Terrestrial wireless communications - Identifying, managing and harmonizing radio-frequency spectrum - ITU
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
No. 4, 2019 Terrestrial wireless communications Identifying, managing and harmonizing radio-frequency spectrum
Editorial
Enabling terrestrial wireless
communications
Houlin Zhao
ITU Secretary‑General
W “
ireless communications have helped connect billions
of people to the Internet so that they can reap the
benefits of today’s digital economy. Nearly every
Nearly every sector of the economy now relies upon
sector of the
wireless technologies — from banking and agriculture to transportation economy
and health care. And powerful new technologies that rely on robust now relies
upon wireless
wireless communications networks — such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence
and Internet of Things — hold great promise to improve lives at an
unprecedented pace and scale. technologies —
Indeed, they have potential to accelerate progress towards achieving
from banking
each of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). and agriculture
to transportation
and health care.
ITU’s Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) globally regulates the use of
radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits to ensure these critical
resources are used rationally, efficiently, economically, and equitably,
Houlin Zhao
and to prevent harmful interference between services of different gov-
ernment administrations.
1
In October, ITU’s World Radiocommunication Conference 2019
(WRC‑19) will update the very important Radio Regulations interna-
tional treaty, enabling those industries that are using current and future
terrestrial radiocommunication technologies to continue to bring
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
benefits to everyone.
In this edition of the ITU News Magazine you will learn more about the
importance of terrestrial wireless communications and how WRC‑19
can enable their continued success and rollout.
Contents
Terrestrial wireless
communications
Identifying, managing and harmonizing
radio-frequency spectrum
Editorial Cover photo: Shutterstock
1 Enabling terrestrial wireless communications
Houlin Zhao
ITU Secretary‑General
Introduction
4 The importance of terrestrial wireless communications
Mario Maniewicz ISSN 1020–4148
Director of the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau itunews.itu.int
Six issues per year
Copyright: © ITU 2019
8 ITU–R Study Group 5 — Terrestrial services
Editor-in-Chief: Matthew Clark
Martin Fenton Art Editor: Christine Vanoli
Chairman of ITU–R Study Group 5 Editorial Assistant: Angela Smith
Editorial office/Advertising information:
13 For the allocation of radio spectrum frequencies the Tel.: +41 22 730 5234/6303
world is divided into three regions Fax: +41 22 730 5935
E‑mail: itunews@itu.int
Mailing address:
Industry perspectives International Telecommunication Union
Place des Nations 2
CH–1211 Geneva 20 (Switzerland)
14 5G is already upon us — we must act now to secure its
future Disclaimer:
Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the
Brett Tarnutzer authors and do not engage ITU. The designations em-
Head of Spectrum, GSMA ployed and presentation of material in this publication,
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
including maps, do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU concerning the
19 Global opportunities for 5G terrestrial communications legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or con-
Joe Barrett cerning the delimitations of its frontiers or boundaries.
President, Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) The mention of specific companies or of certain prod-
ucts does not imply that they are endorsed or recom-
mended by ITU in preference to others of a similar
nature that are not mentioned.
All photos are by ITU unless specified otherwise.
Contents
24 Evolving and modernizing PPDR radiocommunications
Bharat Bhatia
President, ITU‑APT foundation of India
Chair, ITU–R WP5D, SWG on PPDR, Chair, APT-AWG
Task Group on PPDR and Head of International
Spectrum, Motorola Solutions Inc.
29 Intelligent transport systems towards automated vehicles
Satoshi Oyama
Senior Researcher, Association of Radio
Industries and Businesses (ARIB), Japan
33 Self-training, intercommunication and technical
investigations: the amateur service in the 21st Century
David Sumner
Secretary, International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)
37 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) — bringing
connectivity to all
Michael Tseytlin
Director of Engineering, Spectrum and Standards, Facebook
Chris Weasler
Head of Global Spectrum Policy and Connectivity
Crisis Response Program, Facebook
41 Connectivity from the stratosphere
Sophie Thomas
Zephyr Programme Manager, Airbus
45 A revolution in railway communication
Dirk Schattschneider
Senior Spectrum Manager, Deutsche Bahn AG
3
49 5G for the future railway mobile communication system
David Rothbaum
Director of Business Development, Ericsson
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
Introduction
The importance of
terrestrial wireless
communications
Mario Maniewicz
Director of the ITU
Radiocommunication Bureau
W
ireless devices are notably visible
and extremely present in our
everyday lives. Smartphones
and tablets with embedded
Wi‑Fi accompany people almost everywhere.
“
We listen to the radio in our cars, watch free-to-air
television programmes at home, travel safely in
cities and around the globe, staying connected,
Wireless devices
thanks to terrestrial wireless communication are notably visible and
systems.
extremely present in
Consumer demand for wireless services has our everyday lives.
increased exponentially in recent years, leading
to an explosive growth of networks and devices Mario Maniewicz
and bringing great benefits for economies.
According to ITU, active mobile broadband sub-
scriptions reached 4.69 billion in 2017. In 2018, 4
according to GSMA, the mobile industry made
a total contribution of USD 3.9 trillion of eco-
nomic value, equivalent to 4.6 per cent of global
GDP. The Internet of Things (IoT) market is also
growing very fast, with currently around 7 billion
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
devices, according to data from IoT Analytics.
Introduction
To adequately satisfy consumer demand,
terrestrial radio technologies have evolved
considerably over the past few decades, and
new applications have emerged. They include
advanced mobile broadband, intelligent trans-
port systems and IoT devices. Frequencies and
regulations for these technologies are on the
agenda of the World Radiocommunication 28 October – 22 November
Conference (WRC‑19) to be held in Sharm Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt
el‑Sheikh, Egypt, in November 2019.
