The Global Status of CCS: 2017 - Global CCS Institute
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The Global Status of CCS: 2017 JOIN THE UNDERGROUND
What’s
About the Global CCS Institute: the world authority on carbon About the report:
inside –
capture and storage taking the heat away
The Global CCS Institute is the world’s leading authority on carbon The Global Status of CCS 2017
capture and storage (CCS) – an international climate change
organisation whose mission is to accelerate the deployment of CCS
as an imperative technology in tackling climate change and providing
documents the current status
of CCS around the world and
the significant operational
5–
energy security. milestones over the past 12 Understanding Carbon
months. The report tracks the Capture and Storage
Working with a large and diverse membership, the Institute drives the worldwide progress of CCS
13–
adoption of CCS by sharing expertise, building capacity and providing technologies and the key
information, advice and advocacy to ensure this clean technology plays opportunities and challenges
its rightful role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. it faces.
The Institute’s diverse international membership includes governments, It demystifies common
CCS: A Critical
global corporations, private companies, research bodies, academic misunderstandings about the Technology for Saving
institutions, and non-governmental organisations, all of which are technology and identifies where our Environment
26–
committed to CCS as a proven and pivotal part of a decarbonised future. and how it can, and must, be
more widely deployed.
The report is an indispensable
CCS Facilities
resource for governments, policy-
makers, scientists, academics, Around the World
List of acronyms
media commentators and the
millions of people who care
about our climate and want
33–
2DS 2°C Scenario HELE High Efficiency Low to save our planet. The Policy
B2DS Beyond 2°C Scenario Emission Landscape
BECCS
CCS
Bioenergy with CCS
Carbon capture
and storage
IEA
IETA
International
Energy Agency
International Emissions
Currently, the world is way
off track in meeting the Paris
Agreement climate goals,
39–
CCUS Carbon capture Trading Association and it cannot get back on Global Climate
track without CCS.
utilisation and storage IPCC Intergovernmental Advocacy
CDM
COP
Clean Development
Mechanism
Conference of the Mtpa
Panel on Climate
Change
Million metric tonnes
With commentary from leaders
and luminaries across the
climate change echelon, this
43–
Parties per annum The Cost of CCS
report makes an indelible case
CSLF Carbon Sequestration MW Megawatt
for CCS as an indispensable
Leadership Forum OECD Organisation for
47–
climate change solution.
CTCN Climate Technology Economic Co-operation
Centre and Network and Development You can download the full
EC European Commission R&D Research and report on the Institute’s website
ENGO Environmental development at www.globalccsinstitute.com. Regional Overviews
non-governmental UNFCCC United Nations
organisation Framework Convention
EOR
EU-ETS
Enhanced oil recovery
European Union’s
Emissions Trading
on Climate Change
US DOE United States
Department of Energy
76–
System WBCSD World Business Communicating CCS:
GHG Greenhouse gas Council for Sustainable Taking it to the Streets
Gt Gigatonne Development
GW Gigawatt
3
Delivering the new
It would not be an exaggeration Globally, the year was significant
to say that the past year has in pure advocacy terms. With
been particularly momentous concerted effort, and as part of
energy economy
for carbon capture and storage. our dedicated campaign – “Join
the Underground” – CCS started
Two new large-scale facilities
to enjoy wider exposure for the
came onstream and others, in
safe, tested, commercial and
China, Canada and Australia,
versatile clean technology it is.
moved closer to operation.
The media started to sit up and It is one of the few technologies
China demonstrated enormous able to alleviate emissions from
take notice.
commitment to ensuring CCS unabated gas and coal-fired
becomes a mainstay of its Moving CCS from marginal player power, thus preserving jobs
decarbonised future with eight to mainstream mitigator is a real and sustaining communities.
large-scale facilities in varying focus of our efforts and we have
stages of development, and struck a chord with a people- And it is distinctive in its ability
levels of CCS funding and chain that straddles government, to remove historic CO2 emissions
research hitting new heights. industry, academia and a myriad from the atmosphere when
of key commentators. bioenergy is twinned with
In Europe, CCS focus shifted to CCS (BECCS).
industrial clusters potentially There remains, however, an
using storage options in the overriding need to extend that These facts, well-proven in
North Sea. people-chain beyond a small science and endorsed by
fraternity. In a break from pre-eminent leaders in the
Despite ongoing climate change field, as this report attests,
tradition, this year’s report is not
policy speculation in the United make CCS pivotal to a 2°C
just intended for those “in the
States, the start-up of Petra future – and indispensable to
know”. It has been specifically
Nova in Texas and of the Illinois anything beyond.
designed to appeal to those
Industrial CCS facility proved
outside the circle who are less 2017 was a good year for CCS
that CCS plants can proceed
familiar with the technology but there is much, much more
in any weather.
and who do not appreciate its to be done.
Weather has been the operative enormous potential.
word. In Australia, blackouts With your support, we can
Simply put, CCS is the conduit maintain the momentum of the
and outages caused by extreme
to a new energy economy; past year and allow CCS to
climatic conditions and the well-
an economy of clean and fulfil its true potential as the
known limitation of intermittent
sustainable energy across all technology that delivers a
renewables to “do it all” in an
Suddenly, CCS is part of
forms – wind, solar, battery new energy economy.
integrated electricity system,
storage, hydrogen, bioenergy
made climate change and
the political discourse,
and the raft of CO2 reuse
energy security major topics
applications.
of conversation.
however vexed, and we Suddenly, CCS is part of the
CCS is the only clean technology
capable of decarbonising major
find ourselves talking political discourse, however
vexed, and we find ourselves
industrial sectors such as steel,
cement, pulp and paper, refining
BRAD PAGE
directly to policy parity talking directly to policy parity
issues around the world.
and petrochemicals.
Chief Executive Officer
Global CCS Institute
issues around the world.
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS I N T R O DU C T I O N
5
4
A time to coalesce around CCS
12 December 2015 was a seminal moment in the history
of our planet and of international collaboration. Progress
has continued rapidly, notwithstanding some hesitation
Understanding
in Washington, DC.
carbon capture
The Paris Agreement was ratified
at an unprecedented rate and
much has been achieved within
a very short time to agree
It is no secret that along with
renewables, energy efficiency
and carbon pricing, I am a
supporter of the need to also
Over the coming
12 months, I
and storage
and implement a variety of deploy carbon capture and
mitigation measures in pursuit storage. We must pursue the sincerely hope
of the Paris target to keep
global atmospheric temperature
low-carbon and zero-carbon
growth story across the board in
CCS garners
What is CCS?
increase to well-below 2˚C. our cities, infrastructure, and land the attention
use. We must recognise, however, CCS is a critical CO2 emission abatement technology.
