Trusted Traveler Programs - May 5, 2021 - Federation of American Scientists
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Trusted Traveler Programs
May 5, 2021
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R46783SUMMARY
R46783
Trusted Traveler Programs
May 5, 2021
Trusted traveler programs expedite the inspection of preapproved, low-risk travelers to
the United States. Trusted traveler programs help the Transportation Security Abigail F. Kolker
Administration (TSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) achieve their Analyst in Immigration
goals of facilitating the lawful flow of people and goods while preventing the entry of Policy
unauthorized individuals, criminals, terrorists, and contraband. Trusted traveler
programs operate at various combinations of air, land, and sea ports of entry. They all
screen individuals arriving at a U.S. port of entry, and some programs screen those
departing the United States, those traveling within the United States, or those embarking on U.S.-bound travel
(i.e., at international preclearance locations).
Individuals who apply for membership in trusted traveler programs provide personal data that is checked against
terrorist and criminal databases to determine if they present a low security risk. If approved, travelers may use
dedicated lanes and kiosks at selected ports of entry. This expedites the security screening process and allows the
applicable government agency—TSA or CBP—to expend fewer resources screening low-risk travelers, thereby
reserving resources for the screening of travelers for whom risk levels are unknown. In other words, these
programs are a tool for risk management.
This report discusses the five major U.S. trusted traveler programs: PreCheck, Global Entry, NEXUS (not an
acronym), Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI), and Free and Secure Trade
(FAST). PreCheck is an expedited security screening process at U.S. airports. Global Entry allows for expedited
clearance for preapproved, low-risk travelers when they enter the United States by air. NEXUS allows
prescreened travelers expedited processing when entering the United States or Canada by air, land, or sea.
SENTRI allows for expedited clearance for preapproved, low -risk travelers at certain land ports of entry along the
U.S.-Mexico border. FAST is a commercial truck clearance program that provides expedited processing for
known, low-risk shipments entering the United States from Canada and Mexico.
TSA PreCheck was authorized by the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (P.L. 107-71), and expanded by
the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-190) and the FAA Reauthorization of 2018 (P.L.
115-254). CBP’s trusted traveler programs, which include Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI, and FAST, are
authorized by various statutes, including Section 7208 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of
2004 (IRTPA; P.L. 108-458), as amended, 8 U.S.C. §1365b(k); Section 215 of the Immigration and Nationality
Act, as amended, 8 U.S.C. §1185; Section 402 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), as amended,
6 U.S.C. §202; Section 404 of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Reform Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-173), 8
U.S.C. §1753; and Section 433 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. §1433. FAST is also authorized
by Title VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (P.L. 103-182), 19 U.S.C. §1411-
1414.
This report provides an overview of each program, including TSA’s and CBP’s legal authority to establish and
operate these programs. It also outlines each program’s eligibility requirements and application process and
summarizes each program’s screening/admissions, membership, and application data for the past 10 fiscal years
(where available). The report concludes with a discussion of recent legislative activity.
Congressional Research ServiceTrusted Traveler Programs
Contents
TSA PreCheck................................................................................................................ 1
Legal Authority ......................................................................................................... 2
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process ........................................................... 2
Screening, Membership, and Enrollment Data................................................................ 3
Authority for CBP’s Trusted Traveler Programs ................................................................... 4
Global Entry................................................................................................................... 5
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process ........................................................... 6
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data............................................................. 7
NEXUS ......................................................................................................................... 8
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process ........................................................... 8
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data............................................................. 9
SENTRI ...................................................................................................................... 10
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process ......................................................... 11
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data........................................................... 12
FAST .......................................................................................................................... 13
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process ......................................................... 13
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data........................................................... 14
Selected Legislative Activity........................................................................................... 19
Tables
Table 1. TSA PreCheck Screening, Membership, and Enrollment ........................................... 4
Table 2. Global Entry Admissions, Membership, and Applications.......................................... 7
Table 3. NEXUS Admissions, Membership, and Applications .............................................. 10
Table 4. SENTRI Admissions, Membership, and Applications.............................................. 12
Table 5. FAST North Admissions, Membership, and Applications......................................... 14
Table 6. FAST South Admissions, Membership, and Applications......................................... 15
Table 7. Trusted Traveler Programs: At a Glance................................................................ 17
Table A-1. Global Entry Program: Enrollment of Partner Country Citizens, FY2013-
FY2020 .................................................................................................................... 20
Appendixes
Appendix. Global Entry Enrollment of Partner Country Citizens .......................................... 20
Contacts
Author Information ....................................................................................................... 21
Congressional Research ServiceTrusted Traveler Programs
rusted traveler programs allow for expedited processing of preapproved, low-risk travelers
T at certain ports of entry. Individuals who apply for membership in the programs provide
certain biographic, and in some cases biometric, data. These data are used to conduct
security threat assessments of individuals using terrorist and criminal databases . If determined
that they present a low security risk, approved travelers may use dedicated lanes and kiosks at
select ports of entry. This expedites the security screening process and allows the applicable
government agency—the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) or U.S. Customs and
Border Protection (CBP)—to expend fewer resources screening low-risk travelers and thereby
reserve resources for the screening of travelers for whom risk levels are unknown. The security
benefits of trusted traveler programs are designed to increase with scale because moving more
travelers into expedited lanes leaves fewer unknown travelers, thus mitigating the “needle in the
haystack” challenge of enforcement at ports of entry.
