The Marshall Plan From Those Who Made It Succeed
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The Marshall Plan
From Those Who
Made It Succeed
Edited by
Dr. Constantine C. Menges
Foreword by
President Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
The George Washington University
S U B Gottingen
217 833 292
2005 A 8296
The Program on Transitions to Democracy
and
University Press of America, Inc.
Lanham • New York • OxfordContents
Foreword
President Stephen Joel Trachtenberg,
The George Washington University xi
Preface
Dr. Constantine C. Menges, Editor xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction
Paul R. Porter
The Triumph of the Democracies 3
The Executive Committee of the Marshall Plan Conference
The Marshall Plan and its Consequences 8
Hon. Benjamin Gilman, Chairman, International
Relations Committee, U.S. House of Representatives
Fifty Years After the Marshall Plan 10
Hon. Robert E. Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury
One of America's Finest Moments 13
Personal Retrospectives of Marshall Plan Participants
I. Background: Launching the Plan
Everett H. Bellows
Bringing New Productivity Ideas to Europe 21Theodore Geiger
The Path to the Marshall Plan and Beyond 24
Arthur Goldschmidt
The Marshall Plan—Answering Liberal and
Conservative Objections 34
Robert L. Hubbell
Participating in the Prologue and Epilogue
of the Marshall Plan 41
Ben T. Moore
A New Trade Policy for Europe 46
Paul R. Porter
From the Morgenthau Plan to the Marshall Plan and NATO 54
Harold Seidman
The Management Structure for the Marshall Plan 74
Melburne L. Spector
A Transcendent Experience 76
II. The View From Washington and Paris
Robert E. Asher
Ringside at the Marshall Plan 87
Vincent W. Brown
From Traveling Student to Marshall Plan Participant 93
William Coleman
Establishing Technical Assistance in Europe 100
John E. Forbes
Two Marshall Plan Techniques 103
Robert Hopkins
From Cameraman in the War to Radio
Producer in the Marshall Plan 105
Alfred Reifman
Three Simple Lessons 108
Hildeqard Blanken Shishkin
Men and Women of Good Will 112
Robert Soloman
The European Payments Union 114
Thomas W. Wilson, J r .
A Trap that Led to a Window of Opportunity 116
VIIII. Country Missions
John O. Bell
From Denmark to Pakistan 123
Thomas W. Crowley
The Marshall Plan in the United Kingdom 125
Manilo F. De Angelis
Greece and the New International Situation 130
Priscilla Grindle De Angelis
Living in Greece During the Marshall Plan 138
Gloria Gardner
Momentous Decisions 159
John W. Gunter
From London to Athens 163
Lloyd Jones
Rescuing Austria 165
Amb. C. William Kontos
Our Accomplishments in Greece 168
Amb. John W. McDonald
Managing Occupied Germany 172
Herman L. Myers
A Perspective From Scandinavia 111
Jacques J. Reinstein
Germany: Solving Problems 180
Julian S. Stein, Jr.
France: An Exhilarating Experience 187
James C. Warren Jr.
Those Who Made the Stabilization Program a Success 189
IV. The Marshall Plan and the People
Waldemar A. Nielsen
Information to Win Public Support and Sustain Morale 197
Albert M. Prosterman
The Caravan of Modern Merchandising and Other Inventions 203
Ralph L. Trisko
From Europe to Asia 206
John D. Walker
Encouraging Democratic labor Movements 211
viiHerbert E. Weiner
Observations on Labor and the Marshall Plan 213
V. The Legacy of the Marshall Plan
Ragnar Arnesen
The Marshall Plan and the New Europe 233
E. Ernest Goldstein
Rewards of the Marshall Plan 236
Herman Kleine
Successful Phaseouts 239
Henry S. Reuss
We Happy Few of the Marshall Plan 241
Fred Sanderson
Implications for the Future 245
David J. Steinberg
The Marshall Plan Process as a Prototype 249
Leonard B. Tennyson
Prelude To European Unity 253
H. Lawrence Wilsey
The Continuing Impact of the Marshall Plan 257
VI. Illustrative Lives of Public Service
Paul H. Nitze
At the Center of International Decisions 1941-1989 267
Theodore Tannenwald
Remembering Averell Harriman 269
Morris Weisz
Labor issues and the Marshal Plan 277
Maurice P. Arth (1921-1997)
From Norway to Yugoslavia by H. Lawrence Wilsey 296
vmConference: The Marshall Plan, Perspectives of the
Participants Fifty Years Later, June 2, 1997—
Excerpts from the proceedings
I. Genesis and Debate within the Truman Administration
Persuasion of Congress and the Public
Harold Seidman
The Administration of the Marshall Plan 301
II. Innovation and Implementation
Theodore Geiger
The Innovations of the Marshall Plan 303
Jacob Kaplan
Never Again Such a War 307
III. Political, Economic and Institutional Results
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Making a Difference 313
Lincoln Gordon
The Three Major Accomplishments of the Marshall Plan 314
Paul R. Porter
Completing What the Marshall Plan Began 319
Waldemar Nielson
Spreading the Word of the Marshall Plan 323
IV. The Legacy of the Marshall Plan
Hon. Peter McPherson
The Legacy of the Marshall Plan:
New Opportunities for Assistance 327
V. Statements From Ambassadors of Beneficiary Countries
Amb. Dermont Gallagher
Ireland 332
Amb. Nuznhet Kandemir
Turkey 335
ixAmb. Jurgen Chrobog Germany 337 Amb. Adriaan Jacobovits de Szeged The Netherlands 338 Amb. Loucas Tsilas Greece 340 Amb. Henrik Liljegren Sweden 341 Amb. Tom Vraalsen Norway 342 Amb. K. Erik Tygesen Denmark 344 VI. Conference Agenda 346 The Marshall Plan: Design, Accomplishments, and Relevance to the Present Dr. Curt Tarnoff, Congressional Research Service 349 Appendix The George Washington University 389 The Elliott School of International Affairs 389 The Program on Transitions to Democracy and its publications, 1990-1999 391 G l o s s a r y of Frequently Used Abbreviations 401
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