We have seen 195 countries
commit to measures designed as
that it is likely that the world may and practical It encompasses an integrated suite of technologies that
the first steps towards achieving
not transition completely away
from fossil fuels in the necessary
support it can prevent large quantities of CO2 from being released
the Paris targets. The G19 at
the May 2017 Hamburg G20
time frames. Yet, we cannot deserves. in the atmosphere from the use of fossil fuels. It is a
tolerate the continued emissions proven technology and has been in safe, commercial
said, “Paris is irreversible”, and
that are the consequence of
the G20 as a whole declared
this if Paris is to be realised.
operation for 45 years.
for the 2030 Sustainable
Indeed, one of the key features in 2015, if we are really serious
Development Goals agenda
of the Paris Agreement was the about meeting those targets.
and set its objectives as “strong,
recognition that the temperature The challenge is to understand
sustainable, balanced and
target requires zero-net how scale can be built and
inclusive growth”.
emissions in the second half of costs reduced. Experience,
Yet, two key things remain the century. That will require collaboration and mutual
missing. some substantial negatives. In learning will be crucial.
both these endeavours, CCS is
First, we have not seen the Best wishes,
absolutely necessary. It is likely
acceleration needed to meet
necessary, too, in major parts
the ambitious targets set. That
of economic activity outside the
is the central issue for the next
power sector.
two or three Conferences of the
Parties (COP) and for individual Over the coming 12 months,
country action. I sincerely hope CCS garners the LORD NICHOLAS STERN
attention and practical support it IG Patel Professor of
Second, we have not yet
deserves. Governments, policy- Economics & Government –
witnessed countries embracing
makers and the private sector London School of Economics
the full array of clean
must coalesce, in the same
technologies needed to Chairman, Grantham
way as signatories did in Paris
achieve those targets. Research Institute
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS
6
7
CCS in numbers
How does CCS work?
17
large-scale CCS facilities There are three major elements to CCS:
Capture Transport Storage
operating globally, four The separation of CO2 from Once separated, the CO2 is CO2 is injected into deep
coming on stream in 2018 other gases produced at large
industrial process facilities such
compressed and transported
via pipelines, trucks, ships or
underground rock formations,
usually at depths of 1 kilometre
as coal and natural-gas-fired other methods to a suitable (km) or more.
power plants, steel mills, cement site for geological storage.
plants and refineries.
these 21 220 million CCS is
facilities have tonnes of the only Why do we need CCS: versatile,
timely and utterly economic
WHAT CAN BE DONE
WITH CAPTURED CO2?
a CO2 capture man-made technology CCS is a climate game-changer. It is one of the few technologies able
• CO2 can be safely stored
in deep underground
capacity of CO2 has been able to to adequately displace CO2 from coal and gas-fired power stations
and the only technology capable of reducing large-scale emissions
geological formations.
37 million injected deep decarbonise from myriad industrial sources. • CO2 can be used as a value-
tonnes per underground the industrial
added commodity. This can
CCS also has the unique capacity to be retrofitted to many existing result in a portion of the CO2
complexes to allow them to function cleanly for the term of their
annum (Mtpa) to date sector natural life.
being permanently stored –
for example, in concrete that
The equivalent of 8 million cars The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International has been cured using CO2 or
removed from the road each year Energy Agency (IEA) have both evidenced the critical role that CCS must in plastic materials derived
play in meeting global emissions reduction goals. from biomass that uses CO2
as one of its key ingredients.
CCS is ‘of its time’. Through enhanced oil recovery (EOR), it is proving its
To reach the Paris 2˚C target... commercial worth by improving oil recovery from existing fields, using
these same fields to permanently store the injected CO2.
• CO2 can be converted
into biomass. This can be
achieved, for example,
Through cleaning old industry and giving it a second life, CCS is
2,500 14%
through algae farming using
preserving jobs and keeping local economies alive. CO2 as a feedstock. The
Most significantly, CCS is starting to demonstrate its climate change harvested algae can then
prowess in delivering commercial returns in a new energy economy be processed into biofuels
where hydrogen production and bioenergy are starting to gain traction. that take the place of non-
biological carbon sources.
And, it is proving itself economically comparable to all other clean
CCS facilities operating in 2040 of cumulative emissions technologies.
(Based on a CCS facility with a CO2 reductions must be
capture capacity of ~1.5 Mtpa) derived from CCS
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS U N DE R S TA N DI N G C A R BO N C A PT U R E A N D S TO R AG E
8
9
11 The reason why some
CCS facilities have not
matured has nothing
CCS: 12 key facts to do with technology, cost or
capability. For example, the
Kemper CCS facility in Mississippi
made the decision to run the
plant with natural gas instead of
1
CCS is a climate
change technology.
It is probably the most
3
There is no evidence to
indicate that CCS causes
earthquakes. CO2 injection
like (or follow-up) facility.iii This
demonstrates the declining costs
of deployment. As a simple law
to retrofit aged coal plants keeps
jobs and economies alive as
the world transitions to a low-
9 CCS works effectively
and its wide adoption
and escalating
coal. This made the need for a
gasifier redundant. Since carbon
capture was linked to the gasifier,
versatile and vital climate does have the potential to cause of economics, costs will continue carbon future. Even critical and deployment supports that CCS is now not applicable. The
mitigation technology that micro-seismic activity in the to fall as more facilities come supercritical coal technologies fact. CCS still deserves greater Petra Nova CCS Plant in Texas
exists. Irrefutable evidence by same way as other customary onstream. What is expensive like HELE (high-efficiency low- awareness and increased and the Boundary Dam facility
the IPCC, IEA, plus numerous engineering activity, including is not doing anything at all. emission) technology, need CCS incentivisation through policy in Canada are testament to
other international specialist mining, dam construction and oil to mitigate CO2 emissions. There parity with other low-carbon the capability of CCS and its
bodies concur that international or gas development. This micro- is no such thing as clean coal emission technologies (the profitability in the power sector.
5
climate change targets cannot seismic activity is monitored, CCS is commercially without CCS. same sort of market instruments
be achieved without CCS. and is of such a low magnitude, successful as the 17 large- that renewables enjoy).