By distinguishing between known, low-risk travelers and lesser-known, potentially higher-risk
travelers, these programs aim to enhance national security without disrupting the flow of travel
and commerce. Border officials are dually responsible for facilitating the lawful flow of people
and goods while preventing unauthorized entries, criminals, terrorists, and contraband from
entering the United States. These policy goals are inherently in tension, as efforts to identify and
prevent bad actors may delay the flow of legitimate travelers and commerce, while efforts to
expedite the admissions queue may increase the risk that illicit travelers or goods are overlooked.
Congress and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may consider deciding how to
balance border security and facilitation of legitimate trade and travel. Trusted traveler programs
are part of a risk management approach to address that dilemma.
This report discusses the five major trusted traveler programs in the United States—TSA’s
PreCheck and four programs run by CBP: Global Entry, NEXUS (not an acronym), Secure
Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI), and Free and Secure Trade
(FAST). 1 It provides an overview of these five programs, including each one’s eligibility
requirements and application processes, as well as key program data points such as annual
screenings or admissions, membership, and applications. It also explains the legal and regulatory
authority for these programs. The report concludes with a discussion of recent legislative activity
related to trusted traveler programs.
TSA PreCheck
TSA PreCheck is an expedited security screening process at U.S. airports that began in October
2011 and became fully operational in 2012. PreCheck was initially available to frequent fliers of
select airlines, 2 but starting in December 2013 most individuals were able to apply for the
1
Other trusted traveler programs, such as the U.S.-Asia Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business T ravel Card
Program, are outside the scope of this report. In addition, this report does not address registered traveler programs,
which, “like trusted traveler programs, allow individuals to provide their information to U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) voluntarily prior to travel in order to qualify for dedicated processing. Unlike trusted travelers,
registered travelers are not subject to vetting, but rather maintain information on file with CBP to better facilitate their
arrival at ports of entry” (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records,” 85
Federal Register 14214, March 11, 2020, p. 14215, at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-03-11/pdf/2020-
04980.pdf). Finally, the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) is not a trusted traveler program and is thus outside the scope of
this report. For more information on the VWP, see CRS Report RL32221, Visa Waiver Program ; and CRS Report
R46300, Adding Countries to the Visa Waiver Program: Effects on National Security and Tourism .
2T ransportation Security Administration (T SA), “ TSA Pre✓™ Pilot Starts T oday at Select Airports to Further Enhance
Security,” press release, at https://www.tsa.gov/news/press/releases/2011/10/04/tsa-pretm-pilot-starts-today-select-
Congressional Research Service 1Trusted Traveler Programs PreCheck program. PreCheck screens passengers upon departure, for both domestic and international flights. PreCheck passengers are processed through specially designated screening lanes where they can keep laptops and liquids inside their carry-on bags and they do not need to remove shoes, belts, or light jackets. 3 PreCheck is available at more than 200 airports in the United States when traveling on one of the 73 participating airlines. 4 Legal Authority In 2001, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (P.L. 107-71) authorized TSA to “establish requirements to implement trusted passenger programs and use available technologies to expedite the security screening of passengers who participate in such programs, thereby allowing security screening personnel to focus on those passengers who should be subject to more extensive screening.” PreCheck is a cornerstone of TSA’s risk-based initiatives created under this authority. Provisions in the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-190) included language to expand the PreCheck program by involving private-sector entities in marketing and enrollment. The act mandates that PreCheck screening lanes be open and available during peak times and high-volume travel periods. In the FAA Reauthorization of 2018 (P.L. 115-254), Congress directed TSA to work with at least two private-sector entities to expand PreCheck enrollment options and set an enrollment target of 15 million by the end of FY2021. 5 The act required TSA to ensure that PreCheck expedited screening lanes are open and available to program participants during peak and high-volume travel times and take steps to provide expedited screening at standard screening lanes when PreCheck lanes are not available. It also instructed TSA to ensure that only trusted traveler program members and members of the U.S. Armed Forces are permitted to use PreCheck screening lanes. 6 Eligibility Requirements and Application Process TSA accepts PreCheck applications from U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals, 7 and U.S. lawful permanent residents (LPRs). There are no age restrictions. Eligible travelers may apply online and at a TSA enrollment center to join PreCheck. There is a fee of $85 for each application, including renewal applications. While applicants can apply online by providing certain biographic data, they also need to schedule an appointment with TSA to complete the enrollment process, which includes submitting biometric data (i.e., fingerprints and identity verification documentation containing a airports-further-enhance. 3 Liquids must comply with T SA’s liquid rule, which states each item must be 3.4 ounces (100 milliliters) or less. For more information, see T SA, Liquid Rule, at https://www.tsa.gov/travel/security-screening/liquids-rule. 4 For a full list of airlines participating in PreCheck, see T SA, “ T SA PreCheck® Participating Airlines,” at https://www.tsa.gov/precheck/participating-airlines. For an interactive map of participating airports and airlines see T SA, “ T SA PreCheck® Airports and Airlines,” at https://www.tsa.gov/precheck/map. 5 T he most recent publicly available data suggest that T SA was having difficulty meeting this target even before the COVID-19 pandemic reduced air travel. 6 For more information, see CRS Report R46678, Transportation Security: Background and Issues for the 117th Congress. 7 A U.S. national is a person who “owes permanent allegiance to the United States” and includes U.S. citizens (8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)). Noncitizen U.S. nationals are individuals born in an outlying possession of the United States (i.e., American Samoa or Swains Island) to parents who are not citizens of the United States. Congressional Research Service 2