Amateur radio
The amateur radio service was born more than
100 years ago and continues to be very valuable,
bringing young people into a fascinating world
of radio. A great variety of modern radio technol-
ogies have been developed and tested by radio
amateurs. Today, the number of radio amateurs
reaches 3 million, and national amateur radio
societies operate in 167 countries, according to
IARU. At WRC‑19 the amateur community targets 5G represents an evolution of IMT‑Advanced/4G
worldwide harmonization of the 50–54 MHz band systems. These 4G systems have opened a new
to ensure reliable, middle-range communications era for mobile Internet, serve a basis of many
everywhere in the world. apps-based businesses, used for such services as
m‑Learning, m‑Health, mobile money. They have
become a powerful and reliable platform for
IMT‑2020 (5G) — enhanced broadband broadband services — especially in developing
and beyond countries — for bridging the digital divide. 5
One of the most challenging WRC‑19 issues is IMT‑2020/5G is also seen as the first mobile plat-
the spectrum and regulations for the next gener- form that supports not only mobile broadband,
ation of International Mobile Telecommunications but a variety of applications, such as massive
(IMT‑2020 or 5G) in the millimeter bands. These machine-type communications, autonomous
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
bands above 24 GHz, having a huge capacity, cars, public safety, etc. Its characteristics could
are needed to enable superfast data rates and meet the communication requirements of trans-
empower new services such as 3D video, aug- port, manufacturing, the health sector and other
mented, virtual reality and others. industries.
Introduction
Shutterstock
ITU’s contribution to 5G includes harmonized High-altitude platform systems (HAPS)
frequency bands and IMT‑2020 standards to
allow for a commercial IMT‑2020/5G deployment High-altitude platform systems (HAPS) is another
starting from 2020. technology that can be used to provide broad-
band, directly to end users or as backhaul for
stations of the mobile service. These applications
Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs) would potentially enable wireless broadband in
remote and rural areas. In some situations, they
Wi‑Fi or Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs) may be also rapidly deployed for disaster-recov-
in ITU terminology has been widely used for ery communications.
Internet connectivity and data delivery. Wi‑Fi has
also been used for offloading mobile traffic, thus Previous WRCs have already identified frequen-
reducing the amount of data carried on cellu- cies in the fixed service in the 6 GHz, 27/31 GHz
lar networks. and 47/48 GHz bands that can be used for
HAPS. However, the spectrum requirements of
6
The traditional 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands used for new broadband HAPS may not be fully accom-
RLANs are heavily used and growing consumer modated within these current designations.
demand requires additional capacity. WRC‑19 Therefore, additional spectrum is being consid-
will consider the additional spectrum needs ered for HAPS systems in the millimetre bands
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
of RLANs in their traditional 5 GHz band. This above 21.4 GHz.
represents a challenging task due to the need for
protection of several existing services.
Introduction
Intelligent transport ecosystems
“
I expect the
terms allocation,
identification and
harmonization to be
Wireless technologies are changing the
shape of road transport, making cars smarter,
the key words of the
driving more convenient, and roads safer. upcoming WRC‑19.
Radiocommunications serve various aspects of
transportation networks, such as vehicle navi- Mario Maniewicz
gation, traffic control, road signs and automatic
licence plate recognition, etc. forming what are
now referred to as Intelligent Transport Systems
(ITS). A variety of technologies can contribute to
ITS, including cellular networks, wireless access
systems, sensors and radars.
Harmonization, coexistence and
WRC‑19 will consider spectrum harmonization for spectral efficiency
ITS in different frequency bands, and particularly
in the 5.8 GHz band. Finally, I would like to emphasize the important
goals of the Union at WRCs: harmonization of
Railway transportation is also an important user of frequency bands for wireless technologies, allo-
radio technologies. WRC‑19 will consider Railway cation of bands of the radio-frequency spectrum
Radiocommunication Systems between Train and in order to avoid harmful interference between
Trackside (RSTT). They include wireless technol- radio stations of different countries (No. 11 of
ogies used on-board trains, positioning informa- the ITU Constitution), and limiting the number
tion, train remote control and surveillance. of frequencies and the spectrum used to the
minimum essential to provide the necessary ser-
WRC‑19 will determine ways of harmonizing fre- vices in a satisfactory manner (No. 195 of the ITU
quency bands for these applications to improve Constitution). The importance of these objectives
their interoperability and reduce investments. grows from one WRC to the next and covers an
increasing number of applications.
For IMT and HAPS, intelligent transport and
7
railway applications, amateur and RLAN harmo-
nization, coexistence and spectral efficiency are
crucial. They facilitate the deployment of regional
and global networks, enable economies of scale,
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
and make radio equipment and devices more
affordable for all countries. Therefore, I expect the
terms allocation, identification and harmonization
to be the key words of the upcoming WRC‑19.
Introduction
ITU–R Study Group 5
— Terrestrial services
Martin Fenton
Chairman of ITU–R Study Group 5
T
errestrial radiocommunication
applications are of vital importance to the
global digital economy. They underpin
our mobile phone networks, they
support fixed and mobile Internet connectivity,
and they are a key component of our global safety
networks for maritime and aeronautical. They
“
support numerous consumer devices, the needs of
industry, industrial automation, Internet of Things
(IoT), autonomous and connected cars, etc., etc. Study Group 5 and
Study Group 5 and its working parties play an
its working parties
important role in supporting all these terrestrial play an important
radiocommunication industries, both through role in supporting
all these terrestrial
work preparing for the various Agenda items it is
responsible for, and that will be decided upon at
WRC‑19, and through the everyday activities of its radiocommunication
working parties, such as capturing and promoting
industries.
advances in terrestrial radiocommunication tech-
nologies (fixed, mobile, aeronautical, maritime,
8
Martin Fenton
etc.).
The Study Group also provides technical charac-
teristics and protection requirements for these
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
services for use in studies right across the radio-
communications sector.
Introduction
The launch of 5G
“
Standards
development
organizations are
developing standards
The development of 5G is set to revolutionize
mobile services over the next decade. 5G mobile
in line with the
phone services have already been launched in ITU–R vision.
a number of countries including in the Republic
of Korea, Switzerland, the United States and Martin Fenton
the United Kingdom. Further 5G launches
are expected in the second half of 2019, and
launches will accelerate in 2020.
