerous substances into ground and work will be an important contribution towards sus-
water, marine waters, surface waters or soil; tainable consumption and production. Green Public Pro-
(e) the release of dangerous substances into drinking curement also includes expenditure (up to 50 percent for
water or substances which have an otherwise nega- most governments) for new buildings and/or the renova-
tive impact on drinking water; tion of existing buildings. Some purchased goods and/or
construction materials can be a potential source of VOCs
(f) faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue emissions, and this may affect a substantial number of
gases or faulty disposal of solid or liquid waste; public employees (about 15 million in the public admin-
(g) dampness in parts of the construction works or on istration alone) and vulnerable public settings such as
surfaces within the construction works.” schools and hospitals.
The Technical Committee for Construction Products of In the GPP framework, specific environmental criteria
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN/TC have to be met by products and services. Several Euro-
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 9E U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
nological developments. The specific criteria for con-
GPP and indoor air: Generally speaking, indoor air sumer products are reviewed/updated on a regular
concerns are not usually built into GPP criteria. basis, along with product group development.12
The safety of goods and materials is mainly assessed
according to the Ecolabel scheme and the REACH A recent joint initiative of the EU Ecolabel and GPP is
Regulation. This approach, as discussed below, the development of specific Ecolabel criteria for office
may not result in the satisfactory prevention buildings, for which a dedicated working group of the
of the release of chemicals into the indoor air
Joint Research Centre (JRC) and Italy’s National Institute
from consumer products.
for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) has
been established.13
In the Sustainable Consumption and Production
Action Plan, the EU Ecolabel is strictly linked with
pean countries have already developed national criteria EU instruments such as GPP, the Eco-management and
(so-called minimum environmental criteria). The EC Audit Scheme (EMAS), the Ecodesign Directive and the
regards as a new challenge the adoption of comparable Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP). The
criteria between member states to be applied in all
same action plan stresses the need for greater coher-
public tendering processes for public authorities.
ence14 between product policy instruments and the
provisions of the new Ecolabel Regulation. To support
The Ecolabel scheme this policy target, the Product Bureau was created at
the end of 2009 within the JRC in Seville. The estab-
The EU Ecolabel scheme is part of the efforts towards
lishment of the bureau was based on an agreement
sustainable consumption and production and is in-
tended to promote those products that have a high between DG Environment and the JRC. The objective
level of environmental performance throughout their of the bureau is to provide techno-economic analysis
lifecycle, from the extraction of raw materials through and scientific support for the policy-making process
to production, use and disposal. In order to be eligible towards the development of the Ecolabel, GPP and
for the EU Ecolabel, specific criteria must be met and Ecodesign schemes and other product-related and
these criteria should take into account the latest tech- lifecycle-based policy initiatives.
“A voluntary tool to promote products
with a reduced environmental impact during
their entire lifecycle and to provide consumers
with accurate, non-deceptive, science-based information
on the environmental impact of products.”
Regulation (EC) 66/2010
10 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SE U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
Ecolabel and indoor air: Many considerations require further discussion among experts:
• The Ecolabel could be a key environmental tool for the control of potential indoor sources of chemicals:
several categories that may be sources of indoor pollution are indeed included among Ecolabel product
groups (e.g. cleaning products for homes, offices and schools; paints; furniture).
• Ecolabel assessment is based on a lifecycle approach that may require further attention to be given to
IAQ issues.
• The Ecolabel is an important instrument to help consumers make eco-friendly choices. However, consumers
may misinterpret information on product safety: eco-friendly products may be perceived as generally
healthy, even though ratings for VOCs indoor emissions from final products are not included among the
Ecolabel criteria. In terms of competitiveness, the procedure may not encourage (or distinguish) companies
that place chemicals-free products on the market.