Trusted Traveler Programs photograph, such as a passport or driver’s license). TSA uses the submitted information to conduct security threat assessments of individuals using law enforcement, immigration, and intelligence databases, including a fingerprint-based criminal history records check through the FBI. Once vetted and approved, a traveler receives a notification letter from TSA with an assigned PreCheck Known Traveler Number that they are to use when booking and checking in for commercial airline flights to be eligible for expedited screening. PreCheck participation is generally valid for five years, 8 and travelers can apply to renew their membership six months before expiration. Certain individuals can utilize PreCheck expedited screening lanes even if they are not enrolled in the PreCheck program. For example, if a child under the age of 12 is not enrolled in the program, they may participate in the program’s expedited screening if they are traveling with a parent or guardian who is enrolled in PreCheck. In addition, PreCheck expedited screening lanes can by utilized by certain members of select CBP trusted traveler programs (including Global Entry, SENTRI, and NEXUS). Individuals are ineligible for PreCheck if, within specified time periods (generally seven years since court determination or five years since release from prison), they have been convicted of, found not guilty by reason of insanity of, or are under want, warrant, or indictment for certain crimes. 9 Further, TSA may reject an applicant with extensive foreign or domestic criminal convictions, even if the crimes are not specifically disqualifying, and may reject an applicant based on information in government terrorist watchlists, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) databases, and other international law enforcement and counterterrorism databases. Screening, Membership, and Enrollment Data Table 1 displays screening, membership, and enrollment data from FY2014 through FY2020. PreCheck screened 1.4 billion air travelers during this period. 10 Membership in the PreCheck program rose each year. New (initial) enrollments in the program rose from FY2014 through FY2016, dropped in FY2017, and rose again in FY2018 and FY2019. Enrollments dropped again in FY2020, possibly due to the impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 11 The application approval rate from FY2014 through FY2020 held constant at 99%. From FY2013 through FY2020, approximately 8,000 individuals in total were denied membership in PreCheck. 12 8 Applicants who wish to appeal a PreCheck denial must notify T SA within 30 days to indicate their intent to appeal and to correct information believed to be inaccurate. T o obtain corrections, the applicant must provide certified copies of records supporting the claim that the initial determination was inappropriate. 9 T SA, “ Disqualifying Offenses and Other Factors,” at https://www.tsa.gov/disqualifying-offenses-factors. 10 T SA’s earliest available data are for FY2014. T his is because, according to CRS correspondence with T SA in October 2020, “ T SA’s Performance Management Information System (PMIS) development and enhancement occurred during fiscal year (FY) 2014. T herefore, prior to FY2014 the ability to designate expedited screening (types), throughput totals, and the number of PreCheck members and applications is unavailable” (CRS correspondence with T SA in October 2020). 11 T he COVID-19 pandemic sharply reduced international travel in 2020 because of reduced desire and ability to travel (e.g., because of border closures). Moreover, due to the pandemic, some T SA enrollment centers closed or modified their hours of operation (T SA, “COVID-19 Impact: Enrollment Questions,” at https://www.tsa.gov/sites/default/files/ esvp_covid-19-faqs-03202020.pdf). 12 CRS correspondence with T SA in October 2020. Congressional Research Service 3
Trusted Traveler Programs
Table 1. TSA PreCheck Screening, Membership, and Enrollment
FY2014-FY2020
Application
Travelers New Approval
Fiscal Year Screened Members a Enrollments b Renewals Rate
FY2014 133,697,275 533,206 592,086 — 99%
FY2015 268,763,205 1,589,867 1,014,824 — 99%
FY2016 280,269,184 3,739,548 2,188,290 — 99%
FY2017 256,439,655 5,460,820 1,660,277 — 99%
FY2018 195,844,278 7,211,269 1,753,441 873 c 99%
FY2019 205,212,523 9,159,904 2,139,216 591,080 99%
FY2020 83,191,578 10,069,514 1,164,750 699,982 99%
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) correspondence with the Transportation Safety Administration
(TSA) in October 2020.
a. According to TSA, “data includes [sic] the total count of active cumulative TSA PreCheck members by fiscal
year. This includes new members and does not count previous members that have expired.”
b. According to TSA, “the number of active members will not match with enrollments numbers due to denials,
expirations, and application processing time that can lag behind enrollments.”
c. Renewals began in late 2018.
Authority for CBP’s Trusted Traveler Programs
CBP’s trusted traveler programs—Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI, and FAST—are authorized
by various statutes, including
Section 7208 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
(IRTPA; P.L. 108-458), as amended, 8 U.S.C. §1365b(k);
Section 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended, 8 U.S.C.
§1185;
Section 402 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), as amended, 6
U.S.C. §202;
Section 404 of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Reform Act of 2002 (P.L.