Underpinning the development of 5G has
been the work of Study Group 5 on IMT‑2020.
In 2015, through work in the Study Group
and especially its Working Party 5D, the ITU 4.25–86 GHz) for IMT‑2020 in preparation for
2
Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) established decisions at WRC‑19 under Agenda item 1.13.
the “Vision” for 5G (IMT‑2020) with the publica- A successful outcome at the WRC will be a key
tion of Recommendation ITU–R M.2083. foundation to the successful delivery of 5G ser-
vices going forward.
Looking to the global 5G standard
in 2020 RLAN technology — important for
Internet access
In 2017, we established the minimum perfor-
mance requirements for 5G radio interface Radio local area network (RLAN) technology
technologies as set out in Report ITU–R M.2410. (such as Wi-Fi) has developed into one of the
Standards development organizations are devel- most important means of Internet access, and
oping standards in line with the ITU–R vision and Wi-Fi chipsets are imbedded into almost every
minimum technical requirements, and a process mobile phone, tablet and laptop on the planet.
is in place to review and evaluate these stand-
ards, with the intention that the ITU–R adopt the
Ensuring applications such as Wi-Fi have the
spectrum needed to cater for the ever-increasing
9
global IMT‑2020 standard in 2020. demand for data traffic is of vital importance.
To this end, the Study Group, through its Working
WRC — a key foundation for 5G delivery Party 5A (WP 5A), has been looking at measures
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
to enhance spectrum utility in the 5 GHz band
A major component of 5G success is the identi- in response to Resolution 239 (WRC‑15) under
fication of suitable frequencies for 5G and Study WRC‑19 Agenda item 1.16. Other important
Group 5, through its Task Group 5/1, which has areas of work for WP 5A have been on intelligent
been responding to Resolution 238 (WRC‑15) transport systems (ITS) and on railway applica-
on mmWave spectrum bands (between tions under WRC‑19 Agenda items 1.11 and 1.12.Introduction
Shutterstock
Supporting global trade, leisure Connecting remote areas
and tourism
Providing Internet connectivity to remote/
The maritime and aeronautical sectors are hugely sparsely populated areas, where provision
important, for instance for global trade and for through more traditional fixed and mobile
the leisure and tourism industries. The Study networks is challenging and potentially une-
Group, though its Working Party 5B (WP 5B), conomic, is an important objective that the
supports these sectors, contributing to their safe ITU Radiocommunication Sector is looking to
operation and navigation and to the distress and facilitate.
safety systems they rely on. For example, WP 5B
has carried out studies to support the moderni-
zation of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety Enhancing support for high-
System (GMDSS) in response to Resolution 359 altitude platforms
(WRC‑15) under WRC‑19 Agenda item 1.8, and
other spectrum regulatory issue relevant to One of the innovative ways being considered is
10
GMDSS responding to Resolutions 362 (WRC‑15) through the use of high-altitude platforms (HAPS)
and 360 (WRC‑15) under WRC‑19 Agenda and the Study Group, through its Working Party
items 1.9.1 and 1.9.2. WP 5B has also carried 5C, has been looking at enhanced support for
out studies on facilitating the development the HAPS in existing fixed service bands in response
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System to Resolution 160 (WRC‑15), under WRC‑19
(GADSS) responding to Resolution 426 (WRC‑15) Agenda item 1.14.
under WRC‑19 Agenda item 1.10.The ITU Radiocommunication
Sector (ITU–R) Study Groups
World experts in radiocommunications,
dedicated to studies in:
The efficient management and use of the spectrum/orbit resource by space and terrestrial services
Characteristics and performance of radio systems
Operation of radio stations
Radiocommunication aspects of distress and safety matters
plus:
Preparatory studies for world and regional radiocommunication conferences
Developing global standards (Recommendations)
Publishing best practices, including reports and handbooks
More than 5000 specialists worldwide participate in the work of ITU–R Study Groups
Spectrum management is the combination
of administrative and technical procedures
necessary to ensure the efficient utilization
of the radio-frequency spectrum by all
radiocommunication services defined Propagation of radio waves in ionized and Systems and networks for the fixed-
in the ITU Radio Regulations and the non-ionized media and the characteristics satellite service, mobile-satellite service,
operation of radio systems, without causing of radio noise, for the purpose of improving broadcastingsatellite service and
harmful interference. radiocommunication systems. radiodetermination-satellite service. 11
1 3 4
Spectrum management Radiowave propagation Satellite services
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
Terrestrial services Broadcasting service Science services
5 6 7
Systems and networks for fixed, Radiocommunication broadcasting, “Science services” refer to the standard
mobile, radiodetermination, including vision, sound, multimedia and frequency and time signal, space research
amateur and amateur-satellite data services principally intended for (SRS),space operation, Earth exploration-
services. delivery to the general public. satellite (EESS), meteorological-satellite
(MetSat), meteorological aids (MetAids) and
radio astronomy (RAS) services.ITU–R Study Group 5 (SG 5)
Terrestrial services
Systems and networks for fixed service
Land mobile service and IMT
Maritime and aeronautical mobile service
Radiodetermination service
Amateur and amateur-satellite services
Four working parties (WPs) carry out the studies on Questions
assigned to Study Group 5 (SG 5) and one task group (TG)
which conducted studies on WRC‑19 Agenda item 1.13
WP 5A WP 5B WP 5C WP 5D
Land mobile Maritime mobile Fixed wireless International
service excluding service including systems; HF mobile
IMT; amateur and the Global systems in the telecommunication
amateur-satellite Maritime Distress fixed and land (IMT) systems
service and Safety System mobile services
(GMDSS); the
Read more
Read more aeronautical
Read more
mobile service 12
and the
radiodetermination
service
TG 5/1
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
Read more
WRC‑19 Agenda
item 1.13
Read moreIntroduction
For the allocation of radio
spectrum frequencies the world
is divided into three regions
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
Arab States Americas Asia-Pacific
Africa
Europe
Commonwealth of
Independent States
170°
170°
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
C B A
75° 75°
60° Region 1 60°
Region 2
40°
30°
40°
30°
13
20° 20°
0° 0°
20° 20°
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
30° 30°
40° 40°
Region 3 Region 3
C B A
60° 60°
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
170°
170°Industry perspectives
5G is already upon
us — we must act now
to secure its future
Brett Tarnutzer
Head of Spectrum, GSMA
M
obile is one of the most far
reaching technologies in history
and the evolution to 5G is the next
essential step to no one being
left behind in the digital revolution. 5G is here
and we are starting to see how subscribers react
“
to ultra-fast mobile broadband, and critically,
how much data they use. But, this is just the
beginning, and the full picture of mind-blowing
5G is not just
applications and speeds will only be possible about more speed or
when the right allocation of spectrum is made
available. How this plays out will have enormous
downloading more
consequences for society, and if ignored, video — it promises to
securing a better, 5G-enabled future for all, could accelerate the digital
transformation of all
risk being set back by a decade of progress.