Indoor air and area. The registration process concerns all substances
produced or imported into the EU in quantities above
chemical safety policies 1 tonne per year. Substances defined as priority sub-
Chemical safety is one of the biggest concerns among stances according to volume of production or toxicity
consumers worldwide. The implementation of environ- are subject to a more detailed risk assessment by the
mental policies to protect water, soil and the ambient competent authorities. The identification of a chemical
air from chemical pollution is widely recognised as a as a “substance of very high concern” (SVHC)15, and its
key tool to protect the population from harmful expo- consequent inclusion in Annex XIV, creates certain legal
sure to chemicals. The inclusion of consumer products obligations for importers, producers and suppliers, and
in sustainability policies, however, also requires an ap- restrictions on the use of the chemical on the market
proach that focuses on the safety of chemicals used for (Article 58). The REACH authorisation procedure aims
various consumer purposes, including concerns about to ensure that the risks from SVHCs are properly con-
indoor air. Among the various sectoral policies, the trolled and that these substances are progressively re-
REACH Regulation and the Green Chemistry initiative in placed by suitable alternatives while ensuring the
general appear to be strategic tools to mitigate VOCs sound functioning of the EU internal market. Among
emissions to the indoor air. other things, the regulation considers the intentional
and unintentional release of substances/chemicals from
preparations and articles (e.g. plasticisers from
Regulation on the Registration, paints/coatings, chemicals from flooring), as well as ac-
Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction cidental or unintentional emissions of chemicals to the
of Chemicals (REACH Regulation) indoor environment where these could present a haz-
The REACH Regulation (EC 1907/2006) on chemical ard. Risk management measures must then be applied
safety in the EU entered into force in June 2007. It pro- to ensure that exposure to chemical substances re-
vides a dynamic and articulated framework for the vari- leased by articles is kept below safe levels throughout
ous procedures for the registration, evaluation, the whole lifecycle of a product, meaning manufacture,
authorisation and restriction of chemicals in the EU use and disposal.
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most hazardous substances should be substituted with
REACH and indoor air: REACH can be seen as a very less dangerous ones. A restriction applies to any sub-
dynamic process that is continuously updated with stance on its own, in a mixture, or in an article, includ-
scientific evidence that allows the improvement of ing substances that do not require registration. It can
risk assessment procedures. With respect to indoor also apply to imports. A member state and the ECHA, at
VOCs emissions, testing methods and protocols may the request of the EC, can propose restrictions if they
need further agreement at EU level. find that the risks need to be addressed on an EU basis.
Green/sustainable chemistry
The Green Chemistry initiative provides a sustainable
basis for eco-innovation to stimulate a competitive,
Manufacturers and importers are required to gather
information on the properties of their chemical sub- knowledge-based, enterprise-led economy across
stances in order to ensure their safe handling, and to Europe. In 2003, European technology platforms (ETPs)
register this information in a central database run by were established to respond to the European Council
the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)16. If the risks request to “strengthen the European Research Area” by
cannot be managed, the authorities may restrict the use creating platforms “bringing together technological
of substances in different ways. In the long run, the know-how, industry, regulators and financial institutions
“Sustainable chemistry […] seeks to improve the efficiency
with which natural resources are used to meet human needs
for chemical products and services, […] encompasses
the design, manufacture and use of efficient, effective,
safe and more environmentally benign chemical products
and processes, […] stimulates innovation across all sectors
to design and discover new chemicals, production processes,
and product stewardship practices that will provide increased
performance and increased value while meeting the goals of
protecting and enhancing human health and the environment.”
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), definition of sustainable or green chemistry
12 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SE U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
to develop a strategic agenda for leading technologies”.
The role of ETPs has also been recognised in the EC’s Green Chemistry and indoor air: Although this
Horizon 2020 proposal. In 2013, the EC endorsed the important EU initiative is in a very initial phase, it
Strategy for European Technology Platforms: ETP will be highly important in terms of reducing indoor
202017 in order to identify the path towards the com- air chemical pollution in the future.
mercial deployment of research, provide strategic in-
sights into market opportunities and needs, and
mobilise innovation actors across the EU in order to
enable European companies to gain a competitive ad-
vantage in global markets.
• Even if they do not focus on energy saving and the
The Green Chemistry initiative aims to reduce the efficient use of resources, these policies are part of
environmental impacts of processes and products the dynamic process of sustainability.
while helping to meet future energy needs, reduce • All these policies are strictly interconnected, and
energy, waste and water consumption, reduce emis- are also connected with the Ecolabel scheme and,
sions of pollutants and improve quality of life in in general, follow a common lifecycle assessment
urban areas. approach.