107-173), 8 U.S.C. §1753; and
Section 433 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. §1433. 13
FAST, which is a program for commercial truck drivers, is also authorized by the National
Customs Automation Program, established in Subtitle B of the Customs Modernization Act (Title
VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (P.L. 103-182), 19 U.S.C.
§§1411-1414). 14
13
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), “Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records,” 85 Federal Register
14214, March 11, 2020, at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-03-11/pdf/2020-04980.pdf.
14U.S. Department of the T reasury, “Modification, Expansion, and Re-Designation of National Customs Automation
Program T est of the Account -Based Declaration Prototype To Free and Secure T rade,” 67 Federal Register 77128,
December 16, 2002, at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2002-12-16/pdf/02-31578.pdf.
Congressional Research Service 4Trusted Traveler Programs The regulations that permit and define these programs include 8 C.F.R. §§103.2, 103.7, 103.16, 235.1, 235.2, 235.7,15 and 235.12. Testing of the FAST program is authorized in 19 C.F.R. §101.9(b). 16 Global Entry Global Entry (GE) allows for expedited clearance for preapproved, low -risk travelers when they arrive in the United States by air. GE began as a pilot program in 2008 with kiosks in three airports. The program became permanent in 2012 and continued to expand. Currently, there are GE kiosks in 61 U.S. airports and 15 foreign airports (preclearance locations).17 In general, GE members are eligible for expedited processing at participating ports of entry. Instead of the normal primary inspections, 18 GE members present their machine-readable travel documents (via a card-swipe system), fingerprints (via a scanner), and customs declarations (via a touchscreen) at an automated GE kiosk. In most cases, the kiosk issues a receipt, and travelers may claim their bags and exit into the airport without further inspection. GE members may still be selected for secondary inspection on the basis of derogatory information during the screening process or at random.19 Certain members 20 receive GE cards with radio frequency identification (RFID) chips.21 These cards are compliant with the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), 22 and they enable reciprocal privileges to use Ready Lanes, 23 NEXUS, and SENTRI travel lanes when entering the United States at land borders. 24 In order to utilize SENTRI lanes, GE members must register their vehicle. GE members are also allowed to utilize PreCheck expedited screening lanes. 15 SENT RI is a PORT PASS Program, which is described in 8 C.F.R. §235.7. 16FAST was formerly known as NCAP/P (i.e., the National Customs Automation Program [NCAP] test of an Account- Based Declaration Prototype [NCAP/P]). 17 CRS correspondence with CBP in December 2020. 18During primary inspection, CBP officers conduct a brief interview with travelers, examine travel documents, and check travelers against the Interagency Border Inspection System (IBIS), a database of alleged and convicted criminals. 19 As compared to primary inspection, individuals in secondary inspection may be subject to a more extensive interview and/or a physical search, as well as being subject to vetting against additional databases. 20 Global Entry (GE) cards with radio frequency identification (RFID) are only issued to GE members who are U.S. citizens, U.S. LPRs, or Mexican nationals. (See the “ Eligibility Requirements and Application Process” section below for the complete list of nationalities eligible for Global Entry.) GE cards cannot be used at GE kiosks; only passports or lawful permanent resident cards are accepted at GE kiosks. NEXUS cards are accepted at GE kiosks located in Canadian Preclearance Airports. 21RFID is a contactless integrated circuit technology that permits scanners to read data tags quickly and remotely; EZ- Pass highway toll transponders are a familiar example. 22 T he Western Hemisphere T ravel Initiative (WHT I) is a joint U.S. Department of State and DHS initiative to implement the mandates and recommendations of the Intelligence Reform and T errorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRT PA; P.L. 108-458). For more information, see CBP, “ Western Hemisphere T ravel Initiative,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/western-hemisphere-travel-initiative. 23 Ready Lanes are dedicated processing lanes at land ports of entry for vehicular and pedestrian travelers with Ready Lane-eligible travel cards. For more information, see CBP, “ Ready Lanes,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/clearing-cbp/ ready-lanes. 24 T he GE card is not valid for entry into Canada via the NEXUS lanes. Congressional Research Service 5
Trusted Traveler Programs
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process
GE is open to U.S. citizens and LPRs, as well as citizens of Argentina, Colombia, Germany,
India, the Netherlands, Panama, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United
Kingdom, and nationals 25 of Mexico. 26 Additionally, CBP has pilot agreements with Brazil, Israel,
Japan, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. 27 Canadian citizens and residents may also receive GE benefits
by joining NEXUS. Applicants under age 18 must have a parent’s or legal guardian’s consent. 28
Eligible individuals can apply online through the Global Online Enrollment System and pay a
$100 fee per application for a membership that is valid for five years. Applicants are required to
participate in an in-person interview at a GE enrollment center. At the interview, applicants must
present a valid passport and another form of identification; LPRs must present their LPR card.
Applicants must also provide biometric data (e.g., fingerprints and photographs). Members can
apply for renewal one year before their membership expires. 29
Applicants are checked against a variety of national security and criminal databases during the
initial application and upon each return or visit to the United States.