12
Note: IEA findings maintain that to it cannot be felt on the surface scale facilities operating The Global CCS
7
reach Paris climate targets of 2˚C, 14% of the Earth. The meticulous around the world attest. Similarly, CCS complements Institute is an
10
of cumulative emissions reductions by
characterisation of CO2 storage the four plants poised to come renewables by reducing CCS is needed independent,
2060 must derive from CCS.i
sites to identify and understand onstream and the raft of other emissions in industries because the amount member-owned climate change
below-ground stress and facilities in development that renewables cannot of fossil fuels we burn organisation that advocates
pressure conditions minimises (seven in China alone) further penetrate – notably, steel, continues to rise. Last year,
2
CCS has been working for wider CCS deployment
the risks of seismicity. It is also demonstrate its commercial cement, chemicals, fertilisers, fossil fuels reached a record 83.6 on behalf of its 55 members,
safely and effectively
worth noting that the injection viability and versatility. petrochemicals, paper and pulp. billion barrels of oil equivalent including governments,
for 45 years (since the
and geological storage of CO2, International climate change (Bboe) compared to 73.3 Bboe large and small companies,
Apollo 17 moon landing in
in conventional oil and gas fields bodies (IPCC, IEA) confirm that 10 years ago. There are no signs researchers, academics
1972). Operations undertaken
6
or deep saline formations, does CCS is not a “front” for CCS is the only mitigation of abatement. In 25 of the last and Environmental non-
over almost half a century
not require hydraulic fracturing. the coal or wider fossil technology able to decarbonise 26 years, we burned more fossil governmental organisations
demonstrates that CO2 can be
fuel industry. Rather, it is a large industrial sectors. CCS fuels than the year before. The (ENGOs).
safely stored deep below ground.
pragmatic technology with wide and renewables are partner only year recording a decrease
Oil, gas and naturally occurring
4
On a like-for-like total application that can bridge the technologies working towards in the last 25 years was 2009 As the leading world authority on
CO2 reservoirs have proven CCS, the Institute is an accredited
system cost basis, CCS is gap between our current fossil the same decarbonised objective. (caused by the global recession).
that fluids can be safely sealed member of reputable climate
cheaper than intermittent fuel dependence and a future CO2 emissions have increased
underground for millions of change organisations including
renewables and costs continue that is fossil free. every year since 1960 and in
years. CCS facilities target the
8
to decrease as more facilities There is abundant global the last two years, these hit the United Nations Framework
same geology. It is the only clean technology Convention on Climate Change
commercialise. In the power CO2 storage resources to all-time records.v
able to address emissions (UNFCCC) and the IPCC, while it
CCS technology is verifiably sector, CCS can provide the support widespread CCS
across major industrial sectors The renewables’ (solar and enjoys very close and supportive
well tested. Seventeen large- necessary backup and other deployment. Detailed surveys
(including steel, cement, wind’s) share of gross electricity relationships with the IEA, the
scale facilities are operating services to complement have been undertaken in many
chemicals, fertiliser, petro- generation is currently less than International Emissions Trading
successfully around the world intermittent renewables, and countries, including the United
chemicals, paper and pulp). 5%, rising to 17% by 2040.vi Association (IETA), the World
(with four more coming onstream costs continue to decrease as States (US), Canada, Australia,
Fossil fuels’ share of electricity Business Council for Sustainable
shortly). These 17 facilities are more facilities commercialise. Furthermore, CCS is the only Japan, China, Norway and the
generation will equate to 50% by Development (WBCSD), the
currently capable of capturing Since the Boundary Dam technology able to curtail United Kingdom (UK), where
2040. This confirms the urgency Climate Technology Centre and
more than 30 Mtpa of CO2 CCS facility in Canada began emissions from the more than potential storage sites are well
at which CCS must be applied to Network (CTCN) and the Carbon
per annum.ii operations in 2014, savings of 500 new coal plants (Units) defined and well documented.
power and wider industry. Sequestration Leadership Forum
as much as 30% have been currently being built around the Many other countries are
identified for construction of a world today (and an additional progressing storage studies. (CSLF), to name a few.
1,000 in planning).iv CCS’s ability
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS U N DE R S TA N DI N G C A R BO N C A PT U R E A N D S TO R AG E
10
11
Source: Global CCS Institute CUMULATIVE CO 2 INJECTION IN LEADING COUNTRIES
Note: “Others” include Algeria, Brazil,
China, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, CUMULATIVE CO 2 INJECTION
220 MILLION TONNES INUNDERGROUND
CO 2 INJECTED LEADING COUNTRIES
(APPROXIMATE VALUES)
Germany and France.
220 MILLION TONNES CO 2 INJECTED UNDERGROUND (APPROXIMATE VALUES)
Data refers to anthropogenic CO2. UNITED
STATES
UNITED
STATES
CANADA
Storage: safe, There is considerable and very
compelling evidence to support
CANADA
NORWAY
permanent
NORWAY EOR
the storage aspect of CCS:
EOR
DEDICATED
OTHERS
CO2 is a common gas trapped in STORAGE
DEDICATED
and abundant
geological systems for millennia OTHERS
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 STORAGE
160
and CO2 storage mimics natural
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
processes.
Vast amounts of naturally A variety of monitoring
occurring CO2 has been trapped
Many people assume that one of the biggest technologies have been
underground for millions of years. successfully deployed,
challenges impeding the acceleration of CCS facilities The same kind of rock that keeps demonstrating our ability to
is limited underground CO2 storage resources. naturally occurring CO2 (and measure, monitor and verify There is very high confidence
oil and gas) underground for injected CO2 in the subsurface. that global CO2 storage
The reality is, there is more underground storage resource than is
millennia will trap injected CO2 resources are sufficient to
actually needed to meet Paris climate targets. Monitoring of a CO2 storage
permanently. Naturally occurring support CCS deployment
In fact, a large proportion of the world’s key CO2 storage locations CO2 provides an understanding site occurs over its entire
consistent with global
have now been vigorously assessed and almost every high-emitting of storage processes. Knowledge lifecycle from pre-injection to
emissions reduction goals.
nation has demonstrated substantial underground storage resources. is also gained from naturally- operations to post-injection; it
As an example, there is between 2,000 and 20,000 billion tonnes of occurring CO2 formations that enables the progress of CO2 Assessments of storage
storage resources in North America alone. Countries including China, have been used as the primary injection to be measured and resources have been undertaken In short, we have the
Canada, Norway, Australia, US and the UK all boast significant storage source of CO2 for EOR in the provides assurance that storage in more than 60 countries “underground” – we have
availability, and other countries such as Japan, India, Brazil and South US for decades, providing up is developing as expected. and these assessments have the rocks, the experience
Africa have also proven their storage capability.vii to 45 Mtpa.ix Operational and research indicated that global CO2 storage and technology.
experience over several decades resources available to support
The IEA has indicated that over 100 billion tonnes of (cumulative) storage Over 200 million tonnes demonstrates that injected CO2 CCS deployment are potentially All we need is everyone
capacity is needed by 2060 if CCS is to contribute its targeted 14% of of anthropogenic CO2 has can be monitored to confirm its vast, and exceed what we need standing above-ground to
emissions reductions under the IEA’s 2˚C scenario (2DS). In the year been successfully injected containment. over coming decades. support the cause.
