THE FUTURE OF INTERNET OF EVERYTHING - Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed
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THE FUTURE OF INTERNET OF EVERYTHING Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed reedjh@vt.edu http://www.wireless.vt.edu
Overview of IoE (or IoT)
2
IoE envisions a world that is
fully interconnected through the
internet
Internet of
IoE creates a cyber-physical Everything
universe around us
IoE will change the way we
live, work and play
IoE will transform the
characteristics and operation of
homes, cars, hospitals, factories,
businesses and etc
Overview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Overview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Why do we need IoE?
IoE is applied in:
Industrial domain
Public domain: Ex.
Smart cities
Health and wellness
…
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0140366414003168
Why do we need IoE?
IoE add productivity and comfort to our
daily lives Comfort
While I am driving back to home,
dinner starts and thermostat adjusts
Productivity
the temperature of the home
My electric blanket adjusts its heat
by communicating with a body
temperature measuring wrist-band
I can locate my keys using my phone
TI’s NFC powered tempe
rature sensor
(https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=qBCfB5JMbHE)
Example of Today’s IoT Devices
v Fork -- let’s you know if v Egg Tray
your eating too fast. v Lighting Control
v Smart toothbrush – how v Slow Cooker
long do you brush
v Trash Can
v Watering System
v Pet Feeder
v Propane Tank
v Socks
v Washing Machine
v Locks
v Piggy Bank
v Shirt
http://www.slideshare.net/ValaAfshar/internet-of-thingsslideshare
Why do we need IoE?
IoE has industrial benefits
Examples:
Improving the efficiency of
energy consumption through
extensive machine
instrumentation and data-
analytics
Proactive maintenance
Asset tracking
Remote control and monitoring
Agriculture
Healthcare
Source: www.gesoftware.com/predix
Big Picture of Growth GE Estimates the “Industrial Internet” will add $10 to $15 trillion to global GDP over the next 20 years Cisco forecast $19 trillion to economic value created by 50B IoE devices in 2020 Gartner estimates IoE products, services and suppliers will generate incremental revenue exceeding $300 billion in 2020 IDC forecast world market for IoE solutions grow from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in 2020
Overview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Basic IoE Architecture
e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management,
etc…. Applications
Service platform
P2P, Cloud computing, etc
Internet
IP
Collect and Backhaul
(Ethernet, 3G, 4G, satellite, dialup, fiber, etc)
Gateway/hub
Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, White space, NFC, etc Short-range
communication
IoE Edges
Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etcAlternative Architecture: IP-at-the-edge
e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management,
etc…. Applications
Service platform
P2P, Cloud computing, etc
Internet
IP
IoE Edges
Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etc
IP-at-the-edge = no GatewaysOverview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Development Environments 1/3
Apple’s HomeKit Platform (https://developer.apple.com/homekit/ )
HomeKit is a framework in iOS 8 that allows IoE app and
hardware developers to easily configure and control IoE
accessories from iOS devices
Bluetooth and WiFi are used for short range
communication(Designing Accessories for iOS and OS X,WWDC14,
https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2014/ ,
http://www.macrumors.com/2014/11/03/homekit-chips-device-makers/ )
Gateway for remote control is likely going to be AppleTV
,
http://www.macworld.com/article/2364315/apples-homekit-hub-may-already-be-in-your-house.html
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2474991,00.asp
Chip making (Apple-approved) partners are Broadcom, TI,
and Marvel. The chips are loaded with Homekit firmware
http://www.forbes.com/sites/aarontilley/2014/11/03/apple-homekit-enabled-chips-
are-already-shipping-to-smart-home-device-makers/,
https://mfi.apple.com/MFiWeb/getFAQ.actionDevelopment Environments 2/3
Google’s Nest developer program (
https://developer.nest.com/ )
Provides the APIs developers can user to
communicate with nest thermostat and smoke
https://developer.nest.com/ detectors (https://developer.nest.com/documentation/cloud/nest-api-intro )
Google-Nest is pushing for a mesh-network
based network protocol called Thread (
http://www.threadgroup.org/About.aspx )
Remove gateways. No single point of failure.