To receive a membership in GE, applicants must not
provide false or incomplete application information;
have any previous criminal convictions, pending criminal charges, or outstanding
warrants in any country (this includes driving under the influence);
have any previous customs, immigration, or agriculture violations in any country;
be the subject of an ongoing investigation by any federal, state, or local law
enforcement agency in any country;
be inadmissible to the United States; 30
have any known or suspected terrorist connections; or
be unable to satisfy CBP that they are low risk. 31
25According to Mexican law, individuals can obtain Mexican nation ality by birth or naturalization (Capítulo II, Article
30). T hey become Mexican citizens when they reach the age of 18 (Capítulo IV, Article 34), as citizenship is linked to
the exercise of political rights such as voting (Capítulo IV, Article 35). For more information, see Constitución Política
de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, at http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf_mov/Constitucion_Politica.pdf.
26
According to CBP, “t here may be additional requirements [applicants] must meet depending on [the applicants’]
country of citizenship.” For more information, see CBP, “ Eligibility for Global Entry,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/
trusted-traveler-programs/global-entry/eligibility.
27 Pilot agreements are negotiated with each partner country, and are “intended to allow the partner country time to
develop their infrastructure and evaluate the long-term benefit of enacting a ‘full’ arrangement.” Unlike full
arrangements, in which all partner country citizens can apply for GE membership, pilot agreements allow limited,
specified groups of individuals to apply for the program (CRS correspondence with CBP in December 2020).
28 Eligibility requirements for Global Entry are defined in 8 C.F.R. §235.12.
29
CBP, “ Global Entry Frequently Asked Questions,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/global-
entry/frequently-asked-questions.
30
Applicants with approved waivers of inadmissibility or parole documentation are also ineligible. For more
information on waivers of inadmissibility, see U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), “ I-601, Application
for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility,” at https://www.uscis.gov/i-601. For more information in immigration
parole, see CRS Report R46570, Immigration Parole and USCIS, “ Humanitarian or Significant Public Benefit Parole
for Individuals Outside the United States,” at https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/humanitarian-or-significant-public-
benefit-parole-for-individuals-outside-the-united-states.
31 8 CFR §235.12(b)(2).
Congressional Research Service 6Trusted Traveler Programs
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data
Table 2 presents data for the GE program from FY2011 through FY2020. GE admissions
increased steadily from FY2011 through FY2019 before a sharp decrease in FY2020, coinciding
with decreased international travel as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Membership in the program increased steadily each year from FY2011 through FY2019;
membership continued to increase in FY2020, but at a slightly slower rate. This may have been
partially due to CBP closing trusted traveler program enrollment centers on March 19, 2020, in
order to “minimize the risk of exposing travelers and CBP personnel to the novel coronavirus.”32
On September 8, 2020, CBP resumed in-person interviews of conditionally approved GE
applicants at most enrollment centers.
The total number of applications for GE increased every year from FY2011 through FY2019, but
decreased for the first time in a decade in FY2020. Renewals as a percentage of total applications
have grown exponentially since FY2012. In FY2020, renewals as a percentage of total
applications were at a 10-year high (41%).
The data in Table 2 represent all GE members. For information that parses out partner country
citizens’ enrollment in the program, see Table A-1 in the Appendix.
Table 2. Global Entry Admissions, Membership, and Applications
FY2011-FY2020
Percentage of
Total
Applications Total
Total That Were Application
Fiscal Year Admissions Members Applications a Renewals Approval Rate
FY2011 888,064 200,385 160,720 — 96%
FY2012 2,221,650 431,004 300,573 0.1% 95%
FY2013 3,334,657 935,510 599,553 0.3% 97%
FY2014 4,742,228 1,692,901 815,111 1.5% 97%
FY2015 6,151,435 2,431,016 852,180 4.2% 98%
FY2016 7,525,187 3,467,342 1,468,895 6.2% 98%
FY2017 9,276,766 4,658,906 1,481,671 12.3% 98%
FY2018 10,775,318 5,783,545 1,679,933 15.8% 98%
FY2019 11,747,143 6,743,827 2,246,208 31.3% 98%
FY2020 5,902,606 7,116,030 1,316,846 41.1% 98%
Source: CRS correspondence with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in October 2020.
a. Total applications includes initial applications and renewals.
32
CBP, “ CBP to Reopen T rusted T raveler Programs Enrollment Centers September 8 ,” press release, September 4,
2020, at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-reopen-trusted-traveler-programs-enrollment-
centers-september-8. Enrollment on Arrival remained operational during this period. Enrollment on Arrival allows
“ conditionally approved Global Entry applicants to complete the enrollment process without pre-scheduling an
interview.” For more information, see CBP, “ Enrollment on Arrival,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-
programs/global-entry/enrollment-arrival.