2040, for example, the annual amount of CO2 captured and stored underground.
Leakage of CO2 from geological Storage is proven across DR CHRIS CONSOLI
deep underground under the 2DS is approaching 4 billion tonnes.viii
Accumulated experience of CO2 storage presents a very low dedicated storage facilities Senior Consultant – Storage
This means that the issue, and current challenge, has nothing to do injection worldwide over several risk to human health and the around the world and Global CCS Institute
with storage resources, it is all about identifying storage sites and decades has proven there are no environment. across a range of geological
that comes down to issues taking place above-ground – policy, technical barriers preventing the environments.
funding and awareness. implementation of storage. Over Research indicates that the
40 sites have or are presently impacts of (unintended) CO2 There is extensive operational
This last point is very important to those who may not be familiar leakage on land or in marine experience to show that properly
safely and securely injecting
with storage and how it works. environments are unlikely assessed subsurface formations
man-made CO2 underground,
CO2 storage is safe, secure and highly effective. Storage sites can mainly for EOR or explicitly for to cause permanent harm to can easily accommodate CO2
be selected, characterised, operated and sealed-off, based on well- dedicated geological storage.x ecosystems and communities. and in a commercially viable
established practices and techniques gained from decades of relevant Additional experience is also If CO2 was discovered to be way. Commercial operations
industry experience in a variety of settings around the world. Over gained from industrial analogues migrating towards the surface, have injected and stored CO2
these years, many millions of tonnes of CO2 have been injected and such as waste water, acid-gas operational experience from across a range of environments
stored, with no tangible evidence of leakage. and natural-gas storage. large-scale projects, and pilot- from onshore through to deep
scale programs, have informed a offshore sites and in different
range of interventions to control, geological settings, depths and
minimise and prevent leakage. storage rock types.
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS U N DE R S TA N DI N G C A R BO N C A PT U R E A N D S TO R AG E
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13
Global storage resources
CCS: A critical
technology
for saving our
NOR
80
CAN
190
UK
70
environment
USA JPN
2300 CHN 140
EU 1500
70
MEX
100
100
75 BRA
2000 AUS
400
50 SAF
140
25
0
Source: Global CCS Institute
(November 2017)
Colour scale is based on the level of detail and technical
understanding of storage formations in an individual country,
which reflects the confidence in storage resource estimate
and storage prospectivity. The storage resource estimates
(in gigatonnes CO2) of key nations based on published
national storage resource assessments.
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS
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14
Father of If you embrace climate science,
embrace climate math.
the phrase
Global Warming
The Paris Agreement has defined global climate targets for 2050 of 2ºC
and “well below” 2°C (commonly stated as 1.5°C). By setting temperature
limits (and by extension, limits to atmospheric greenhouse gas The question
concentrations) in a fixed time, one can estimate the amount of climate
budget left in a global climate ledger. Many have done so, including
is, really, are
the UNEP’s annual Emission Gap Report. we smart
– P R O F E S S O R WA L L AC E S M I T H B R O E C K E R The arithmetic is formidable and daunting. At current rates of GHG enough to
emissions worldwide, we have 20 years before we exceed the 2°C limit
with 50% likelihood. To avoid a 1.5°C world with a 66% likelihood, we do what we
have six years. This is grim news. More grim still is that global GHG
emissions continue to rise, even as CO2 emissions appear to have
know needs
A viable backstop the size of the energy industry, Eventually the dependence on plateaued, due to rising methane, black carbon, and nitrous oxides. to be done.
creating huge employment and fossil fuels will come to an end
against a bad economic opportunities. and the world will be powered If the atmosphere were a business, the board would be worried
by renewables. But, as this and demand more action of the leadership. So it is now with the
CO2 trip It is of the utmost importance
energy utopia lies many decades deployment of clean energy technology. Although renewables have
that a research and development made impressive gains, and coal use appears to be flattening in many
Despite all the talk about in the future, by the time we
effort is launched to enhance CO2 countries, the climate faces great challenges and increasing urgency.
reducing fossil fuel CO2 arrive there we will be saddled
capture and storage. Currently, Specific sectors, including industry, land-use, and transportation lack
emissions, the amount produced with an atmosphere laden with
the people carrying out the solutions either actionable or affordable.
each year keeps rising. Little excess CO2.
research are involved with for-
of any consequence is being This is the context in which CCS remains a critical and required part of
profit companies and progress Garbage brought disease to our
done to meet the challenge. the global solutions set.
has been very slow. No-one streets. We learned to dispose
We continue to nibble when
has found the money necessary of it. Sewage poisoned our To make deep, rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, CCS
bold action is needed. Our
to move at the needed speed. waters. We learned to treat it. must be deployed swiftly and at scale. One key application is in heavy
military spends billions of dollars
Governments are only marginally CO2 threatens to change our industry, which produces 21% of global emissions. This is particularly
each year to maintain the
involved. Industry sees it as climate. Hence, we must learn true for cement, steel, biofuels, and petrochemicals production. Another
capability to deal with a global
either too far off or as a threat to how to capture and bury it. is on the new, high-efficiency coal plants built in Asia and Europe, which
war. The US National Institutes
its bottom line. Venture capitalists will have long lives and eat up the carbon budget quickly. Another is on
of Health spends untold tens of
don’t see any short-term profit in natural gas plants, which are becoming mainstays of the power sector. DR JULIO FRIEDMANN
millions of dollars preparing to
it. There should be a government- PROFESSOR WALLACE We know enough today to deploy CCS projects to capture and reduce Distinguished Associate –
ward off a pandemic. Yet, we only
funded entity run along the same SMITH BROECKER all these emissions. The question is, really, are we smart enough to do Energy Future Initiative
spend a pittance preparing to
lines as the Manhattan Project what we know needs to be done.
cope with a global climate crisis. Newberry Professor – CEO, Carbon Wrangler LLC
where a wide range of scientists
Department of Earth and
Looked at in a positive way, share in the effort and work to
Environmental Sciences
the capture and storage of CO2 set goals and timetables.
would create an industry 10–20% Columbia University
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I N G O U R E N V I R O N M E N T
16
17
In December 2015, at the COP 21 in Paris, 195 countries
adopted the Paris Agreement.