In South Korea, according to SK Telecom, 5G data industries and sectors,
usage has already tripled in comparison with 4G.
and to unleash new 14
LG Uplus is seeing 1.3 gigabytes of data used
per day per subscriber. This real-life view of how waves of innovation
people are using 5G provides stunning evidence that will benefit
billions of people.
for the need to address spectrum planning now,
to ensure that this progress is not choked off.
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
The ITU’s role is fundamental, access for everyone
Brett Tarnutzer
to the right spectrum will ultimately define the
success of 5G.Industry perspectives
GSMA
5G mobile will drive the digital society It has connected over 5.1 billion unique mobile
subscribers and almost 9 billion connections,
As we all know, 5G is not just about more speed changing the way we communicate, work, man-
or downloading more video — it promises to age our health, homes, and entertain ourselves.
accelerate the digital transformation of all indus-
tries and sectors, and to unleash new waves of In 2018 alone, the mobile industry contrib-
innovation that will benefit billions of people. The uted USD 3.9 trillion to global GDP and added
mobile industry knows how to make spectrum USD 510 billion to public finances. But the advan-
work for a better future. It has an outstanding tages brought by the terrestrial mobile industry
record in working with governments and supra- go far beyond commercial or even contributions
national organizations such as ITU, to effectively to the public purse.
deploy spectrum to change lives.
But spectrum is finite, and governments need to Mobile industry delivers with
be sure that this precious resource is maximized,
not just financially, but in ways that deliver the
its spectrum 15
greatest benefit to the largest number of citizens. No-one has done more with available spectrum,
nor collaborated more effectively to deliver a bet-
Over the past 30 years the mobile industry has ter future for everyone. More than two-thirds of
made good use of its spectrum to make signifi- the people on the planet are now connected to a
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
cant contributions to the world. mobile network and, for many, mobile is the pri-
mary — sometimes only — channel for accessing
the Internet and life-enhancing services. Mobile
is opening doors to opportunities unimaginable
only a few decades ago.Industry perspectives
Unique SIM
mobile connections
subscribers Excluding cellular Internet of Things
7.9bn
2018
5.1bn 2018
67% Penetration rate
(% of population) 71% CAGR
2018–25 9.2bn
5.8bn
2025
2.2%
1.9%
Penetration Rate
2025
103% (% of population) 112% CAGR
2018–25
Mobile
industry
4.6%
of GDP
USD 3.9tn 2018
contribution
to GDP 4.8% USD 4.8tn 2023
Source: Mobile Economy Report 2019 (GSMA) bn: billion $: USD tn: trillion
Our industry was the first to commit to the United Immersive augmented reality (AR) and virtual
Nations Sustainable Development Goals in reality (VR) educational content that can
2016, and continues to lead by connecting less bring the world’s greatest museums, sites
favoured communities, reducing poverty, improv- and cultural events to potentially billions of
ing access to health care and education and children and adults otherwise excluded from
driving sustainable economic growth. Recently, these valuable experiences.
the GSMA was proud to be awarded the Red 16
Cross Gold medal for our efforts and commit- Radical improvements in health care and the
ment to humanity. wellness of populations with widespread use
of ultra-light, low-power wearables measuring
But we are fundamentally a future-focused indus- biometrics and providing health advice
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
try. Our mission is to enable our customers to do in real-time.
tomorrow what they can’t do today. This means
providing 5G networks capable of supporting Creating smarter, cleaner, safer factories
innovations such as: by connecting machinery and robots with
mmWave wireless for zero-latency precision
control and coordination to increase efficiency
and reduce waste.Industry perspectives
mmWave use cases
Large-scale industrial automation relies on
mmWaves: next-generation manufacturing will produce
Connecting smart cities to manage traffic, large amounts of data, and low-latency communication
resources, power and environment in real- is crucial.
time at massive scale.
“Wireless fibre” services will be a
5G spectrum can coexist and drive
cornerstone of early 5G; capacity will be met through
new innovation mmWave along with mid-band spectrum such as the
3 GHz range.
Effective allocation of spectrum, especially in the
mmWave bands, is critical for these high-speed,
high-throughput and low-latency scenarios.
High data volumes and high-density real-time
communications must be addressed by a combination
Studies show that 5G will not only coexist along-
of mmWave and lower bands.
side other uses but will accelerate the digital
transformation of existing industries, and unleash
a new wave of innovative solutions to our most
pressing global issues. With their latency and peak data-rate
requirements, mmWaves will benefit virtual and
The mobile industry is a highly-effective ecosys- augmented reality. For example, educational
applications are likely to produce high volumes of data
tem, 14 million people are directly employed in
that will rely on mmWave 5G.
the industry and 17 million people employed
indirectly.