Congressional Research Service 7Trusted Traveler Programs NEXUS NEXUS (not an acronym), is a trusted travel program jointly managed by the United States and Canada. It began in 2002 and allows prescreened travelers expedited processing when entering the United States and Canada. 33 NEXUS members can use dedicated NEXUS lanes at 21 land ports of entry on the U.S.-Canada border, 34 and at NEXUS kiosks when entering Canada by air or marine reporting locations. 35 To use NEXUS travel lanes, members receive an identification card that has an RFID chip36 and is WHTI-compliant. 37 NEXUS members receive reciprocal privileges enabling them to utilize PreCheck expedited screening lanes and Global Entry kiosks when entering the United States via Canadian preclearance airports. They are also allowed to use SENTRI lanes and Ready Lanes. 38 Eligibility Requirements and Application Process U.S. citizens and LPRs, Canadian citizens and lawful permanent residents, and Mexican nationals 39 who are members of Mexico’s trusted traveler program, Viajero Confiable, are eligible for NEXUS. Applicants under 18 must have a parent’s or legal guardian’s consent. Individuals can apply online through the Global Online Enrollment System or mail a completed application, along with photocopies of supporting documentation, to a Canadian Processing Center. A NEXUS membership is valid for five years. Members can apply for renewal 90 days prior to the expiration of their membership. The application fee for both first time and renewal applications is $50 (USD) for adults if applying online or $50 (CAD) if applying by mail. Children under 18 do not pay an application fee. A NEXUS applicant undergoes a risk assessment by CBP and the Canada Border Services Agency. Applicants who are conditionally approved must then be interviewed at a NEXUS enrollment center to complete the application process. Both the United States and Canada issue the final approval. Approved applicants can only utilize NEXUS kiosks to enter Canada if they have images of their irises captured by the Canadian government. 40 33 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Trusted Travelers: Programs Provide Benefits, but Enrollment Processes Could Be Strengthened, GAO-14-483, May 2014, p. 5, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/663724.pdf. 34 A list of ports with dedicated NEXUS lanes and hours of operation is available at Government of Canada, Canadian Border Service Agency, “NEXUS: Land,” at http://cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/prog/nexus/land-terre-eng.html#where-ou. 35 For more information on marine reporting locations, see CBP, “ Pleasure Boat Reporting Requirements,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/pleasure-boats-private-flyers/pleasure-boat-overview. 36 RFID is a contactless integrated circuit technology that permits scanners to read data tags quickly and remotely; EZ- Pass highway toll transponders are a familiar example. 37 WHT I is a joint U.S. Department of State and DHS initiative to implement the mandates and recommendations of the IRT PA (P.L. 108-458). For more information, see CBP, “ Western Hemisphere T ravel Initiative,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/western-hemisphere-travel-initiative. 38 Ready Lanes are dedicated processing lanes at land ports of entry for vehicular and pedestrian travelers with Ready Lane-eligible travel cards. For more information, see CBP, “ Ready Lanes,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/clearing-cbp/ ready-lanes. 39 According to Mexican law, individuals can obtain Mexican nationality by birth or naturalization (Capítulo II, Article 30). T hey become Mexican citizens when they reach the age of 18 (Capítulo IV, Article 34), as citizenship is linked to the exercise of political rights such as voting (Capítulo IV, Article 35). For more information, see Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, at http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf_mov/Constitucion_Politica.pdf. 40 NEXUS kiosks in Canada capture live photographs but do not appear to scan irises. For more information, see Canadian Border Services Agency, NEXUS Air: 2. How to use NEXUS kiosks and eGates, https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/ Congressional Research Service 8
Trusted Traveler Programs
To receive a membership in NEXUS, applicants must not
provide false or incomplete application information;
have any previous criminal convictions, pending criminal charges, or outstanding
warrants (this includes driving under the influence);
have any previous customs, immigration, or agriculture violations in any country;
be the subject of an ongoing investigation by any federal, state, or local law
enforcement agency in any country;
be inadmissible to the United States; 41
have any known or suspected terrorist connections; or
be unable to satisfy CBP or Canada Border Services Agency that they are low
risk. 42
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data
Table 3 displays admissions, membership, and application data for NEXUS for the past 10 fiscal
years. Admissions under NEXUS doubled from FY2011 through FY2014 before stabilizing
through FY2019 at between 6 million and 7 million annual admissions. FY2020 saw a sharp
decline in admissions, likely due to reduced international travel because of the COVID-19
pandemic.
Membership in NEXUS increased every year during the last decade. While membership did not
decrease in FY2020, it increased less than in the previous years, possibly due to the inability of
applicants to complete the enrollment process. Interviews of conditionally approved NEXUS
applicants at trusted traveler program enrollment centers have been suspended since March 19,
2020, and, unlike those for Global Entry, have not yet resumed. 43
NEXUS applications increased steadily from FY2011 through FY2019, before a sharp decline in
FY2020. Renewals as a subset of total applications increased annually over the last decade. In
FY2020, renewals as a percentage of total applications were at a 10-year high (nearly 65%).
prog/nexus/kiosk-eng.html.
41 Applicants with approved waivers of inadmissibility or parole documentation are also ineligible. For more
information on waivers of inadmissibility, see USCIS, “ I-601, Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility,”
at https://www.uscis.gov/i-601. For more information on immigration parole, see CRS Report R46570, Immigration
Parole; and USCIS, “ Humanitarian or Significant Public Benefit Parole for Individuals Outside the United States,” at
https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/humanitarian-or-significant-public-benefit-parole-for-individuals-outside-the-
united-states.
42
8 CFR §235.12(b)(2); CBP, NEXUS Eligibility, at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/nexus/
nexus-eligibility; CRS correspondence with CBP in December 2020.
43 CBP, “ CBP to Reopen T rusted T raveler Programs Enrollment Centers September 8 ,” press release, September 4,
2020, at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-reopen-trusted-traveler-programs-enrollment-
centers-september-8.