Short-range communication is through WiFi and
IEEE 802.15.4
Companies such as Mercedes-Benz have signed
up into the program (They make “works with nest”
products)Development Environments 3/3
Qualcomm development network :
Qualcomm provides hardware and software
tools for building IoE apps
Qualcomm led the establishment of the
https://developer.qualcomm.com/dragonboard-809 Allseen Alliance under the Linux Foundation
4-development-kit-based-snapdragon-810-processor
-apq8094 Allseen Alliance (https://allseenalliance.org/ )
has more than 100 member companies
is less than 2 years old
Alljoyn:
Open-source software framework for interoperable
IoE
Lets developers write applications that can discover
and communicate with near-by devices regardless of
brand and operating system
Meant to be the “language of IoE”IoT Standardization Efforts
EPCglobal
Thread
ICC
IETS
OIC
ALLSEEN
3GPP IEEE oneM2M
Interoperability
ISO ISA
IETFIoT Standards (1/4)
RFID related standards
RFID based Electronic Product Code
(EPC) standard from EPCglobal
ISO/IEC 15961-1:2013, ISO/IEC
15962:2013 (address data protocol
between RFID tag and RFIC reader)IoT Standards (2/4)
Wireless communication standards
IEEE 802.15.4 (PHY for Zigbee, ISA100.11a, etc)
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ af (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15.7 (Visible light communication)
IEEE 1901 (Broadband over power line)
3GPP’s LTE (LTE has provision in for “Machine-
type-communications”)
IEEE 801.16p/b (WiMax enhancements to support
M2M)
etcIoT Standards (3/4)
Network and Data-link layer standards
Thread
Supported by Google-nest and partners
It pushes for a mesh-type network architecture
IETF’s 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power Wireless
Personal Networks)
IP for is applied even for small devices
IP based IEEE 802.15.4
ISA100.11a
Industrial use
IETF 6LOWPAN network layer
IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer
Modified IEEE 802.15.4 MACIoT Standards (4/4)
Service layer standardization efforts:
Allseen alliance
Open-Internet Consortium (OIC)
Industrial-Internet Consortium (IIC)
oneM2M
Consortium of ICT-related
standardization bodies and
companiesOverview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Industrial IoE
Industrial IoE is driven by
improvement of efficiency,
reliability, and productivity
Currently, only 37% of the
currently connected “things” are
industrial equipment
Cisco expects the share of
industrial IoE to surpass consumer
IoE in 2017
ttp://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-internet-of-things-moving-
beyond-the-hype/
Industrial IoE appears to have https://www.ihs.com/articles/insights/things-
explodes.html
stronger momentum for growthData Analytics and Industrial IoE
Data analytics plays a huge role in
Industrial IoE
Data analytics uses row data to examine
and draw conclusions.
GE is transforming itself from industrial
machinery maker, to an advanced
data analytics company (
https://hbr.org/2014/11/digital-ubiquity-how-
connections-sensors-and-data-are-revolutionizing-business)
GE is developing a proprietary
industrial IoE and big data analytics
software called Pardix
Alternative platforms exist
Example: IzoT
IzoT Industrial IoE Platform
(http://www.echelon.com/izot-platform)Data Analytics and Industrial IoE Most corporate executives believe big data analytics is important (http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Industrial-Internet- Changing-Competitive-Landscape-Industries.pdf)
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)
The goal is to create reference architectures, use-
cases and test-beds for the industrial internet
Plans to release technology and security guidelines
Founded by five companies by March, 2014
Currently, more than 120 members
Source: http://www.echelon.com/izot-platformIoE in the Oil and Gas Industry
Predictive maintenance
Pipeline monitoring
Automated field operation
Real-data based managerial and financial decisions
Asset tracking
Environmental monitoring
People monitoring
Closed-loop control
Health and safety
Oil and Gas Industry have implemented
Outcomes: aspects for the IoE for many years, but
Reduces down time scope and integration will improve with time.
