The History of Germanic languages - inlingua PDP Workshop
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inlingua PDP
Workshop
The History of
Germanic
languages
by Renata Urban
Quiz
How many language families are there
today? more than 150
How many languages are there today?
between 6,500 and 7,000 examples
of languages
Is this number growing you don't know ☺
or declining? Declining ... rapidly
Is German a Germanic language? Yes
Is English a Germanic language? Yes
Quiz Do Spanish, German, English, Scottish, Greek, Russian, Polish, Hindi, Latvian, Armenian and Albanian have anything in common? Yes, they are all Indo-European languages So why are they so different? Because they belong to different language families (all originating from Proto-Indo- European)
Indo-European Languages
Centum Languages Satem Languages
Italic e.g. Latin, Spanish, Slavic e.g. Polish, Czech, Russian,
Italian, French,
Languages Portuguese, etc.
Languages Ukranian, Bulgarian, etc.
Hellenic Ancient Greek (extinct) Baltic Latvian, Lithuanian,
Languages and Modern Greek Languages Old Prussian (extinct)
Indo-Iranian e.g. Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi,
Germanic e.g. English, German, Urdu, Persian, Kurdish,
Languages Dutch, Swedish, etc. Languages Pashto, etc.
Celtic e.g. Welsh, Breton, Armenian
Languages Scottish Gaelic, etc.
Anatolian Hittite (extinct) Albanian
Languages
Tocharian Tocharian (extinct)
Languages
Germanic Languages
North East West
Germanic Germanic Germanic
Languages Languages Languages
Low
Gothic German
Danish (extinct)
Dutch, Flemish,
Afrikaans, Frisian,
Modern Low
German, English
Swedish
High
German
Norwegian
Old Modern High
Icelandic
Norse German, Yiddish
Faroese
Indo-European languages
English West Frisian German Danish Swedish
consonant shifts:
foot foet Fuß fod fot
p f k h
Latin Lithuanian Sanskrit d t sk sh
ped peda pada t th
Old English Modern German Modern English
dag Tag day
dohtor Tochter daughter
similarities fæder Vater father
& frēond Freund friend
differences habban haben (to) have
hús Haus house
þancung Dank(e)/ Dankung thank(s)/ thanking
þíof Dieb thief
word Wort word
Development of English
Indo-European languages
around 1000 BC
split into Italic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic,
Baltic, Indo-Iranian languages, etc.
Germanic languages split into North, East,
and West Germanic languages
West Germanic languages split into
High German & Low German languages
from
around Low German languages split into
1000 BC
until today Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, Frisian,
Modern Low German and English
Development of English
What is BRITAIN today
Celts/ Picts/ Welsh (Celtic, Pictish, Gaelic)
Celtic English (continuous form)
(no writing)
Romans (55 BC - 436 AD)
impact on culture and infrastructure
little impact on language: few loan
words such as: 'win' (wine), 'piper'
(pepper), 'candel' (candle), pund (pound),
'munt' (mountain), or 'cycene' (kitchen)Development of English
What is BRITAIN today
Old English (7th - 11th century)
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
Frisians
Vikings
Hybrid
languageDevelopment of English Old English (7th - 11th century) example: Beowulf Listen to Beowulf in Old English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CH-_GwoO4xI
Beowulf (Old English): Translation: Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum, Listen! We of the spear Danes in the days of yore, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, of those clan kings - heard of their glory hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon. how those nobles performed couragous deeds. Oft Scyld Scéfing sceaþena þreatum, Often Scvld, son of Scéf, from enemy hosts, monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, from many tribes seized the mead benches, egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð and terrorised the fearsome Heruli. After first he feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad, was found helpless, fate then repaid him: weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah, for he waxed under the clouds, in wealth he throve, oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra until to him each of the bordering tribes, ofer hronrade hyran scolde, beyond the whale-road, heard his mandate, gomban gyldan. þæt wæs god cyning! and give tribute: that was a good king! ðæm eafera wæs æfter cenned, To him an heir was born then, geong in geardum, þone god sende a son in his halls, whom God sent folce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeat to comfort the people; he had seen their dire þe hie ær drugon aldorlease distress that they suffered before, leaderless for lange hwile. Him þæs liffréä, a long while. The Lord endowed him, wuldres wealdend, woroldare forgeaf; the ruler of glory, granted honour on earth. Beowulf wæs breme, blæd wide sprang Beowulf was famed, his renown spread wide Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in Scyld's heir, in the Scandinavian lands. Swa sceal geong guma gode gewyrcean So ought a young man by deeds deserve, fromum feohgiftum on fæder bearme by fine gifts, while in his father's keeping, þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen that him in old age shall again stand by. wilgesiþas þonne wig cume willing companions when war comes leode gelæsten lofdædum sceal people serve him, by glorious deeds must in mægþa gehwære man geþeon amongst his people everywhere prosper.