Congressional Research Service 9Trusted Traveler Programs
Table 3. NEXUS Admissions, Membership, and Applications
FY2011-FY2020
Percentage of
Total Total
Applications Application
Total That Were Approval
Fiscal Year Admissions Members Applications a Renewals Rate
FY2011 3,550,425 589,918 195,126 8.9% 97%
FY2012 5,360,077 737,302 244,161 6.9% 96%
FY2013 6,138,819 900,499 299,285 11.3% 98%
FY2014 7,016,071 1,079,361 327,166 27.1% 98%
FY2015 6,822,224 1,282,599 331,442 29.8% 98%
FY2016 6,155,771 1,443,452 356,836 30.4% 98%
FY2017 6,387,952 1,614,944 366,968 33.0% 99%
FY2018 6,704,598 1,753,447 444,794 40.0% 99%
FY2019 6,340,131 1,872,118 523,122 42.0% 99%
FY2020 2,794,907 1,880,333 350,181 64.8% 99%
Source: CRS correspondence with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in October 2020.
a. Total applications includes initial applications and renewals.
SENTRI
The Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI) program, which began
in 1995, allows for expedited clearance for preapproved, low -risk travelers at certain land ports of
entry along the U.S.-Mexico border. 44 Its members may utilize dedicated pedestrian and vehicle
processing lanes, which reduce wait times. While SENTRI provides benefits similar to what
NEXUS provides at the U.S.-Canada border, unlike NEXUS, SENTRI is not jointly managed by
the United States and the neighboring government (i.e., Mexico). SENTRI is available at 12 land
ports of entry, located in Arizona, California, and Texas.
SENTRI members receive a WHTI-compliant45 RFID card. 46 A SENTRI membership provides
reciprocal privileges to use Global Entry kiosks when entering the United States by air and
NEXUS lanes when entering the United States from Canada by land. SENTRI members are also
allowed to use PreCheck expedited screening lanes.
44GAO, Trusted Travelers: Programs Provide Benefits, but Enrollment Processes Could Be Strengthened , GAO-14-
483, May 2014, p. 5, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/663724.pdf.
45
WHT I is a joint U.S. Department of State and DHS initiative to implement the mandates and recommendations of the
IRT PA (P.L. 108-458). For more information, see CBP, “ Western Hemisphere T ravel Initiative,” at
https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/western-hemisphere-travel-initiative.
46RFID is a contactless integrated circuit technology that permits scanners to read data tags quickly and remotely; EZ-
Pass highway toll transponders are a familiar example.
Congressional Research Service 10Trusted Traveler Programs
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process
SENTRI does not have citizenship requirements or age limitations. However, applicants under
age 18 must have a parent’s or legal guardian’s consent. 47
Applications can be submitted online through the Global Online Enrollment System or by
completing the SENTRI Application paper form (Form 823S). Applicants who are conditionally
approved must then be interviewed at a SENTRI enrollment center and must register the vehicles
they intend to use with the program. SENTRI applicants are subject to more stringent application
requirements than other trusted traveler program applicants and must provide the following:
a valid passport;
another form of identification (e.g., a driver’s license or state ID document);
an LPR card (if an LPR);
original evidence of admissibility to the United States (for non-U.S. citizens);
vehicle registration and proof of insurance or a notarized letter authorizing use of
the vehicle if the SENTRI applicant is not the vehicle owner;
evidence of employment or financial support; and
evidence of place of residence.
The SENTRI fee includes an application fee of $25 per person (or a maximum of $50 for parents
and minor children), a fingerprint fee of $14.50 (for applicants age 14 and older), and a system
cost fee of $82.75 per person (or a maximum of $165.50 for parents and minor children). For an
individual applying alone, the SENTRI fee totals $122.25, paid upon initial application and
renewal applications. There is no fee for the first vehicle registered in the initial application. It
costs an additional $42 per car to register more cars or to register oneself to more than one car.
Furthermore, if no vehicles are registered at the time of initial application, it costs $42 to register
a vehicle later. In addition, SENTRI members may only use SENTRI lanes while driving
registered vehicles. A SENTRI membership is valid for five years. Members can apply for
renewal one year prior to their membership expiration date. 48
To receive a membership in SENTRI, applicants must not
provide false or incomplete application information;
have any previous criminal convictions, pending criminal charges, or outstanding
warrants (this includes driving under the influence);
have any previous customs, immigration, or agriculture violations in any country;
be the subject of an ongoing investigation by any federal, state, or local law
enforcement agency in any country;
be inadmissible to the United States; 49
47
T he parent or legal guardian does not have to be a SENT RI member. Children under age 18 are required to complete
the application process, pay the fee, and schedule an interview (a parent or legal guardian must be present).
48
CBP, “ How T o Renew Your SENT RI Membership,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/sentri/
sentri-renewal.