Just as 3G and then 4G networks created new
disruptive businesses, from the sharing economy
to wearable technology, so 5G will provide the
environment for innovations in sustainability, car-
ing for an aging population and ensuring wider Don’t leave it to chance
and fairer access to opportunity. Allocating suffi-
cient spectrum to international mobile telecom-
munications (IMT) for 5G stimulates the whole
This cannot be left to chance, and it cannot be
put off. To bring the benefits of mobile services
17
ecosystem, underpins ongoing development of to industry and consumers, operators require
existing networks, and makes sure no-one is left timely access to the right amount and type of
behind in the emerging digital society. spectrum, and under the right conditions. In a
World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC)
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
year, these decisions need to be made, or we risk
a 5–10 year “pause” on progress.Industry perspectives
Impact of mmWave spectrum by 2034 on mobile contribution
USD 565 billion
Tax
USD 152 billion
Rapid rise:
52% 25%
mmWave
contribution
to GDP to 11%
2025 2034
grow 52%
annually
The share of 5G services using mmWaves
Source: GSMA
To allow for 5G’s full potential, specifications
call for 80–100 MHz of contiguous spectrum per
“
operator in the 5G mid-bands and around 1 GHz
per operator in the mmWave bands.
In a WRC year,
these decisions The socio-economic case for allocating these
need to be made, or
bands is strong. Over a 15‑year period, from
2020 to 2034, 5G services that rely on mmWaves
we risk a 5–10 year will contribute an additional USD 565 billion in
’pause’ on progress. global GDP and the USD overall value created by
5G will come from mmWaves.
Brett Tarnutzer
The ITU has played an instrumental role in ena-
bling the creation of a better world for billions
18
of people through its support of mobile. We all
need to build on this success. Mobile operators,
governments, other industries and the entire ITU
membership need to work hand-in-hand to con-
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
nect everyone and everything to a better future.Industry perspectives
Global opportunities
for 5G terrestrial
communications
Joe Barrett
President, Global mobile
Suppliers Association (GSA)
O
ver the past thirty+ years the
mobile community has built a
phenomenal global social and
economic success story. The
commercial drive of the mobile ecosystem and
“
the global IMT‑2020 vision means information
and communications technology (ICT)
connectivity can now be considered a vital utility
Spectrum must be
service. utilized in the most
The deployment of 5G mobile technology
efficient and cost-
will further extend this utility as Internet proto- effective way, and
col-based mobile communications become the spectrum availability
must not impact
bedrock of mobile standards; and the release
of new spectrum satisfies the growing service
demands of both business and consumers. the commercial
requirements of 19
ITU has played a leading role in the global suc-
cess of enabling 5.7 billion users to be connected the broader mobile
via a mobile IMT phone. The mobile industry is ecosystem.
determined to enable the remaining 3 billion
people of the world’s population to also be con- Joe Barrett
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
nected by 2030 as well as 100 billion Internet of
Things (IoT).Industry perspectives
Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) fully data, 3G took 10 years to reach 1 billion subscrip-
expects that, with the right industry focus, 5G tions; by comparison 4G took less than six years.
technology will be deployed faster than previous GSA expects 5G to take less than five years to
technology generations. According to Ovum reach 1 billion subscriptions.
The following charts show GSA’s current understanding of the state of 5G and 5G-relevant (i.e. technology neutral) licensing around
the world in the C-Band, 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands. The charts do not provide data about other allocations of the spectrum in these
ranges — e.g. for fixed wireless access services based on LTE or WiMAX or for satellite or governmental use. The following definitions
apply to the chart legends:
Licensed to test/trial — temporarily licensed to run public trials using the spectrum band concerned.
Licensed — licensed or allocated.
Auction — auction, tender, or allocation in progress.
Auction/licensing planned — auction, tender or allocation planned.
Consultation — consultation ongoing.
Considering — considering the band strategy with regard to 5G.
Reserved — Spectrum set aside for a new entrant, or for local or private 5G networks, or for spectrum sharing, or designated for 5G
but not yet allocated to a specific operator.
Outline indicates that precise range is unknown — GSA does not currently hold the data about the specific spectrum range; the activity
is pictorially represented to cover the entire band.
“C-band” CEPT (ITU Region 1)
Licensed to test/trial MHz 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200
Licensed
Auction Austria
Auction/licensing planned Belgium
Consultation Bulgaria
Considering Czech Rep.
Reserved Estonia
Finland
Outline indicates that precise
range is unknown
France
Germany 20
Greece
Hungary
Where GSA only holds data about Ireland
regulator strategies in relation to Italy
imprecise bands, our interpretation of Kosovo
spectrum ranges is as follows: Latvia
Lithuania
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
“C-band” 3300–4200 MHz Luxembourg
3.3 GHz 3300–3400 MHz Netherlands
3.5 GHz 3400–3600 MHz
3.6 GHz 3500–3700 MHz Norway
3.7 GHz 3600–3800 MHz Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
In many countries there are existing non-5G licences that are due for expiry within a few years.
These are not shown on the charts.
© 2019 Global mobile Suppliers AssociationIndustry perspectives
“C-band” Middle East and Africa (ITU Region 1)
Licensed to test/trial MHz 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200
Licensed
Auction Egypt
Auction/licensing planned Iraq
Consultation Israel
Considering Kuwait
Reserved Morocco
Oman
Outline indicates that precise Qatar
range is unknown Saudi Arabia
South Africa
United Arab
Emirates
Where GSA only holds data about
regulator strategies in relation to
imprecise bands, our interpretation of In many countries there are existing non-5G licences that are due for expiry within a few years.
spectrum ranges is as follows: These are not shown on the charts.
“C-band” 3300–4200 MHz © 2019 Global mobile Suppliers Association
3.3 GHz 3300–3400 MHz
3.5 GHz 3400–3600 MHz
3.6 GHz 3500–3700 MHz
3.7 GHz 3600–3800 MHz
For this growth and adoption of 5G to happen The availability of 5G spectrum needs to be
three initiatives need to align: accelerated.