Development of English
Old English (7th - 11th century)
complex language
vowel shift: "Umlaut" (back of the mouth
vowels) front of the mouth vowels
High frequency words developed that
are still similar in Modern German, e.g.
brother (Bruder), daughter (Tochter),
drink (trinken), earth (Erde), farm (Farm)
find (finden), fish (Fisch), friend (Freund),
house (Haus), laughter (Lachen), etc.Development of English
Old English (7th - 11th century)
King Alfred the Great (9th century)
treaty with invading Norsemen
("Danelaw")
Old Norse influence on Old English
e.g. awkward, bag, dirt, gate, mistake,
neck, sky, skirt, skull, ugly, wrong, etc.)
"parallelism": sick/ ill, dike/ ditch,
wrath/ anger, skin/ hide OR he/ his/ him
(cases) vs. to/ with/ from/ by (prepositions)Development of English
Old English (7th - 11th century)
Old English "Wessex" dialect became the
standard in 10th century poetry, e.g.
'Homily on St. Gregory the Great':
Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe
hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi
Angle genemnode wæron. þa cwæð he,
Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi
engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað
þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon.Development of English
Middle English (1066 - 13th century)
Norman Conquest 1066
Anglo-Norman French became the official
language for more than 300 years
Other languages used were:
• Latin (church, scholars)
• Old English regional dialects (peasants,
commoners) such as Southern, Kent,
Northern, or Midlands dialectsDevelopment of English Middle English (1066 - 13th century) Influence of Anglo-Norman French on English: • noun suffixes (-age, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ment, -ity, -tion) • noun prefixes (con-, de-, ex-, trans-, pre-) • new vocabulary: prince, count, duke, baron, court, judge, contract, armor, archer, guad, courage, mansion, banquet, biscuit, color, etc. • additional vocabulary: beef (cow), veal (calf), pork/ bacon (pig), mutton (sheep), etc.
Development of English Middle English (1066 - 13th century) Influence of Anglo-Norman French on English: • Myriad of synonyms in English, e.g. infant/ child, liberty/ freedom, commence/ start, annual/ yearly, aid/ help, odor/ smell, etc. • Imported 'chic' French words, e.g. royal, romance, courtesy, honor, tournament, music, passion, popular, history, library, client, etc. • 'hw' 'wh', e.g. 'hwaer' where, 'hwil' while, 'hwo' who, 'hwaenne' when, etc.