These testimonials are not
surprising given the inherent
strengths of CCS:
CCS deployment
The Agreement’s longer-term climate goals are defined as:
• It produces dispatchable
electricity that complements
intermittent power from solar
in IEA scenarios
• Limit average global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial and wind;
times, with the aspiration of limiting warming to 1.5°C. JUMP-STARTING OUR CLIMATE FUTURE
• It is the only technology
• In the second half of this century, achieve a balance between option available to
emissions sources and sinks (often referred to as net-zero emissions). significantly reduce emissions
CCS technologies can play a critical role in the
There simply cannot be a cost-effective mitigation response to climate from industrial processes;
sustainable transformation of the global energy
change without CCS. • It provides the major pathway system. They offer a solution to some of the most
So far, global climate models have been unable to achieve cost-effective to “negative emissions” when vexing energy and climate challenges we face,
outcomes consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement without combined with biomass-fired including the need to significantly reduce emissions
factoring in critical technologies such as CCS, bioenergy and their power plants. from industrial processes and from a large and
combination of BECCS. relatively young global fleet of coal and gas-fired
generation units. CCS also provides the means to
The IPCC maintains that without CCS, the cost of achieving long-term deliver “negative emissions” to offset emissions from
climate goals is nearly 140% more costly (much more than if other sectors where direct abatement is not economically
technologies are not available). However, the scale of the CCS challenge can vary
or technically feasible. The versatility and potential
considerably. Some CCS plants have been operating
The IEA has repeatedly confirmed the importance of CCS as part of a importance of CCS is reflected in the IEA’s “Energy
on a commercial basis in the US since the 1970s,
suite of low-carbon technologies in meeting global climate goals. In its Technology Perspectives 2017” analysis, which
with limited or no public subsidies. Revenue from
“Energy Technology Perspectives 2017” report, it states: highlights a growing role for CCS with greater
EOR has been a major factor, and more recently has
climate ambition.
“Carbon capture and storage is vital for reducing energy emissions underpinned CCS investment decisions in China and
across the energy system in both the Energy Technology Perspectives One question is whether CCS is really needed the Middle East. Other factors that have served to
2°C Scenario (2DS) and the Beyond 2°C Scenario (B2DS). The potential now, at a time when we’re seeing remarkable lower the barrier to investment include applications
for CCS to generate negative emissions when coupled with bioenergy is improvements in the cost and performance of key where relatively pure CO2 is already being captured
integral to energy use becoming carbon dioxide (CO2) emission-neutral renewable technologies like solar and wind? The or separated in industrial processes, where transport
in 2060.”xi answer is unequivocally, yes. The gap between infrastructure is accessible, where CO2 storage is
where global efforts are currently heading and a in close proximity, and where project revenues are
“So just to be clear, CCS 2°C pathway is immense. It requires around 760 sufficiently large to accommodate the additional
gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 emissions reductions across cost of CCS operations. There is a strong case
isn’t experimental – it’s a
the energy sector between now and 2060. This for governments and industry to work together to
CCS as a climate mitigation technology reworking of existing oil and
is equivalent to more than 20 years of energy identify and cultivate CCS investment opportunities
Global status of CCS 3,800 Mtpa of CO2 captured gas technologies. With CCS, emissions and – importantly – comes on top of
(November 2017) by 2040 (IEA 2DS)* where one or more of the above factors converge.
the carbon dioxide will remain the anticipated impact of current policy efforts and With strategic planning, these early opportunities
37 large-scale CCS
trapped deep below the earth’s contributions. Therefore, all technologies will be could also become the launching pad for future
facilities – combined
CO2 capture capacity of surface as oil and natural needed as part of a significantly strengthened and CO2 transport and storage networks.
approximately 65 Mtpa
gas has remained trapped for accelerated international effort to bridge this gap.
Renewed momentum and substantially increased
• 21 facilities in operation or millions of years and, yes, CCS
construction (~37 Mtpa) Today’s investment in CCS provides a critical investment in CCS is both critical and urgent if we
will be necessary to solve the foundation for achieving deep emissions reductions
• 5 facilities in advanced
are to achieve long-term energy and climate goals.
development (~11 Mtpa)
climate problem.” in the future. Early CCS projects have delivered Focusing on lower-cost opportunities for CCS offers
• 11 facilities in earlier
significant technology learnings with the potential to a pragmatic and effective approach to jump-starting
~37 Mtpa
stages of development DAVID HONE reduce future capital and operating costs by as much the next wave of investment.
(~17 Mtpa) Non-OECD capacity Chief Climate Change Advisor as 30%. Investment in CO2 storage exploration and
OECD capacity DAVE TURK
at Shell International in his appraisal is supporting greatly improved confidence
latest book Putting the Genie in the availability and integrity of storage solutions. Acting Director – Sustainability,
* Source: Data sourced from International Energy Agency (2017), Energy Technology
Perspectives 2017, OECD/IEA, Paris Back: Solving the Climate CCS is now at a stage where the major challenge is Technology and Outlooks
Note: 2040 IEA 2DS data includes ~600 Mtpa “negative emissions” from BECCS and Energy Dilemma no longer technological; it is commercial. International Energy Agency
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I N G O U R E N V I R O N M E N T
18
1920
Gt C
10
2DS
0
2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CCS in IEA Scenarios
CCS IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT CCS by sectors and regions in the 2DS
Nuclear 6%
Source: International Energy Efficiency 40% IN INDUSTRY AND POWER AND Cumulative CO2 captured by sectors and regions by 2060 in 2DS (approximate values)
Agency, “Energy Technology Fuel switching 5% 800
Renewables 35% ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN
Perspectives 2017”, Paris:
CCS 14% NON-OECD ECONOMIES 5%
OECD/IEA, 2017 700 6%
• Much of the focus around 600 14%
Gt CO 2 EMISSIONS
CCS has been around its
500
application to power – what
CCS in the 2DS CCS IS CRITICAL TO THE 2DS PATHWAY 35%
140 140
CCS in the B2DS is often not appreciated is its 400
GtCO 2* GtCO 2*
• Achieving a 2°C pathway is challenging and Gt CO2 cumulative
50 2DS to B2DS reductions in 2060 importance in decarbonising 300 POWER
involves
50 a radical reduction in CO2 emissions. industrial processes.