• There are also interconnections with businesses and
the market, which demand a transparent approach
Sustainability policies and procedures.
and exposure control • Even if these policies also have a role in indoor
source control, as discussed above, their targets and
Building design and the energy efficiency upgrading of
principles are related more to building design than
buildings influence microclimate parameters such as
to everyday consumer products. A separate discus-
ventilation, temperature and relative humidity, which
sion is therefore justified.
are relevant to overall IAQ and comfort. In terms of in-
door air chemistry, concentrations of chemical pollu- • While the consideration of IAQ is required in the im-
tants released by indoor sources are also affected by plementation of these policies, the evaluation of in-
ventilation and temperature. door chemicals such as VOCs will not be included,
as ventilation is the only parameter used in assess-
A brief overview of the targets and principles of key
ing IAQ.
policies in the sustainability framework, which can have
a role in preventing exposure to indoor chemicals, as • In this dynamic and modern approach to building
well as the interconnections between those policies, is policies, the inclusion of indoor chemicals monitor-
provided below. ing in authorisation criteria or procedures may im-
prove the effectiveness of preventing and
However, since all these apply to building policies they controlling the exposure of occupants to hazardous
share critical features that, in pursuit of the objective of substances in the indoor air.
indoor air safety, may deserve further discussion based
on the following considerations: • In relation to IAQ monitoring, many applicable tools
(and knowledge) are already available at EU level,
• Building policies are among the targets of the although agreements on procedures and authorisa-
Europe 2020 Strategy. tions are still under discussion at national level.
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Building policies and sustainability: The directive provides a coherent and integrated frame-
An overview of targets and principles work that allows the setting of mandatory ecodesign
requirements for some products. Ecodesign require-
Building policies and the Europe 2020 Strategy ments must not lower the functionality of products or
By 2020, buildings and infrastructure will be renovated their safety, or have a negative impact on their afford-
and constructed according to high resource-efficiency ability or on consumer health.
levels. The lifecycle assessment approach will be widely
applied. All new buildings will be nearly zero-energy and In 2009, the Ecodesign Directive was extended to all
highly efficient in terms of material use, and policies will energy-related products (the use of which has an im-
be in place for renovating the existing building stock to pact on energy consumption):
ensure cost-efficient refurbishment at an annual rate of
• energy-using products — that is, products that
2 percent. A total of 70 percent of non-hazardous con- use, generate, transfer or measure energy (elec-
struction and demolition waste will be recycled. tricity, gas, fossil fuels), including consumer
The EC and EU member states will: goods such as televisions, washing machines and
computers; and
• continuously assess how to support skills investment
plans, apprentice schemes and communication on the • other energy-related products — that is, products
best resource efficiency practices in the industry; that do not necessarily use energy but have an im-
pact on energy consumption (e.g. windows, insula-
• take measures to stimulate the demand for and up- tion materials and bathroom devices such as shower
take of resource-efficient building practices heads and taps).
through lifecycle costing and suitable financing
arrangements; further widen the scope of the According to the Europe 2020 Strategy, in order to pro-
Eurocodes to include criteria related to sustainabil- mote further sustainable consumption and production
ity; develop incentives to reward resource-efficient the EC will set requirements under the Ecodesign Direc-
buildings; and promote the sustainable use of tive to boost the material resource efficiency of products
wood in construction;18 and (e.g. reusability/recoverability/recyclability, recycled con-
• continuously assess how best to encourage private- tent, durability), and will expand the scope of the Ecode-
sector innovation in construction. sign Directive to non-energy-related products.
The Ecodesign Directive is intended to be used to-
Ecodesign gether with the Energy Labelling Directive
Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of (2010/30/EU). The effect of these two directives can be
the Council of July 6, 2005, establishing a framework for reinforced if combined with other voluntary schemes
the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using such as the EU Ecolabel scheme, Green Public Procure-
products (the Ecodesign Directive) covers all energy-using ment and financial incentives.
products in the residential, tertiary and industrial sectors.