5G will require spectrum in the low bands (below
The mobile ecosystem of global suppliers has to 2 GHz), mid bands (2 GHz to around 6 GHz) and
forward invest in 5G networks. high bands (above 6 GHz) to achieve the full
This is already happening with infrastructure, IMT‑2020 vision of mobile broadband for the
chip and device manufacturers accelerating the mass-market, including serving rural areas that
availability of 5G software and hardware, while have not always benefited from mobile commu-
also making economic strides in reducing the nications. New spectrum in the high bands such
costs of deployment and management of 5G as 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 40 GHz are being made
technology. Government support for 5G trials available, depending on regional availability,
and early deployments in both developed and and harmonization of these bands will facilitate
developing countries is also essential. According the rapid deployment of the ecosystem and 5G
to GSA data, as of end June 2019, there were networks. Those high bands will be important
90 announced 5G devices, twenty-five of which
were phones/smartphones, based on chipsets
in delivering high capacity in urban hot-spots,
narrow city “canyons” and in-building.
21
from four silicon vendors.
5G is also highly relevant in the low frequency
GSA has also reported that infrastructure sup- bands such as 600 MHz, 700 MHz and 800 MHz,
pliers are supporting 280 Mobile Network and will enable the mobile industry to deliver
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
Operators (MNOs) in 94 countries where 5G net- rural mass market home broadband along with
works have either been or are being deployed, the mid and high bands.
trialed, tested or where operators have been
licensed to deploy mobile 5G or home broad-
band 5G.Industry perspectives
“C-band” The Americas (ITU Region 2)
Licensed to test/trial MHz 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200
Licensed
Auction Argentina
Auction/licensing planned Brazil
Consultation Canada
Considering Chile
Reserved Colombia
Costa Rica
Outline indicates that precise Ecuador*
range is unknown Mexico*
Peru*
USA
Where GSA only holds data about
regulator strategies in relation to * Spectrum refarming required
imprecise bands, our interpretation of
spectrum ranges is as follows: In many countries there are existing non-5G licences that are due for expiry within a few years.
These are not shown on the charts.
“C-band” 3300–4200 MHz
3.3 GHz 3300–3400 MHz © 2019 Global mobile Suppliers Association
3.5 GHz 3400–3600 MHz
3.6 GHz 3500–3700 MHz
3.7 GHz 3600–3800 MHz
Mid bands offer a good balance between cover- To achieve ubiquitous 5G in-building mobile
age and capacity for 5G optimal deployment in broadband coverage, spectrum should be made
suburban areas. The mid band will be the spec- available in the most harmonious and efficient
trum bridge between wide coverage and high way; either with MNOs building out dedicated
capacity services. in-building networks with their own licensed
spectrum, or leasing or sharing licensed spec-
The high bands will help deliver the Gbps trum to enterprises, or to 3rd party in-build-
throughput required by high-quality gaming, ing operators.
virtual/augmented reality, video and enterprise
applications due to the wider spectrum bands. In addition, some regulators are considering,
making part of the spectrum available to enter-
Therefore, spectrum within all three bands, low, prises or agencies on a localized basis.
mid and high, will be required by 5G to deliver
an economically viable service if ITU is to realize Enterprise demand for 5G is being demon-
its Strategic plan for the Union for 2020–2023. strated, and innovative applications that will
utilize 5G advantages including ultra-low latency
22
5G must reach in-building. with autonomous cars, factory automation and
The quality of 3G or 4G coverage in buildings robotics and mobile video conferencing will also
needs to improve, and is a major headache for require massive broadband. Spectrum must be
enterprises, which will only increase in severity, utilized in the most efficient and cost-effective
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
since modern buildings are built to reflect radio way, and spectrum availability must not impact
waves. This restriction can be turned into an the commercial requirements of the broader
advantage by using the high bands in-building in mobile ecosystem.
addition to outdoor.Industry perspectives
“C-band” Asia-Pacific (ITU Region 3)
Licensed to test/trial MHz 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200
Licensed
Auction Australia
Auction/licensing planned China
Consultation India
Considering Indonesia
Reserved Japan
Malaysia
Outline indicates that precise Myanmar
range is unknown New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Where GSA only holds data about Rep. of Korea
regulator strategies in relation to Singapore
imprecise bands, our interpretation of Thailand
spectrum ranges is as follows: Vietnam
“C-band” 3300–4200 MHz
3.3 GHz 3300–3400 MHz In many countries there are existing non-5G licences that are due for expiry within a few years.
3.5 GHz 3400–3600 MHz These are not shown on the charts.
3.6 GHz 3500–3700 MHz
3.7 GHz 3600–3800 MHz © 2019 Global mobile Suppliers Association
Expansion of the mobile ecosystem Spectrum, and the harmonization of a broad
range of spectrum bands from low to mid and
The mobile ecosystem is expanding out of the high, will meet and ideally exceed the expecta-
traditional mobile supplier base to additionally tion of all users in developed and developing
include system integrators, automotive and aero- countries. The industry has come a phenomenal
space companies, factory automation suppliers, way in a relatively short period of time.
utilities, robotic innovators, and many more.
The next challenge is to make intelligent con-
As an industry we have a responsibility to meet nectivity (powered by 5G, AI and IoT) available
the expectations of our customers and the in each corner of our world — for the global
Sustainable Development Goals. IMT‑2020/5G economy, and social benefits — and IMT‑2020/5G
will provide a ubiquitous, high speed and high mobile technology and ITU has a key role to play
quality, intelligent broadband connectivity in making that vision a reality.
experience, at home, in the office, on all forms of
transport, when travelling at high speed, when in
basement offices or on the top floor of a city sky- 23
rise complex, or in a rural location. ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019Industry perspectives
Evolving and
modernizing PPDR
radiocommunications
Bharat Bhatia
President, ITU‑APT foundation of India
Chair, ITU–R WP5D, SWG on PPDR, Chair,
APT-AWG Task Group on PPDR and Head of
International Spectrum, Motorola Solutions Inc.
R
adiocommunications are critical for
saving lives and protecting property
“
during emergencies, major events and
disasters. Public safety agencies that
respond to such emergencies cannot function
Radiocommunications
without the support of robust and secure wireless are critical for saving
communications.
lives and protecting
The International Telecommunication Union property during
(ITU), and its members realized the importance emergencies, major
events and disasters.
of harmonized spectrum and standard-based
technologies to meet the radiocommunication
needs of public safety agencies, hence the term
public protection and disaster relief (PPDR —
Bharat Bhatia
24
see definition at the end of article) radiocommu-
nications was coined during the ITU World Radio
Communications Conference 2000 (WRC‑2000),
in Istanbul, Turkey.