Development of English
Middle English (12th - 14th century)
Oxford/ Cambridge English - "lingua franca"
• dropped vowel sounds unstressed 'schwa'
/ə/ (like in 'taken' or 'pencil')
• dropped inflections and inflected case
endings word order (S-V-O) & only "the"
• Old English letters ð ('edh' or 'eth') and þ
('thorn') 'th'; letter 3 ('yogh') 'g' or 'gh'
• 'ye' new formal YOU (Old English 'thou'
was kept as an informal singular YOU)Development of English Middle English (12th - 14th century) Oxford/ Cambridge English - "lingua franca" • 'cw' 'qu' (e.g. 'cwic' 'quick', 'cwene' 'queen') • 'c' 'k', 'ck' or 'ch' (e.g. cyning/cyng king, boc bock book, cild child, cese cheese) • deletion of Old English 'h' at the beginning of words (e.g. 'hring' ring, 'hnecca' neck) • addition of 'h' to Romance loan words (e.g. honor, heir, honest, habit, herb, etc.) • trailing 'e' silent (e.g. 'nose', 'name')
Development of English Middle English (12th - 14th century) Oxford/ Cambridge English - "lingua franca" • differentiation of f & v, s & z, ng & n (while 'u' and 'v' were still considered interchangeable) • long OE 'a' vowel ME 'o' vowel (e.g. 'ham' home, 'stan' stone, 'ban' bone, etc.) • long vowel sounds double vowels (e.g. 'boc' 'booc', 'se' 'see') • short vowel sounds double consonant (e.g. 'siting' 'sitting') • plural 'en' 's' (e.g. 'housen' houses)
Development of English Middle English (late 14th century) example: Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Listen to the Prologue of the Canterbury Tales in Middle English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXqiwRRJTxA
Development of English Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Middle English): Prologue, lines 1-18: Middle English Translation Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote When April with its sweet-smelling showers The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, Has pierced the drought of March to the root, And bathed every veyne in swich licour And bathed every vein in such liquid Of which vertu engendred is the flour; By which power the flower is created; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth When the west wind also with its sweet breath, Inspired hath in every holt and heeth In every wood and field has breathed life into The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne The tender new leaves, and the young sun Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne, Has run half its course in Aries, And smale foweles maken melodye, And small fowls make melody, That slepen al the nyght with open ye Those that sleep all the night with open eyes (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages), (So Nature incites them in their hearts), Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, Then folk long to go on pilgrimages, And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes, And professional pilgrims to seek foreign shores, To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; To distant shrines, known in various lands; And specially from every shires ende And specially from every shire's end Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende, Of England to Canterbury they travel, The hooly blisful martir for to seke, To seek the holy blessed martyr, That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke. Who helped them when they were sick.
Development of English
Early Modern English (14th - 16th century)
• Great Vowel Shift
• coined by Otto Jespersen (1860 - 1943)
• 7 long monophones changed:
/iː/ /eː/ // /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /oː/ /uː/
• 2 diphthongs changed: /əɪ/ /əu/
• Changes did not happen at once,
not consistently, and not everywhereDevelopment of English Early Modern English (14th - 16th century) The Great Vowel Shift
Development of English Early Modern English (14th - 16th century) Consonant changes,e.g.: • (German) "lachen" /laxen/ laugh /lax/ laugh /læf/ • (German) "acht" /axt/ eight /æxt/ eight /iːxt/ eight /əɪxt/ eight /əɪt/ • Voiceless consonants climb, knee, island, scissors • Added letters 'perfet' (perfect), 'faute' (fault), 'aventure' (adventure) • Examples of "old" pronunciation patterns: derby, clerk, Berkeley, Berkshire, and irregularities today: bear/ swear/ wear vs. great/ break/ steak or food/ moon/ soon vs. book/ foot/ good, etc.
Development of English Early Modern English (14th - 16th century) • English Renaissance (16/17th cent.) Shakespeare • Imported words from Latin and Greek, e.g.: genius, species, radius, criterion, area, premium, or lexicon • "Inkhorn" words: still in use (e.g. impede, admit, external, exaggerate) did not survive (e.g. expede, demit, unhair, disacquaint, vastidity, inquisiturient) • Short-lived survival of old Germanic words, e.g. 'inwit' (conscience), 'gleeman' (musician), 'starlore' (astonomy), or 'speechcraft' (grammar)
Development of English Early Modern English (14th - 16th century) • Printing (Johann Gutenberg/ 1439) publishing houses London/ 'Oxbridge' universities • 'Standardized' writing (Chancery of Westminster), dictionaries and efforts to 'purify' English • Spelling variations: he/ hi, her/ her, had/ hadde, which/ whiche, fellow/ felowe/ fallowe, etc. • Independent letters: u/ v and i/ j • 'Golden Age' of literature (W. Shakespeare, J. Webster, J. Milton, A. Pope, Sir F. Bacon, etc.)