The Ecodesign Directive does not introduce directly ETAP and EcoAP
binding requirements for specific products, but defines As a consequence of increased public awareness of
conditions and criteria for setting requirements regard- environmental concerns and the related increased
ing environmentally relevant product characteristics demand for better environmental conditions, a rise in
(such as energy consumption). This directive applies in the offer of clean technologies and environmentally
principle to all energy-using products and covers all sustainable products and services has been registered
energy sources. worldwide in recent years. In Europe, one response was
14 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SE U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
Energy building management
EcoAP for a sustainable future: The EcoAP was In 2010, the EU adopted the Energy Performance of
developed in the framework of the Europe 2020 Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU), the primary objective
Strategy, the “EU's growth strategy” in the words of of which is the upgrading of buildings to “nearly zero-
José Manuel Barroso, president of the European energy buildings” (NZEBs). The directive requires mem-
Commission. It focuses on smart, sustainable and ber states to set minimum energy performance
inclusive growth, aimed at supporting the transition to requirements for new and existing buildings and ensure
a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy. The EcoAP is the energy certification process.
intended to expand the focus of innovation policies
towards green technologies and eco-innovation; target On October 25, 2012, the EU adopted the Directive on
specific eco-innovation barriers and opportunities; and Energy Efficiency (2012/27/EU), establishing a common
highlight the role of environmental policy as a factor framework of measures for the promotion of energy effi-
for economic growth. ciency within the EU in order to support the energy tar-
gets set by the Europe 2020 Strategy. This directive sets
out rules for removing barriers in the energy market and
for overcoming market failures in the supply and use of
energy, and provides for the establishment of indicative
the adoption of the Environmental Technologies Action national energy efficiency targets for 2020.
Plan (ETAP) in 2004, an instrument for promoting “eco-
Within the 2020 Strategy, the Roadmap to a Resource-
logical” technological innovation “aimed at significant
Efficient Europe underlines that existing policies for
and demonstrable progress towards the goal of sus-
promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy use
tainable development, through reducing impacts on
in buildings “need to be complemented with policies for
the environment or achieving a more efficient and resource efficiency which look at a wider range of envi-
responsible use of resources”. The ETAP was also in- ronmental impacts across the lifecycle of buildings”. To
tended to overcome many of the barriers (financial, help the EU to address this need, the EC is preparing
economic and institutional) that hinder the develop- the Communication on Sustainable Buildings with the
ment of these technologies and to promote their adop- general objective of reducing the environmental impact
tion on the market. of buildings by improving overall resource efficiency
and, as a consequence, improving the competitiveness
By making a significant contribution to the growth in the of construction businesses.
number of European industries that pay attention to en-
vironmental issues, the ETAP was undoubtedly a success.
Eco-innovation
Nearly half of European companies operating in the
manufacturing, agricultural, services, water and food sec- Eco-innovation is a fairly recent concept. One of its first
appearances in the literature was in a 1996 publication
tors have made eco-sustainable innovations since 2004.
by Claude Fussler and Peter James.19 In a later article,
Following the positive experience gained through James defines eco-innovation as “new products and
the ETAP, in 2011 the EC launched the Eco-innovation processes which provide customer and business value
Action Plan (EcoAP) as “a step forward for eco-innova- but significantly decrease environmental impacts”.20
tion, moving the EU beyond green technologies and The EU defines eco-innovation as “any form of inno-
fostering a comprehensive range of eco-innovative vation aiming at significant and demonstrable
processes, products and services”. The action plan progress towards the goal of sustainable develop-
also focuses on developing “stronger and broader” eco- ment, through reducing impacts on the environment
innovation actions across and beyond Europe. or achieving a more efficient and responsible use
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 15E U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
of resources”. There is no consideration of health in The term is most often used, in conjunction with eco-
this definition. efficiency and eco-design, to refer to innovative prod-
ucts and processes that reduce environmental impacts.
For our purposes, eco-innovation can be defined as Many industrial leaders have been developing innov-
the development of products and processes that con- ative technologies in the interests of sustainability.
tribute to sustainable development, using the com- However, they are not always practical, or enforced by
mercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or policy and legislation. Eco-innovation is the process
indirect ecological improvements. This includes a by which responsible capitalism contributes to sustain-
range of related ideas, from environmentally friendly ability by developing products that have a generative
technological advances to socially acceptable innov- nature and are recyclable for usage in other industries.
ative paths towards sustainability.