NON-OECD
73%
52%
Reference scenario – current ambition 200 INDUSTRY
OECD
40 • Current climate policies
Reference and –current
scenario pledges only slow
ambition
• Emissions in many OECD
40% 27%
48%
40 100
emissions growth and fall well short of the major
Gt CO 2 EMISSIONS
countries have either
30 redirection required. plateaued or are in decline; 0
30 CUMULATIVE EFFICIENCY RENEWABLES CCS NUCLEAR FUEL
31 Gt
Gt CO 2
going forward, the emphasis CO2 EMISSION SWITCHING
• CCS is a key technology to a 2°C pathway, REDUCTIONS
20 on emissions reduction falls 2015–2060
providing
20 14% of cumulative CO2 emissions
very much on non-OECD Source: Data sourced from International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Perspectives
reduction through 2060 when compared to 2017”, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017
10 “current ambitions”. To put this in perspective, economies, and especially
2DS 10 * Note: the 140 GtCO2 captured by CCS includes around 36 GtCO2 in “negative emissions”
in the year 2050, over 5,000 million tonnes on China.
from BECCS which act to compensate for emissions elsewhere in the energy system.
0 of CO2 (over 5 Gt) must be captured using
0
2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 CCS
2015 technologies
2020 –equivalent
2030 2040 to2050
present-day
2060 0 100 200 300 400
Source: International Energy Agency, Efficiency 40% annual CO2 emissions in the US.
“Energy Technology Perspectives 2017”, Renewables 35%
Source: International Energy Efficiency 34% Fuel switching 18%
Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017 CCS 14%
•Agency,
Many thousands
“Energy Technologyof CCS facilities
Nuclearmust
1% be CCS 32%
Perspectives 2017”, Paris:
Nuclear 6% deployed in the coming decades if
Renewables these
15%
CCS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT CCS deployment in non-OECD and OECD countries in the 2DS
OECD/IEA, 2017
Fuel switching 5% targets are to be achieved. IN NON-OECD ECONOMIES Cumulative CO2 captured by non-OECD and OECD countries by 2060 in 2DS (approximate values)
160
• China, the US and India CCS in the power and industry sectors in the 2DS
140
currently account for around 140
Cumulative CO2 captured by industry and power sectors by 2060 11
in 2DS (approximate values) 38
CCS IS MUCH MORE WIDELY DEPLOYED IN CCS in the B2DS half of global CO2 emissions. 120 10
Gt CO 2 CAPTURED
Gt CO2 cumulative 800
17
MOVING FROM 2DS TO B2DS 2DS to B2DS reductions in 2060
• Emissions from the US have 5%
50 100
700 40 102 6%
• CCS is key to achieving net zero emissions across Reference scenario stabilised at around 5 Gt per
80
600 14%
Gt CO 2 EMISSIONS
the energy system. – current ambition annum, while China’s have
40
almost doubled in the past 60
500 9
Gt CO 2 EMISSIONS
• CCS accounts for 32% of the additional emission 12 35%
decade at around 10 Gt. 40
400 140 140
reductions needed in moving from the 2DS to 30 41 GtCO 2* GtCO 2*
India is at 2 Gt.
the B2DS. 20
300 POWER
40% NON-OECD 52%
20 • It is unsurprising that the 0
73%
• In the B2DS, cumulative CO2 captured by 2060 200
CHINA INDIA ASEAN OTHERS NON- USINDUSTRY
bulk of emissions reduction OECD 48% EU OTHERS OECD TOTAL
is nearly 100 Gt higher than under the 2DS. 100
27%
OECD
10 effort rests with non-OECD NON-OECD OECD
• Much of this (additional) contribution is delivered countries, with China alone 0 Data sourced from International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Perspectives
Source:
CUMULATIVE
CO 2 EMISSION
REDUCTIONS
2015–2060
EFFICIENCY
RENEWABLES
CCS
NUCLEAR
FUEL
SWITCHING
through increased use of CCS in industry where 0 accounting for 30% of total 2017”, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017
CO2 is captured from smaller streams. 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 0 100 200 300 400 required reductions.
• The combination of BECCS is one of the few Source: International Energy Agency, Efficiency 34% • This dominance of coal-based
technologies that can remove historic CO2 “Energy Technology Perspectives CCS 32% emissions in China is reflected fired generation fleet is one of the youngest in the world, with two-
2017”, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017 Source: Data sourced from International Energy Agency,
emissions from the atmosphere (resulting in Fuel switching 18% in both electricity generation thirds
“Energy of the plants
Technology built2017”,
Perspectives since 2005.
Paris: Retrofitting
OECD/IEA, 2017carbon capture
Renewables 15%
“net-negative emissions”). This combination and many industrial processes facilities to existing plants is a major decarbonisation opportunity.xii
* Note: the 140 GtCO captured by CCS includes around 36 GtCO
Nuclear 1% 2 2
is integral to achieving carbon-neutrality. In and signals the high potential in “negative emissions” from BECCS which act to compensate for
• emissions
China’s emissions
elsewhere in thefrom cement
energy system. production at least
equal the total
the 2DS and B2DS, BECCS accounts for 40% for CCS in China.
emissions from the German economy (0.7–0.8 Gt per annum).xiii China
or more of captured CO2 in the year 2060.
• China presently has over accounts for around half of the world’s steel production – its annual
CCS deployment in non-OECD and OECD
• An unprecedented increase in near-term climate 900 gigawatts (GW) of CO2 emissions from this industry sector alone is estimated at between
countries in the xiv2DS
mitigation actions is required if limiting warming installed coal-fired power 1.0 and 1.5 Gt. Petroleum processing and related petrochemical
Cumulative CO captured by non-OECD and OECD countries by 2060
2
towards 1.5°C is to be more than aspirational. capacity, with around 150 GW activities (along with
in 2DS considerable
(approximate values) coal-to-chemical activities) are
under construction. The coal- also major CO2 emitters.