Improves safetyOverview of Presentation Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges ¤ Complexity ¤ Privacy/Security ¤ Spectrum
Security: Major Challenge in IoE
All devices and sensors will have cyber presence
Traditional cybersecurity approaches not sufficient
Multi-layer security is necessary
Gateways should be secured
IoE edges should be securedIncreasing
Supply
Chain
&
SCADA
• SCADA
Security
Security
T hreats
– DHS:
US
u:lity's
control
systems
hit
by
advanced
cyber
aAack
– Eugene
Kaspersky:
Stuxnet
has
gone
rogue.
Russian
nuclear
power
plant
was
reportedly
“badly
infected”
by
the
rogue
Stuxnet
virus.
– NY
Times
reports
cousins
of
Stuxnet:
Duqu,
Flame
and
Gauss
• Counterfeit
is
a
Security
Concern
– APEX
&
Designer
Summit:
Current
value
of
counterfeit
electronic
components
is
es:mated
at
approximately
$10b
annually.
Counterfei:ng
costs
the
US
economy
between
$200b
-‐
$250b
annually.
Overall
global
counterfeit
goods
es:mated
at
$3.9T
– U.S.
Senate
CommiAee
on
Armed
Services
iden:fied
suspect
components
in
the
supply
chains
for
the
CH-‐46
Sea
Knight
helicopter,
the
C-‐17
military
transport
aircraa,
the
P-‐8A
Poseidon
sub
hunter,
and
the
F-‐16
fighter
30
Why SCADA/ICS Need New Security Solutions for IoE Attack surfaces are greatly increased. Too many variations of hardware and software Legacy equipment 20+ years (don’t fix it if it isn’t broken) Threats from manipulating input data Real-time protection needed Threats are behind the firewall Dormant threats are hard to find Signature techniques are dead
Example of Security Approach Developed and Spun
Out from Virginia Tech
❑ Power Fingerprinting (PFP) detects anomaly with power
analysis and signal processing
Compare
with
Power
Analysis
PFP
Signal
Non-‐Contact
Processing
the
Baseline
Quantitative
12
Metrics for
10
6
Probe
8
6 4
4 2
2 0
0
-2
Security
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
8
Frequency x 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Acquire
Power
or
RF
Signal Anomaly?
yes
Alert
no
Acquire
New
Baseline?
For more info. see http://www.pfpcyber.com
http://www.darkreading.com/perimeter/power-consumption-technology-could-help-enterprises-identify-
counterfeit-devices/a/d-id/1318782?Communication Challenges Integrated networks (probably a characteristic of 5G) Machine-to-Machine Communications in later 4G Very long battery life Automated deployment and de-confliction Spectrum availability and uniformity across national boundries
Spectrum Scarcity: Another Challenge for IoE
Each IoE connection is expected to generate
small amount of traffic
But the number of connection is very high
Additional spectrum is needed to carry IoE
We are already under spectrum deficit
including for LMR.
Spectrum sharing with government may be
the solution
Source: FCC
http://www.hightechforum.org/spectrum-deficit-disorder/
Example: The 3.5 GHz band, where military
radars operate, is now open for shared use
May be possible for private LTE networks
Wireless@VT is deeply involved in research studying the technical and
regulatory issues related to spectrum sharingTowards Software-Defined IoT Devices
Interoperability a challenge in IoT Interoperability
One solution is making IoT devices highly
flexible to support multiple protocols
Software-Defined-Radio (SDR) is a good
candidate to implement flexible IoT devices
SDRs present their own challenges:
SDR Challenge Our Solution Research Status
Poor RF performance •Spectrum sensing - Prototype is developed
supported, intelligent RF and tested Prototype of MIMO capable Software-defined IoT GW
control assembled at W@VT
• Addresses potential RF
issues through intelligent
control
Poor handling of high-data • Firmware/OS level - Prototype is under
rate waveforms waveform development development
Cognitively controlled RF Front-end’s prototypeConclusions
Technology is about to transform the world through IoE
Industrial IoE will help pave the way for consumer IoE
Standards will be a HUGE issue
IoE presents unique communication challenges:
Integration with various wireless network
Low data-rate, large volume of links -- the “one-bit”
challenge
Power
Spectrum resources
Security
Automatic deployment and maintenance.You can also read