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019Industry perspectives
Shutterstock
The critical importance of The need for robust, reliable and
PPDR communications instantaneous communications
PPDR communications are generally used by Whether used in responding to a simple traffic
first responders such as the police, fire and accident, or a petrochemical refinery fire, the
ambulance services, civil defence forces, border communications systems need to be robust, reli-
guards, armed forces, search and rescue mis- able and instantaneous. At present, most of the
sions, etc. PPDR radiocommunication networks are based
on narrowband land mobile wireless technolo-
PPDR communications are critical during events gies such as APCO-P25 (see definition in Report
that threaten public safety, including threats to ITU–R M.2377) or Terrestrial Trunked Radio
life, property and the environment. Such events (TETRA). These narrowband networks are built
cause havoc to the public and the local economy, for mission critical voice communication, support
including loss of lives and injuries, material losses
such as destruction of property and infrastruc-
instantaneous push-to-talk group and device to
device communications but have limited data
25
ture, as well as economic and social losses. capabilities. WRC‑2003 adopted Resolution 646
Investments may have to be postponed, diverted (last revised at WRC‑15 (see the Resolution
to other locations, or cancelled altogether. below)) to harmonize the spectrum needed for
such systems on a regional basis.
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
PPDR radiocommunications are also an important
tool used on an ongoing basis by first responders
in their everyday work to assist people, coordi-
nate tasks, and dispatch resources.Industry perspectives
Real time — an urgent requirement These networks can also enable live feeds from
traffic cameras or drones, or the use of num-
With the explosive growth and proliferation of ber-plate recognition in real time to track and
smart mobile phones supported by broadband intercept suspects before members of the public
with high speed internet access, video and real are put at risk.
time social media in the hands of general public
(and criminals), PPDR agencies have realized an
urgent need to access broadband data, social Harmonizing spectrum for
media and mobile videos in real time. In par- broadband PPDR
ticular, high-resolution videos from the scenes
of disasters or other major events are becom- Timely availability of harmonized radio fre-
ing increasingly critical for real-time situational quency spectrum is important for realizing
awareness and intelligence-driven decisions. dedicated broadband PPDR networks. The ITU
World Radiocommunication Conference 2015
New PPDR applications using real-time mobile (WRC‑15) revised and updated Resolution 646
video are helping detect and prevent criminal (Resolution 646 (Rev. WRC‑15). to harmonize
and other unlawful activities as well as supporting spectrum needed for broadband PPDR on a
effective response to disaster events. The fusion global as well as regional basis. The frequency
of artificial intelligence, mobile videos and big range 694–894 MHz was adopted by WRC‑15
data technologies is enabling video content as the globally harmonized frequency range
analytics that support detection, tracking, extract- for broadband PPDR. This frequency range
ing and identifying people, objects and their includes the most commonly used PPDR bands
attributes. in 700 MHz (3GPP bands 14, 28 and 68) and
800 MHz (3GPP bands 5, 20 and 26).
Such advanced PPDR applications are already
supporting crime prediction and crime preven- In order to develop the new features and
tion. Mission critical integrated voice and video applications required by PPDR users such as
conversations integrated with information on Mission-Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT), Mission-
the location of emergency responders, real-time Critical Data (MC Data), Mission-Critical Video
updates on public transport movements and
even social media activities are helping PPDR
(MC-Video) and Device-to-Device (D-to-D) com-
munications, the Third Generation Partnership
26
agencies in responding to major events. Project (3GPP) has created a working group
(System Architecture SA6). The applications are
Mobile broadband PPDR networks could also progressively being built into IMT (see Report
enable fingerprint sensors to identify criminals ITU–R M.2291) technology, starting with long-
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
or victims at the scene of an incident, saving val- term evolution (LTE) release 13 and continue
uable time and gathering vital intelligence in the to evolve and mature in specifications of
moments that matter. Releases 14, 15 and 16, and going into IMT‑2020.Industry perspectives
Radiocommunication objectives
and requirements for Public
Protection and Disaster Relief
The challenge of how to establish
broadband PPDR Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR)
radiocommunication systems are vital to the
achievement of the maintenance of law and order,
As broadband data rapidly becomes a neces- response to emergency situations, protection of life and
sity for PPDR users, many governments around property and response to disaster relief events.
the world are faced with the challenge of how
to establish broadband PPDR communications. The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) Report
M. 2377 discusses the broad objectives and
Building new PPDR infrastructure for the com-
requirements of PPDR applications, including the
ing decades requires radio spectrum resources, increasing use of broadband technologies to meet
financial resources, infrastructure sharing of those objectives and requirements. The expanding
towers and sites, right of way rules and decisions scope of PPDR capabilities, ranging from narrowband
through wideband and broadband, offers greater utility
on a governance model to be followed, as PPDR
for emergency response operations around the world,
users historically belong to multiple agencies and including in developing countries.
operate under different jurisdictions. Broadband
PPDR networks must meet the operational and The advances in broadband technologies offer the
functional requirements of PPDR agencies and potential of enhanced capability and capacity to
be robust, secure and have the geographical facilitate the achievements of both public protection
operations and responding to major emergencies and
coverage and capacity to provide mission-criti- catastrophic disasters. Whilst noting that narrowband
cal broadband services, such as real-time video and wideband technologies for PPDR services and
communications and real-time data. applications are still widely used in all three ITU
Regions.
A number of countries have already imple-
Lean more in Report ITU–R M.2377.
mented dedicated broadband PPDR networks.