A VOLUNTARY PRIVATE -SECTOR CONTRIBUTION: THE GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL
The World Green Building Council (WorldGBC) is a network of national green building councils in more than
90 countries, making it the world’s largest international organisation with an influence on the green building
marketplace. Green building councils are member-based organisations and businesses that empower industry
leaders to bring about the transformation of the local building industry towards sustainability.
In the WorldGBC report “The Business Case for Green Building”, the chapter on workplace productivity and health
states: “Research shows that the green design attributes of buildings and indoor environments can improve worker
productivity and occupant health and well-being, resulting in bottom-line benefits for businesses. Despite evidence
of its impact, improved indoor environmental quality has not been a priority in building design and construction,
and resistance remains to incorporating it into financial decision making.”
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification system is a green building tool and inter-
nationally recognised mark of excellence. Its goal is to deliver healthy, environmentally friendly, cost-saving build-
ings, homes and communities that conserve energy, reduce water consumption and improve indoor air quality
through better building material choices and innovation.
The main LEED credit categories are:
• Sustainable site credits, which encourage strategies that minimise impacts on ecosystems and water resources.
• Water efficiency credits, which promote the smarter use of water and reduce drinking water consumption.
• Energy and atmosphere credits, which promote better building energy performance through innovative strategies.
• Materials and resources credits, which encourage the use of sustainable building materials and the reduction of waste.
• Indoor environmental quality credits, which promote better indoor air quality and access to daylight and views.
The LEED certification for buildings focuses mainly on ventilation requirements.
16 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SE U S U S TA I N A B I L I TY P O L I C I E S A N D I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY
Environmental technology verification (ETV) Eco-buildings
Environmental technology verification helps innovative An eco-building is one constructed “in a way that does
environmental technologies to reach the market and not harm the environment, for example because it is
enhance their environmental added value. made with sustainable materials (ones that will continue
to be available and not all be used up) and uses natural
Under ETV, innovative environmental technologies energy for heat etc. (Cambridge Dictionaries Online).
can be assessed by an independent verification body
that validates the manufacturer's claims regarding
Green building
performance and environmental benefits. This public
Green building is the practice of creating healthier
information can be used to compare performance
structures and using processes that are environmentally
parameters, making it a potential tool to enhance
responsible and resource efficient throughout a build-
market value and acceptance.
ing’s lifecycle from siting to design, construction, opera-
Environmental technology verification is neither a label tion, maintenance, renovation and demolition. This
nor a certification scheme, and the performance of the practice expands and complements the traditional
technology is not evaluated on the basis of standards or building design concerns of economy, utility, durability
predefined criteria. The EU is currently trying out ETV and comfort. A green building can also be referred to as
a sustainable or high-performance building.
on a large scale through a pilot programme.21
Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall im-
pact of the built environment on human health and the
Building policies: natural environment by:
Relevant concepts and definitions
• efficiently using energy, water and other resources;
Biocompatibility
• protecting occupants’ health and improving
The most appropriate definition of biocompatibility is employee productivity; and
“the quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on
biological systems” (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary). • reducing waste, pollution and environmental
degradation.
A product may be considered biocompatible if, during
its entire lifecycle, from the design phase to disposal, it
does not produce detrimental changes to the quality of
life of the living beings with which it interacts in terms
of energy and matter by issues of different physical
nature, mostly gaseous.
A biocompatible building is one built with recyclable
materials that are safe in terms of human health and
designed to take full advantage of natural light
sources and ventilation. It should be, as far as pos-
sible, self-sufficient from an energy point of view,
using systems for the production of energy from
renewable sources, for the recovery of water, and for
the reduction of waste.
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 1718 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S
The energy efficiency upgrading
of buildings and indoor air quality:
Suggestions for retrofitting
As inappropriate ventilation, poor maintenance and hazardous
emissions from construction materials can negatively affect IAQ,
energy efficiency upgrades can only improve the quality of the indoor
environment and the comfort of building occupants if IAQ concerns
are appropriately addressed before retrofitting work begins.