160
140
140
11 38
10
120
O 2 CAPTURED
C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I 17
20
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS NG OUR ENVIRONMENT
21
100
40 102 16
80CCS in industrial and power sectors in the 2DS
Cumulative CO2 captured by industry and power sectors by 2060
in 2DS (approximate values)
160
73 140
140 CCS on BECCS
CCS on gas-fired power plant
120
Gt CO 2 CAPTURED
100
CCS on coal-fired power plant
POWER:
• Simply encouraging renewables and fuel
CCS has considerable • Depending on the type of CO2 capture and
80
switching to unabated natural gas and/or the health benefits conversion technologies applied, in addition to
60 31 67 adoption of best available coal technology will other installed pollution control measures for
not deliver the necessary emissions reductions • Poor air quality is a major threat to human regulatory and/or operational requirements,
40
9 to meet climate goals. health. Globally, about 3 million premature deployment of CCS technologies can deliver
20 11 deaths are annually attributed to outdoor air significant reduction in conventional atmospheric
16 • Around 40% of the world’s electricity presently
0 pollution with predictions that this will rise to pollutants:
comes from coal, with the youngest coal “fleet” 6–9 million by 2060.
CEMENT
IRON & STEEL
CHEMICALS
OTHERS
INDUSTRY
POWER
TOTAL witnessed in decades. More than 500 gigawatts −− A 90% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions
(GW) of capacity has been added since 2010, • Children remain most vulnerable to bronchitis and can be achieved (through integrated flue gas
mainly in emerging economies.xv asthma, but the health risk extends to the wider desulfurisation);
population and increases in hospital admissions,
Source: Data sourced from International Energy Agency,
• These plants have the potential to operate for health expenditure and restricted work days. −− A reduction of over 70% in nitrogen oxides
“Energy Technology Perspectives 2017”, Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017
another 30 to 40 years and are unlikely to be emissions (from selective catalytic reduction);
retired in a timeframe adequate for meeting • The annual global welfare costs associated with
the premature deaths from outdoor air pollution −− 100% removal of fly ash from electricity
CCS IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT IN INDUSTRY long-term climate goals.
are staggering – US$3 trillion currently and generation (electrostatic precipitators and
AND POWER • Retro-fitting carbon capture facilities to existing fabric filters), which can be recycled for use
projected to rise to US$18–25 trillion by 2060.xvii
• Industrialisation will continue to drive major generating plants presents a considerable in the construction industry;
economies. Cities will multiply and expand opportunity to decarbonise the power sector
−− Heavy metals (mercury) and particulate matter
and infrastructure requirements will follow suit. in many regions. Otway Facility. Photography can also be effectively managed.
courtesy of CO2CRC.
• This will require massive amounts of industrial • There has been a “dash for gas” in many countries
goods such as steel, cement and petrochemicals, over recent years and gas now accounts for over
the production of which emits high levels of CO2. 20% of global electricity generation, with more
plants slated for construction.
• CCS is the only technology available to make
deep emissions cuts in these industries. • While a gas-fired power plant is considered
“cleaner” than a coal-fired plant, it is far from
• In the 2˚C pathway, near half of the cumulative
being low-carbon (a combined cycle plant has
emission reductions to 2060 come from industry
an emissions profile of around 370 grams of
(around 70 Gt).
CO2 per kilowatt hour (gCO2/KWh) vs around 700
• Many industry sectors (examples include fertiliser gCO2/ KWh for an ultra-supercritical coal plant).xvi
production and natural-gas processing) already
• Application of CCS technologies to these plants
separate out CO2 as part of their production
is therefore vital.
processes and provide lower-cost “beacons”
for supporting further development.
22
23
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I N G O U R E N V I R O N M E N TCCS and the new
energy economy
CCS is a key component in The opportunity to turn Victoria’s • CCS transforms high-emission
reconciling the so-called “energy brown coal into clean hydrogen industries to low-carbon
trilemma” – the challenges is just one example of the new factories of the future that can
associated with meeting opportunities CCS can create; prosper under increasingly
international climate change and to set the stage for a clean stringent carbon constraints.
commitments, keeping the lights energy hub that harnesses jobs This has stimulated several
on, and reducing electricity costs, and creates a new, decarbonised industrial hub and cluster
all at the same time. economy. initiatives, most notably in
Europe, aimed at maximising
Inclusion of CCS within a portfolio The clean energy revolution can
economies of scale. These
of low-carbon technologies is not also open new opportunities for
initiatives will retain skilled
just the most cost-effective route CCS elsewhere:
jobs, create new industries at
to global decarbonisation, it also
• Deployment of CCS can cluster-points and in Europe’s
delivers energy reliability and
generate economy-wide case, give life to a globally
lower costs.
employment growth in the significant CO2 storage
As the energy matrix continues provision of services (such industry in the North Sea;
to evolve, CCS also facilitates as project management,
• Early deployment of CCS, and
the creation of new energy engineering, finance, legal
especially retrofits to existing
economies, which are yet to and environment), the
facilities, avoids the early
reach their zenith. A good manufacture of components
retirement of highly productive
example is the work Kawasaki (such as boilers and
The Teesside Collective
Teesside Collective, United Kingdom.
assets. It provides significant
Heavy Industries is undertaking turbines), CO2 infrastructure Photography courtesy of Teesside
benefits to local communities Collective UK. Photographer:
with Iwatani, J-Power and Shell development (such as storage
that have grown up around Dave Charnley.
Japan to scope a hydrogen characterisation) and general Developing a full-scale industrial • Around 6,000 jobs moved
high-emitting industries and
energy supply chain in Australia’s construction activities; carbon capture cluster in the Tees to the low-carbon economy,
face significant dislocation
Latrobe Valley. Valley region in the UK shows including those associated in
and economic hardship from
premature closures. significant economic benefits:xviii the relevant supply chains;
• Creation of hundreds of long- • An annual increase of around
term jobs, directly and indirectly £85 million in gross value-
Inclusion of CCS within a portfolio of low-carbon technologies is associated with the operation
(including maintenance) of the
added flowing to the UK
economy over the first four
not just the most cost-effective route to global decarbonisation, CCS network; years of operation.
it also delivers energy reliability and lower costs.
25
24
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCS C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I N G O U R E N V I R O N M E N TA vision for an integrated low-carbon energy
system that allows both renewable and CCS
technologies to flourish
DISPATCHABLE
INTERMITTENT
INTERMITTENT
Dispatchable fossil-based generation with CCS
requires no additional grid integration costs or
risks making it affordable and reliable.
Fossil fuel power Wind power Solar power
with carbon capture
The most affordable and reliable An electricity system with a further be complemented by a
low-emissions electricity system high penetration of intermittent fleet of long-distance vehicles
Surplus power
requires everything – fossil- renewable generation requires operated on fuels from refineries
based dispatchable power back-up and augmentation using capture technologies on
with CCS, and intermittent
renewable energy sources
systems to ensure reliability
and resilience. Dispatchable
crude oil produced from CO2-
EOR systems.