Development of English
Passage from Shakespeare's 'King Lear' (1623)
Sir, I loue you more than words can weild ye matter, Early
Deerer than eye-sight, space, and libertie,
Modern
Beyond what can be valewed, rich or rare,
No lesse then life, with grace, health, beauty, honor: English
As much as Childe ere lou'd, or Father found.
A loue that makes breath poore, and speech vnable,
Beyond all manner of so much I loue you.
Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter,
Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty,
Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare,
No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour,
As much as childe e'er loved, or father found. 'Trans-
A love that makes breath poor and speech unable, lation'
Beyond all manner of 'so much' I love you.
Shakespeare Globe London Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPlpphT7n9sDevelopment of English Early Modern English (14th - 16th century) International trade examples of loanwords • French: ballet, chocolate, salon, detail, cuisine, prestige, vogue • Italian: carnival, casino, grotto, studio, piano, opera, violin • Spanish: armada, cargo, plaza, salsa, banana, tango, vigilante • Portuguese: breeze, cobra, flamingo, marmalade, albino • German: kindergarten, fest, angst, delicatessen, dachshund • Dutch/Flemish: holster, skipper, dam, smuggle, yacht, reef • Norwegian: maelstrom, iceberg, ski, slalom, troll • Icelandic: mumps, saga, geyser // Finnish: sauna • Arabic: algebra, algorithm, almanac, saffron, coffee, mattress • Turkish: yoghurt, caviar, chess, kiosk, tulip, turban • Russian: sable, mammoth, vodka, kefir, commissar, tsar • Japanese: tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai • Malay: bamboo, amok, caddy, gong, ketchup, etc. • Chinese: tea, typhoon // Polynesian: taboo, tattoo
Development of English
Late Modern English (17th - 20th century)
Gradual transition due to industrialization,
colonization and globolization
"New tech" vocabulary, e.g. railroad,
steam engine, telephone, photograph,
bacteria, vaccine, electricity, economy
British English independent forms,
e.g.: American/ Canadian/ South African/
Australian/ New Zealand/ Caribbean/
Jamaican/ Black/ South Asian EnglishDevelopment of English
English today
375 million native speakers of English
1,500 million non-native speakers of
English 'Lingua Franca'
Regional differences
Confusing sounds/ spelling
myriad of synonyms and loanwords
Urban Dictionary/ new creations, e.g.
selfie, texting, edutainment, bromanceLunch Break Mittagspause (1 hr) (1 Std.)
Quiz
• What does this mean in English?
"Das ist mein Haus."
"This is my house."
• How about this?
"Sie trinkt einen Kaffee mit Zucker."
"She drinks a coffee with sugar."
• And finally: "Welcher der drei Sätze
war am einfachsten?"