In buildings with complex and sophisticated heating, buildings, especially those that have only a heating sys-
ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, there tem — a situation typical in the European region, in-
are many possibilities for improving IAQ and comfort cluding school buildings in countries participating in
and for reducing energy costs, and these can also be the SEARCH initiative. It is important to bear in mind
considered in the case of new constructions. that the inappropriate renovation of buildings or of
HVAC systems may have a negative impact on IAQ.
Leading energy efficiency upgrade programmes have
demonstrated the feasibility of integrating a range of
IAQ and safety improvements. Two such programmes
Overview of retrofitting
are ENERGY STAR and Indoor airPLUS, developed by the
US Environmental Protection Agency,22 which provide measures to improve building
professionals with a variety of manuals and information energy performance
leaflets on construction practices and technologies in
Retrofitting measures can be divided into two main
order to help address both energy efficiency and IAQ
categories:
impacts from moisture and mould, pests, combustion
gases and other airborne pollutants. • the renovation of the building envelope — that is,
the integrated elements (whether opaque or trans-
Some suggestions are provided below on how to pro- parent) that separate the building interior from the
tect IAQ and enhance energy efficiency in existing outdoor environment; and
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 19T H E E N E RG Y E F F I C I E N CY U P G RA D I N G O F B U I L D I N G S A N D I AQ
• the renovation of the building’s technical systems, Moisture and mould
including equipment for heating, cooling, ventila- Before renovating the building envelope, it is important
tion, hot water and lighting. to assess moisture problems including wet or damp
patches, musty odour, moisture damage to windows, and
condensation on both the inside and outside of walls.
Renovation of the building envelope
The cause of moisture problems should be addressed
Window replacement first. Specific attention should be paid to the fact that
Replacing windows can contribute significantly to reduc- reduced air infiltration rates can increase moisture
ing the thermal transmittance of these building ele- problems, and to the fact that the properties of some
ments. An old, single-glazed window has a thermal building elements (such as insulation materials) can be
transmittance of 4 to 5 W/m2K, while in a modern, severely altered by moisture.
double-glazed window this value can be as low asT H E E N E RG Y E F F I C I E N CY U PG RA D I N G O F B U I L D I N G S A N D I AQ
Heating • Natural ventilation should not be reduced in the
Most energy retrofitting measures related to heating interests of saving energy if mechanical ventila-
systems do not have an impact on IAQ but can lead to tion is not available. Ventilation standards are in-
improvements in occupants’ comfort levels. tended to ensure the dilution of indoor pollutants
by the introduction of outdoor air. Ventilation must
Replacing conventional boilers with high-efficiency always be ensured, and the benefits in terms of
boilers — or, where technically and economically pos- IAQ improvement should not be affected by
sible, with biomass boilers or other renewable energy energy-saving measures.
technologies such as heat pumps, geothermal heat
pumps or thermal solar collectors — can contribute to • Where feasible, HVAC operations should be reduced
reducing overall energy consumption. at night and during periods when the building is not
in use, but only in such a way that occupants’ com-
The replacement of a boiler is also an opportunity to fort is ensured at all times.
assess the possibility of equipment downsizing, espe-
cially in association with the renovation and improve-
ment of the building envelope. This can contribute to
reducing investment as well as energy costs. Particular
attention should be given to the appropriate exhaus-
tion of flue gases in order to protect IAQ.
The use of variable speed pumps for circulating water
in heating systems can dramatically reduce electricity
costs and can therefore be regarded as an essential as-
pect of heating system renovation. Thermostatic radia-
tor valves are a simple and cost-effective tool for
improving occupants’ comfort.26 As they contribute to
energy savings while having no negative impacts on
IAQ they have an important role in the appropriate
management of indoor temperatures.
Energy efficiency and indoor
air quality
The following three points can contribute to ensuring
the efficient use of energy in buildings and can also be
kept in mind when considering the energy retrofitting
of buildings:
• In summer, the cooler outdoor air at night can be
used to cool the building and exhaust accumulated
pollutants (night pre-cooling). When necessary and
possible, it is therefore a good idea to leave the
windows open at night to “flush” the building.
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 2122 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S
The SEARCH II project
partner questionnaire
Information was obtained from SEARCH II partner countries on
existing legal instruments and preventive tools that can potentially
be used to improve IAQ in schools. The aim was to investigate
whether these instruments include an assessment of hazardous
emissions from a variety of products used in school buildings.