H2
with energy storage. fossil-based generation with
CCS requires no additional grid
Such vehicles could also employ CO2
Safe, reliable and affordable hydrogen fuel cells with the
integration costs or risks making
electricity is reliant on a suite of hydrogen produced from fossil
it affordable and reliable. Decentralised
technologies to meet changing fuels with CCS.
power
supply and demand patterns. A power system comprising
These long-distance vehicles
Intermittent renewable energy renewables complemented
may be transporting chemical
with energy storage will be by a suite of decarbonised H2
or fertiliser products from plants Dedicated Battery
an important part of the future fossil energy plants will supply
that have captured carbon storage storage
global energy mix but renewable electricity day and night, at times
for permanent storage. These
energy alone cannot provide of low wind and poor sunlight, Green H2 for
vehicles will pass through major Low CO2 buildings
reliable electricity at acceptable and during peak needs. home heating
cities that have redesigned CO2 + other uses
cost and risk.
Electricity generated by this existing natural-gas grids to
system that is not dispatched use “green” hydrogen for home
can be stored in batteries for heating purposes backed by
CO2
other purposes such as powering significant CCS development.
H2 production
electric vehicles, which can with carbon
This integrated energy system
Enhanced capture
enables both renewable and hydrocarbon
CCS technologies to develop recovery Low-CO2 fleet
CCS and and flourish while also securing
the most cost-effective global
mitigation response.
CO2
renewables for Oil
electricity surety
Ethanol plant with Low-CO2 Long-distance Electric/H2 fuel
carbon capture biofuel freight + airplanes cell vehicles
26
C C S : A C R I T I C A L T E C H N O LO G Y F O R SAV I N G O U R E N V I R O N M E N T
27
TH E G LOBAL S TAT US OF CCSLARGE-SCALE CCS
FACILITIES BY REGION
Advanced Development
CCS large-scale facilities by industry and operations start date
Early Development
In Construction
BOUNDARY DAM PETRA NOVA
POWER
GENERATION
Operating
Since then, more than 200 million Four additional large-scale
CCS facilities
ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICAL tonnes of CO2 has been captured facilities are currently in
Total
PRODUCTION YANCHANG
and injected deep underground. construction, all planned to
IRON & STEEL
ABU DHABI be operational in 2018, and Americas
PRODUCTION
Early application of CCS
capable of capturing an
around the world
technologies in the 1970s and - United States - 2 - 9 11
additional 6 Mtpa of CO2.
SYNTHETIC GREAT
PLAINS
1980s involved processes in - Canada - - 2 3 5
NATURAL GAS
which CO2 was already routinely There are around 15 smaller- - Brazil - - - 1 1
FERTILISER
ENID ACTL AGRIUM
separated, such as in natural- scale CCS facilities in operation
PRODUCTION Asia Pacific
gas processing and fertiliser or under construction around the
ACTL STURGEON production. This was then world. The CO2 capture capacity - China 6 1 1 - 8
OIL REFINING
SHUTE
CENTURY
PLANT
augmented with the demand of these individual facilities - Australia 1 1 1 - 3
CREEK SANTOS
TERRELL BASIN UTHMANIYAH for CO2 for use in EOR. Today, ranges from around 50,000 - South Korea 2 - - - 2
NATURAL GAS
PROCESSING
GORGON
the portfolio of CCS facilities is to almost 400,000 tonnes per
Carbon capture and storage is proven and highly versatile.
SLEIPNER SNØHVIT LOST
Europe
CABIN
much more diverse, including annum. In total, these facilities
HYDROGEN - Norway - 1 - 2 3
applications in coal-fired power, can capture over 2 Mtpa of CO2.
It has been applied in a wide range of industries since 1972 when several natural-gas
PRODUCTION AIR
PRODUCTS
QUEST
steel manufacture, chemical and - UK 2 - - - 2
processing plants in the Val Verde area of Texas began employing carbon capture to All this carbon capture capacity
hydrogen production and BECCS. Middle East
adds up to the equivalent of over
supply CO1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2 for EOR operations. While CO2-EOR remains a key
8 million motor vehicles taken off - Saudi Arabia - - - 1 1
1 MTPA OF CO 2 (AREA OF CIRCLES business driver for CCS, wider
EOR DEDICATED STORAGE
PROPORTIONAL TO CAPACITY) the roads. - United Arab - - - 1 1
geological storage solutions
Source: Global CCS Institute Database (November 2017) Emirates
are now represented among
Total 11 5 4 17 37
operating projects.
CCS large-scale facilities in operation and construction by industry and operations start date Much has been achieved over
BOUNDARY DAM the last four decades:
POWER
GENERATION
PETRA NOVA CO2 capture history
• Capture technologies are now
CHEMICAL
ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL
widely employed at scale 50 250
YANCHANG
PRODUCTION globally, and costs are falling
IRON & STEEL
ABU DHABI rapidly as new facilities come
(MILLION TONNES, APPROXIMATE)
onstream and next generation 40 200
CO 2 CAPTURE CAPACITY (Mtpa)
PRODUCTION
CUMULATIVE CO 2 INJECTION
GREAT
PLAINS technologies are unleashed;
SYNTHETIC
NATURAL GAS
• More than 6,000 kilometres 30 150
ENID
FERTILISER
FERTILIZER COFFEYVILLE ACTL AGRIUM (km) of CO2 pipelines are
PRODUCTION operational with an excellent
20 100
ACTL STURGEON
safety record;
OIL REFINING
TERRELL
SANTOS BASIN • CO2 is injected securely into DEPLOYMENT
OF CCS
CONTINUES
NATURAL GAS
(VAL VERDE)
a variety of strata with no 10 TO PROGRESS 50
SHUTE SNØHVIT
CREEK
PROCESSING SLEIPNER
LOST
UTHMANIYAH evidence of leakage to the
GORGON
CABIN
HYDROGEN
CENTURY
PLANT atmosphere.
QUEST 0 0
PRODUCTION
AIR
There are 17 large-scale CCS 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
2016
2012
2018
2014
PRODUCTS
facilities in operation globally,
capturing more than 30 Mtpa
2020
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
2019
2015
2016
2018
2014
2017
Source: Global CCS Institute CO2 capture capacity (Mtpa) — large and smaller-
of CO2. (November 2017) scale facilities in operation and under construction
1 MTPA OF CO 2 (AREA OF CIRCLES
Cumulative CO2 injection (Mt, approximate)
EOR DEDICATED STORAGE
PROPORTIONAL TO CAPACITY)
Source: Global CCS Institute Database (November 2017)
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