"Which of the three sentences
was the easiest one?"Quiz
Can you guess these German words? ☺
Oktoberfest Bier Bratwurst Apfelstrudel
Mutter Hund
Vater Sommer
Wasser Lampe
Straße Butter Katze
Buch
Hundert Tochter
FreundGermanic Languages
North East West
Germanic Germanic Germanic
Languages Languages Languages
Low
Gothic German
Danish (extinct)
Dutch, Flemish,
Afrikaans, Frisian,
Modern Low
German, English
Swedish
High
German
Norwegian
Old Modern High
Icelandic
Norse German, Yiddish
FaroeseDevelopment of German Proto-Germanic (~ 2,000 BC - 500 BC) Germanic (500 BC - 750 AD) Althochdeutsch Old High German (750 - 1050 AD) Mittelhochdeutsch Middle High German (1050 - 1350 BC) Frühneuhochdeutsch Early New High German (1350 - 1650 AD) Neuhochdeutsch New High German (since 1650 AD) Modern German (~ 20th/ 21st century)
Development of German Proto Germanic Germanic (~ 2,000 BC - 500 BC) (500 BC - 750 AD) • "Great Germanic Sound Shift" separated Germanic & Proto-Indo-European languages • Rasmus Christian Rask / Josef Grimm "Grimm's Law"/ "Rask-Grimm Rule" (1820s) p f/v, t d, v w, k/c h/ch (/x/ sound) Sanskrit Greek Latin German English pitár patéras pater Vater father hunda kýon canis Hund hound (dog) trisrah treis tres drei three
Development of German Proto Germanic/ Germanic (~ 2,000 BC - 750 BC) • Spoken language/ no written records until the 1st century AD (only citations in Latin) • From the 1st century AD carved inscriptions in "Futhark" • 24-letter runic alphabet used in continental Europe "Elder Futhark" • 33-letter runic alphabet introduced in England (5th century) "Futhorc"
Development of German
Proto Germanic/ Germanic
(~ 2,000 BC - 750 BC)
24-letter "Elder Futhark"Development of German
33-letter "Futhorc"
16-letter "Younger Futhark" (Scandinavia)Development of German Germanic Old High German (500 BC - 750 AD) (750 AD - 1050 AD) Consonant Shift as described by Jacob Grimm (1785 - 1863) and Karl Verner (1846 - 1896) "Grimm's Law" & "Verner's Law"
Development of German "Grimm's Law" & "Verner's Law" (examples) • p/ pp pf/ ff apple Apfel; plough Pflug; swamp Sumpf; pan Pfanne; pound Pfund; hope hoffen • th d & t s/ z three drei; that das; thank Dank; thick dick; path Pfad; thorn Dorn; brother Bruder; better besser; water Wasser; what was; ten zehn; sit sitzen; bite beissen; foot Fuß • k ch [/x/ sound] make machen; speak sprechen; rake Rechen; break brechen; hake Hecht
Development of German Germanic (8th century) • Several other sound shifts (regional) • Regional dialects, e.g. "Sächsisch" (Saxon), "Bairisch" (Bavarian), "Fränkisch" (Franconian), "Ostfriesisch" (East Frisian) • Separation into "Oberdeutsch" (upper German), "Mitteldeutsch" (middle German) and "Niederdeutsch" (lower German) • At the same time, Gothic still existed
Development of German
Althochdeutsch (Old High German)
"Theodisk" (750 - 1050 AD)
• Documented written examples of
'streamlined' words selected from dialects
that had gone through all sound changes
• "Theodisk": Germanic root 'diot' (people/ folk)
adjective 'diotisc' (of the people)
'Theodisk' 'Diutisc' 'Diutsch' Deutsch
meaning "Volkssprache" ('folk speech'/ ver-
nacular language) Latin/ Greek/ Old FrenchDevelopment of German
Example of Old German/ Old Saxon text:
"Der Heiland" ("The Savior") written by a monk living
in the Fulda Monastery in the 9th/ 10th century:
Matheus endi Marcus, so uuarun thai man hetana.
Lucas endi Hohanes, sie uuarun liebe gode.
Modern German English
Matthäus und Markus, Matthrew and Mark,
so heißen die Männer. so the men are called.