Others have dedicated harmonized spectrum for
PPDR and a contracted service provider to build
and operate the networks for them. Few have
opted for commercial carriers to provide them
infrastructure as a service (IaaS) against long-
term contracts and operational requirements with
specific quality of service norms.
that equips first responders to save lives and
27
protect communities. A nationwide LTE network
Public safety and the 700 MHz band in the 700 MHz band is also being implemented
in South Korea to supplement its existing TETRA
The First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) mission critical voice network. Similar networks
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
nationwide public safety LTE (PS‑LTE) network are under implementation in many countries
in the United States, in the 700 MHz band, is the around the world including the Emergency
first example of a large broadband PPDR data Services Network (ESN) in the United Kingdom,
network to supplement the country’s statewide and similar networks in the Middle East and some
P25 narrowband mission-critical voice network Asian countries.Industry perspectives
Radio interface standards for use by public protection
and disaster relief operations in accordance with
Resolution 646 (Rev. WRC‑15)
The ITU Radiocommunication Sector’s Recommendation M.2009‑2 identifies radio interface
standards applicable for public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) operations in accordance
with Resolution 646 (Rev. WRC‑15). The broadband standards included in the Recommendation
are capable of supporting users at broadband data rates, taking into account the ITU–R
definitions of “wireless access” and “broadband wireless access” found in Recommendation
ITU–R F.1399.
The Recommendation addresses the standards themselves and does not deal with the
frequency arrangements for PPDR systems, for which a separate Recommendation exists:
Recommendation ITU–R M.2015.
The Recommendation ITU–R M.2009‑2 also addresses radio interface standards for use for
public protection and disaster relief operations. These standards are based on common
specifications developed by standards development organizations (SDOs). Using this
Recommendation, regulators, manufacturers and PPDR operators should be able to determine
the most suitable standards for their needs.
To learn more about the recommendation, and for details of various PPDR technologies,
see Recommendation ITU–R M.2009‑2.
Modernizing and transforming PPDR operations In the coming years, LTE-advanced and 5G
to respond to evolving challenges requires networks will enable enhanced mission critical
substantial investments in infrastructure, work- applications requiring ultra reliable low latency
flow, systems and applications. Regardless of and high mobility designed to meet the high
the approach chosen, the availability of funds
to deploy, maintain and secure a PPDR capable
demands of mission critical video and data by the
PPDR agencies.
28
infrastructure requires government planning for
funding and securing and policy decisions in a The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) is
stable regulatory environment. Mission critical also working towards defining the future role of
intelligence and real-time data analytics and mul- IMT‑2020 to support PPDR applications.
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
timedia dispatch capabilities are becoming just
as important as push-to-talk voice in responding
to PPDR agencies communication needs.Industry perspectives
Intelligent transport
systems towards
automated vehicles
Satoshi Oyama
Senior Researcher, Association of Radio
Industries and Businesses (ARIB), Japan
T
here are about 1.4 billion cars in the
world, with an average annual increase
of 4% per year. Meanwhile, according
to the World Health Organization, traffic
fatalities in the world amount to 1.35 million
“
individuals per year.
Intelligent transport systems (ITS) represent the
The ITU World
integration of information and communication Radiocommunication
technologies (ICTs) and applications that can
achieve a reduction in traffic and pedestrian
Conference 2015
fatalities, and enhance transport infrastructure (WRC‑15) initiated
systems, through the realization of future auto- Agenda item 1.12
to seek globally or
mated driving.
Connected and automated vehicle technologies regionally harmonized
can gradually eliminate the need for drivers;
spectrum for ITS 29
reduce transportation costs, traffic accidents,
fatalities, injuries, and CO2 emissions; improve applications.
traffic flow and reduce travel time; and provide
transportation accessibilities. Ultimately, self-driv- Satoshi Oyama
ing cars are projected to reduce traffic fatalities
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
by 90%.
In the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R),
various studies, Recommendations and Reports
are addressing the transition from ITS to auto-
mated vehicles.Industry perspectives
Three generations of intelligent As a radiolocation sensor, standards for 79 GHz
transport system deployment short-range vehicular radar were developed and
completed in ITU–R Working Parties 5A and 5B
As the “first generation” of ITS deployment, elec- — the responsible groups for such studies. This
tronic toll collection (ETC) systems and vehicle millimeter wave radar is expected to integrate
information and communication systems (VICS) with radiocommunication systems to enable
have been widely deployed in the world. automated driving vehicles.
The “second generation” witnessed the emer-
gence of dedicated short-range communication Towards automated driving — V2X
(DSRC) systems and collision avoidance radar, as deployment in Japan
well as the integration of radiocommunication
and radiolocation technologies for vehicular In 2015, ITS Connect was introduced in Japan to
applications. use vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infra-
structure (V2I) radiocommunications, collectively
The “third generation” revolves around the known as “V2X”, using 760 MHz DSRC to provide
research and development to enable connected drivers much needed safety information that
cars and fully automated driving systems. ITU–R cannot be picked up by onboard sensors. This
has been, and is, central to this evolution, as the includes traffic signal information and information
identification and harmonization of frequencies, about the presence of vehicles and pedestrians
especially radiocommunication spectrum in the in blind spots. V2X is expected to reduce the
mobile service depending on the application, are number of accidents in Japan by roughly 40%.
the necessary foundation for any deployment.
V2I communications, for example, provide right-
turn collision caution. While waiting for a right
ITU Working parties 5A and 5B for ITS turn at an intersection, drivers are warned by
audio and visual alert on the monitor regarding
Specifically, radiocommunication technologies cross traffic such as pedestrians. This is also a
and technical/operational characteristics for ETC, critical technology for pedestrians with hearing
VICS and DSRC were developed and standard-
ized in ITU–R, in Working Party 5A in particular.
disabilities or visual impairment. 30
V2I communications also provide approaching
Mobile wireless communications, such as cellular, red light caution. When approaching an inter-
radio local area network (RLAN), etc. are now also section with a red traffic signal, the system will
being considered for ITS applications, such as warn the driver with audio and visual alerts on the
ITU News MAGAZINE 04/2019
traffic information systems and info-communica- monitor, and may overtake the driver controls by
tion systems. stopping the vehicle.You can also read