Introduction The questionnaire was organised according to the dif-
ferent classes of products that may affect IAQ:
The aim of the questionnaire, which was sent to all
SEARCH II partner countries27, was to explore the var- • construction materials;
ious mechanisms and tools already in place in the • heating/cooling systems;
countries (e.g. legal acts, regulations, voluntary
schemes and guidelines) to support risk management • cleaning products;
in the case of indoor sources impacting on IAQ. The • furnishings;
questionnaire was intended to identify, for example,
whether chemical emissions from building materials • toys;
or consumer products in the framework of labelling • electronic equipment;
or certification procedures are somehow regulated
before those products are placed on the market. • pest control products;
The questionnaire also investigated whether IAQ in rela-
• air fresheners; and
tion to chemicals potentially released into the indoor • fireplaces.
environment by these products is monitored regularly or
only for the purposes of research/surveys, and whether
there are competent authorities for IAQ management.
TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N S 23T H E S E A R C H I I P R O J E CT PA RT N E R Q U E S T I O N N A I R E
This classification follows the database structure of the entered into force, replacing existing legislation such as
EU project Prioritisation of Building Materials as Indoor the old hygiene-epidemiological certificate used in
Pollution Sources.28 Kazakhstan (see Kazakhstan questionnaire).
Information was gathered from each country for each Generally speaking, many countries have regulations for
product category in order to obtain an overview of ex- most of the listed product categories, even if there are
isting preventive tools that can potentially be used to differences in the type of legal act: some have public
improve IAQ. This information is presented in Tables 1 health regulations, while others use rulebooks, national
to 7 and discussed below. decrees or technical rules, for example. Although posi-
tive answers were received in relation to consumer
It is important to underline that the experts were re-
product regulation, it was not possible to ascertain
quested to give information for quite a broad field of
whether chemicals were included in the IAQ definition
investigation, going beyond the usual environment and
or in the monitoring and/or assessment procedures for
health aspects. As a result, a detailed description of all
authorisation and labelling schemes, mainly due to lan-
(national and local) policies related to the impact of
guage and time constraints.
consumer products on IAQ cannot be expected. How-
ever, the gathered information was sufficient to provide
an overview of the issue.
Competent authorities for IAQ monitoring
The questionnaires for each individual country The results show that only three countries have compe-
can be found in Annex I to the present document, tent authorities for IAQ monitoring: Belgium and Hun-
and the combined questionnaires and Excel table gary have specific regulations for schools, hospitals,
can be downloaded from: workplaces, residential dwellings and leisure centres.
www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/progetti/search Italian legislation provides regulations at national level
or search.rec.org. for workplaces and health services. Guidelines for the
school indoor environment to prevent respiratory dis-
eases among children were approved in 2010 but are
Overview of questionnaire results not compulsory at local level.
Questionnaires were completed by seven of the 10
SEARCH II partner countries: Belarus, Bosnia and Herze- Construction materials
govina, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Serbia and Slovakia.
Table 1 shows the responses related to construction
The Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), an NGO
materials, which included the sub-categories of paints,
from Belgium, also kindly joined the initiative.
wood, floor covering, windows, wall panels and other.
Due to substantial changes in the legislation to achieve
Of the eight countries, only five stated that IAQ is in-
compliance with the EU aquis by 2014, Albania was not
cluded in their legal acts, although they did not specify
able to provide specific answers in each of the cate-
gories. The Ministry of Environment is the competent to what extent — whether monitoring, management,
authority for the existing legislation on outdoor air and, prevention, a combination of these, or all of them. In
to some extent, indoor air.29 most cases, IAQ in sustainable building policies refers
mainly to ventilation systems, microclimatic parameters
Other countries are changing their environment and in general, or in relation to outdoor air pollution, and
health framework. On July 1, 2010, for example, the this might also apply in the case of those countries that
Customs Union Agreement between Russia, Belarus and stated that IAQ is included in their legal acts. This issue
Kazakhstan on veterinary and public health measures would therefore need more detailed investigation.
24 TA R G E T I N G I N D O O R A I R Q U A L I TY I N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT T E R N SYou can also read