Lukas und Johannes, Luke and John,
sie waren Gott lieb. they were loved by God.Development of German
Example of Old German pagan text:
"Die Merseburger Zaubersprüche"
("The pagan magic chants of Merseburg"): (Attempted, rather literal)
translation into English:
Translation (Modern German): Phol and Wodan
Phôl ende Wuodan Phol und Wodan betook themselves
fuorun zi holza. begaben sich in den Wald into the woods
dû wart demo balderes folon Da wurde dem Balders Fohlen There the Balders foal's
sîn fuoz birenkit. sein Fuß verrenkt foot was sprained
thû biguol en Sinthgunt, Da besprach ihn Sinthgunt, Then, Sinthgunt, Sunna's
Sunna era swister; Sunna ihre Schwester sister conjured him
thû biguol en Frîja, Da besprach ihn Frija, Then, Frija, Folla's sister
Folla era swister; Folla ihre Schwester; conjured him
thû biguol en Wuodan, Da besprach ihn Wodan, Then, Wodan conjured
sô hê wola conda: wie er es wohl verstand: him the way he
sôse bênrenki, So Knochenrenke, understood:
sôse bluotrenki, so Blutrenke, So appendages wring
sôse lidirenki: so Gliedrenke: and set yourselves right
bên zi bêna, Knochen zu Knochen, Bone to bone,
bluot zi bluoda, Blut zu Blut, blood to blood,
lid zi geliden, Glied zu Glied, extremity to extremity,
sôse gelîmida sîn. so sind sie geleimt. until they are gluedDevelopment of German "Althochdeutsch" (Old High German) (750 - 1050 AD) • Still a synthetic language (pagan text example) • "Karolinger Zeit" (the age of the 'Karolinger'), "Karl der Große" (Charlemagne, 742 - 814) King of the Franks/ Lombards/ Romans "imperium christianum" (Christian imperium)
Development of German "Althochdeutsch" (Old High German) (750 - 1050 AD) • "Volkssprache Theodisk" is used to spread the written word • Missing words were borrowed from Greek: e.g. kyrikón (Kirche; meaning 'church'), ángelos (Engel; meaning 'angel'), or epískopos (Bischoff; meaning 'bishop') Latin: scribere (schreiben; meaning 'write'), corpus (Körper; meaning 'body'), discus (Tisch; meaning 'table), or fenestra (Fenster; meaning 'window')
Development of German
"Mittelhochdeutsch" / "Dütsch"
(Middle High German) (1050 - 1350 AD)
• Development of the German Umlaut (ä, ö, ü)
'Mærtz' März; 'Bruieder' 'Brüder; 'scœn' schön
• Unstressed additional syllable vowels:
'salbôn' Salben; 'gibirgi' Gebirge; 'taga' Tage
• Secular influencers ("Stauferzeit")/ chivalric
poetry/ "Minnesänger" influx of French wordsDevelopment of German
Excerpt from the Middle High
German poem "Der arme
Heinrich" (the poor Heinrich) by
Hartmann von Aue (~ 1190s):
Middle German Modern German Modern English
Ein ritter Es war einmal ein Ritter, There was a knight who
sô gelêret was, der so gelehrt war, was educated enough
daz er an den dass er alles, was er in to read and understand
buochen las, Büchern geschrieben everything written in
swaz er dar an fand, lesen konnte. books.
geschriben vant,
der was Er hieß Hartmann, His name was
Hartmann genannt, Hartmann,
dienstman was er und war Lehnsmann and he was a
zouwe Aue. zu Aue. vassal/ leud in Aue.Development of German "Frühneuhochdeutsch" (Early New High German) (1350 - 1650 AD) • Renewed idenfication with local territories governed by "local" noble families • Return to regional traditions and dialects • No effort to achieve trans-regional standardization
Development of German "Frühneu- hochdeutsch" (Early New High German) (1350 - 1650 AD) German dialects
Development of German Early New High German Sound changes of the 14th & 15th century • Lengthening of short vowels in open syllables e.g. "lebben" "leben" • Shortening of long vowels in closed syllables e.g. "haßt" "hast" / "hôchgezît" "Hochzeit" • Diphthongization of long vowels, e.g. "liute" Leute / "mîn niuwes hûs" "mein neues Haus" • monophthongization of 'ei', 'uo', 'üe' 'iß', 'uß' e.g. "füeze" Füße / "brüeder" Brüder / "suochen" suchen
Development of German
Early New High German
Sound changes of the 14th & 15th century
• Those sound changes did not happen
everywhere (dialectal differences)
• Rise of preferred 'categories' of dialects:
Österreichisch/ Bairisch (Austro-Bavarian)
Schwäbisch (Swabonian)
Rheinisch (Rhine and Lorrainian Franconian)
Zürich Dütsch (Zurich Swiss German)
Ostmitteldeutsch (Eastern Middle German)
Nordmitteldeutsch (Northern Middle German)Development of German "Frühneuhochdeutsch" (Early New High German) (1350 - 1650 AD) • Ratsherr Ulmann Stromer von Nürnberg opened first paper mill (1389) • Johannes (Gensfleisch zur Laden zum) Gutenberg invented the first printing press (1439) "Druckersprachen" (printing languages) • Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) protestant reformation movement/ proclamations/ 'new' Bible trans-regional dialect "Ostmittel-deutsch" 'creator of Modern High German'
Development of German
"Frühneuhochdeutsch" (Early New
High German) (1350 - 1650 AD)
Martin Luther's 'new' German evolved:
(1/ Mos/ 1, 4)
1524: vnd Gott sahe das liecht fur gut an
1534: Vnd Gott saha, das das Liecht gut war
Today: Und Gott sah, daß das Licht gut war
(English: And God saw that the light was good)
(1/ Mos/ 40, 7)
1523: warumb sehet yhr heutte so ubel
1534: warumb seid jr heute so traurig
Today: Warum seht ihr heute so traurig aus
(English: Why do you look so sad today)Development of German "Frühneuhochdeutsch" (Early New High German) (1350 - 1650 AD) Late 16th/ early 17th century • Decline of regionally influencial noble families and knights • Rise of aldermen and political leaders of growing cities (cathedrals/ universities) • Renaissance of Humanities trans-regional "Deutsch" popular alternative to Latin/ Greek • Standardized form of German that had 6 tenses, 4 cases, auxilliary & modal verbs, complex inflection
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) • "Dreißigjähriger Krieg" (30-year war) • "Westfälischer Frieden" (1648 peace treaty) • Independence for territories - more than 300 so-called "Kleinstaaten" (mini countries) • Trans-territorial trade revived "Luther's German" (though despised) as a 'Lingua Franca' while regional dialects remained in use (preferred)
Development of German
"Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German)
(since 1650)
• 'Chique' French words Louis XIV ('sun king')
Appartment, Bouillon, Chance, Chauffeur, Courage,
Dessert, Parterre, Portemonnaie, Rendez-vous,
Souterrain, vis-à-vis, etc.
• Anti 'frenchification' movement
Wohnung, Brühe, Gelegenheit, Fahrer, Mut,
Nachspeise, Erdgeschoß, Geldbeutel,
Verabredung, Untergeschoß, gegenüber, etc.Development of German
"Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German)
(since 1650)
• Justus Georg Schottelius (1612 - 1676)
"Ausführliche Arbeit zur Teutschen
HaubtSprache"
• Further standardization efforts poets
and writers 'Age of Reason' German
'main language' (logical & reasonable)
foundation of today's GermanDevelopment of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) • Martin Opitz (1624) "Buch von der Deutschen Poeterey" guidelines for homogeneous language, metre, intonation and rhythm in German poetry • "Weimarer Klassik" (Weimar Classicism) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832), Friedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805) "Kulturelle Vorbildsprache"
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) Goethe wrote: Nicht ist alles Gold, was gleißt, Glück nicht alles, was so heißt; nicht alles Freude, was so scheint; damit hab ich gar manches gemeint. Meaning: Not everything that glissens is gold, neither is everything happiness that is like that called; not everything is as pleasant as it seems; by that I refer to many different things.
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) • Final harmonization of New High German • "Haus der Hohenzollern "Preußen" (Kingdom of Prussia) unification of all kingdoms of Germany in 1871 • "Deutsches Kaiserreich" 1871 - 1918 all German citizens had to learn "Hoch- deutsch" (High German) in addition to their regional dialect still the same today!
"Deutsches Kaiserreich" (1871 - 1918)
today's today's
Denmark Latvia &
Lithuania
today's
Poland
today's
Slovakia
today's
France
today's
Czech
RepublicDevelopment of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) • 1876: "Conferenz zur Herstellung größerer Einigung der deutschen Rechtschreibung" lead by Konrad Duden • Today: Duden = official Dictionary of German (2017: 27th edition) incl. several orthography reforms
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) Example: 'crazy' German compound nouns • "Straßenbahnhaltestelle" (tram station) • "Schifffahrtskapitänsmütze" (captain's hat) • "Feuerwehrausfahrtsparkverbotszone" (fire rescue exit no parking zone) 1891: Gustav Wurstmann published "Allerhand Sprachdummheiten. Kleine Grammatik des Zweifelhaften, des Falschen und des Häßlichen."
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) Historical events in the years to follow: • Rising tensions among European nations • 1914: assassination of Archduke Frank Ferdinand of Austria diplomatic crises European wars WWI • WWI ended in 1918 Weimar Republic (birth of a democratic nation)
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) Historical events in the years to follow: • Growing sentiment: equal opportunities expropriation & demise of noble families • Post-war reparation payments: 269 billion Marks (~ 32 billion US$ today) • World economic crisis (1930s) • These events gave rise to Adolf Hitler "Reichskanzler" (1933) Deutsches Reich
Development of German "Neuhochdeutsch" (New High German) (since 1650) Historical events in the years to follow: • "Hitler years" "Volksempfänger", "Volkswagen", "Arbeit macht frei", etc. • Chancellor Dictator use of German and rhetoric changed completely (from the hights of German literature and poetry to the lows of Nazi Germany) • WWII (1939 - 1945)
Development of German
"Modernes Hochdeutsch"
(Modern High German) (since 1950)
• No major changes to German grammar
• Several spelling reforms
• Socio-cultural and technological changes to
vocabulary (TV, radio, newspapers, movies)
• Mixture of dialects ("Ostkriegsflüchtlinge")
& rise of English (occupying allied forces)
• Influx of "Gastarbeiter" (Italy; Turkey)Development of German
"Modernes Hochdeutsch"
(Modern High German) (since 1950)
Examples of the influence of the computer
and internet age on German:
• Computer, Internet, Email, Log-in, Laptop,
Tablet, Software, Online-Banking, Chat,
Software, Browser, Scanner, etc.
• downloaden, einloggen, klicken, Maus,
Passwort, Enter Taste, Handy, etc.Development of German "Modernes Hochdeutsch" (Modern High German) (since 1950) Examples of the influence of "Gastarbeiter" (food) language on German: • Italian: Pizzeria, Gelatti, Cappuccino, Pesto, Parmigiano, Pesto, Tagliatelle, Gnocchi, Scampi, Calamari, Bruschetta, or Lambrusco. • Turkish: Döner, Börek, Baklava, Dolmades, Köfte, Şiş Kebap, Ekmek, or Ayran.
Development of German "Modernes Hochdeutsch" (Modern High German) (since 1950) Other "anglicisms" used in German today: • Meeting - Brainstorming - Marketing Plan - Update - Call Center • Voicemail - online Chat - Tour Guide - Broker - Sponsor - Event - Ticket - Jeans • Fast Food - Snack Bar - Cheeseburger - Ketchup - Cocktail - Happy Hour - Party
Development of German German today • Unified written language (Modern High German) coexists with a multitude of locally spoken dialects "bi-lingualism" ☺ • Modern Low German languages still exist in written and spoken form (Plattdeutsch, Friesisch, or Niederdeutsch) or only in spoken form (Bavarian, Franconian, etc.) • German is spoken by more than 100 million people (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, parts of Liechtenstein/ Luxembourg/ Belgium/ Italy/ Brazil)
Final thoughts, Q&As
So why are English & German related?
Why do English speakers around
the world sound so different?
? Why does German spoken in
Berlin, Leipzig, Frankfurt, Munich,
?? or Cologne sound so different?
Why does English have so
many French words?You can also read