49 Applicants with approved waivers of inadmissibility or parole documentation are also ineligible. For more
information on waivers of inadmissibility, see USCIS, “ I-601, Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility,”
at https://www.uscis.gov/i-601. For more information in immigration parole, see CRS Report R46570, Immigration
Parole; and USCIS, “ Humanitarian or Significant Public Benefit Parole for Individuals Outside the United States,” at
Congressional Research Service 11Trusted Traveler Programs
have any known or suspected terrorist connections; or
be unable to satisfy CBP that they are low risk. 50
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data
Table 4 provides SENTRI admissions, membership, and application data for FY2011 through
FY2020. SENTRI admissions increased from FY2011 through FY2018, held steady in FY2019,
and then dropped in FY2020, likely due to reduced travel because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Annual SENTRI membership increased steadily over the past 10 fiscal years. It did not drop in
FY2020, but it did not increase at the same rate, likely due to the reduction in applications. The
number of total SENTRI applications each fiscal year fluctuated in the first part of the decade, but
FY2016-FY2019 saw a steady increase. Applications dropped significantly in FY2020, likely due
to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international travel. 51
Renewals as a subset of total applications increased most years from FY2013 through FY2018. In
FY2020, renewals as a percentage of total applications were at a 10-year high (51.36%).
Table 4. SENTRI Admissions, Membership, and Applications
FY2011-FY2020
Percentage of
Total
Applications
Total That Were Approval
Fiscal Year Admissions Members Applications a Renewals Rate
FY2011 15,148,514 263,988 127,315 28.1% 91%
FY2012 18,730,877 301,889 97,624 35.0% 92%
FY2013 20,783,758 357,731 103,098 23.9% 93%
FY2014 22,851,684 397,756 92,685 27.6% 95%
FY2015 24,139,732 426,861 91,590 30.6% 95%
FY2016 25,917,515 464,416 136,381 43.3% 96%
FY2017 27,679,842 501,468 145,198 42.6% 96%
FY2018 29,640,114 533,216 154,181 49.7% 96%
FY2019 29,635,495 546,453 165,858 43.8% 97%
FY2020 21,386,479 547,808 123,522 51.4% 95%
Source: CRS correspondence with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in October 2020.
a. Total applications include initial applications and renewals.
https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/humanitarian-or-significant-public-benefit-parole-for-individuals-outside-the-
united-states.
50 8 CFR §235.12(b)(2); CBP, Eligibility, at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/sentri/eligibility;
CRS correspondence with CBP in December 2020.
51
Furthermore, according to CBP, “SENT RI enrollments on the southern border may ... be limited” due to restrictions
on nonessential travel in light of the pandemic. CBP, “ CBP to Reopen T rusted T raveler Programs Enrollment Centers
September 8,” press release, September 4, 2020, at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-reopen-
trusted-traveler-programs-enrollment-centers-september-8.
Congressional Research Service 12Trusted Traveler Programs
FAST
The Free and Secure Trade (FAST) program, which began in 2002, 52 is a commercial truck
clearance program that provides expedited processing for known, low-risk shipments entering the
United States from Canada and Mexico. FAST lanes allow shipments to be processed more
quickly because they are granted priority CBP inspection processing and are subject to a reduced
number of inspections. 53
FAST lanes process commercial cargo vehicles at 15 land ports of entry. On the U.S.-Canada
border, FAST North lanes are located in Michigan, New York, and Washington. On the U.S.-
Mexico border, FAST South lanes are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas.
A driver’s FAST membership is valid for five years. Members receive a WHTI-compliant54 RFID
card. 55 FAST North provides full benefits at both borders. If an applicant is approved for FAST
North, he/she does not need to apply for FAST South. However, if an applicant is approved for
FAST South, he/she would still need to apply for FAST North in order to use FAST processing on
the Canadian border.
Eligibility Requirements and Application Process
FAST enrollment is open to truck drivers who are U.S. citizens, U.S. lawful permanent residents,
Canadian citizens, Canadian lawful permanent residents, and Mexican nationals. Applicants must
be age 18 or older and have a valid driver’s license.
The FAST application fee is $50 for a membership that is valid for five years. Members can apply
for renewal up to one year prior to their membership expiration date. 56
Participation in FAST requires that every link in the supply chain (e.g., manufacturer, carrier,
driver, and importer) be certified under the Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-
TPAT) program. 57
To become a member in FAST, applicants must not
provide false or incomplete application information;
52
GAO, Trusted Travelers: Programs Provide Benefits, but Enrollment Processes Could Be Strengthened , GAO-14-
483, May 2014, p. 5, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/663724.pdf.
53 CBP, “Free and Secure T rade (FAST ): Fact Sheet,” at https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/
FAST %20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20FINAL%20%28web%20ready%29.pdf.
54
WHT I is a joint U.S. Department of State and DHS initiative to implement the mandates and recommendations of the
IRT PA (P.L. 108-458). For more information, see CBP, “ Western Hemisphere T ravel Initiative,” at
https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/western-hemisphere-travel-initiative.
55
RFID is a contactless integrated circuit technology that permits scanners to read data tags quickly and remotely; EZ-
Pass highway toll transponders are a familiar example.
56
CBP, “ How T o Renew Your FAST Membership,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/fast/fast-
driver-program/fast-renewal.
57
C-T PAT is a public-private partnership program. One of C-T PAT’s benefits is access to FAST lanes. According to
CBP, “more than 10,000 companies world-wide are certified CT PAT members ... CBP conducts routine on-site visits
to domestic and foreign CT PAT member facilities to evaluate and validate their supply-chain security measures.” CBP,
“ FAST : Free and Secure T rade for Commercial Vehicles,” at https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/
fast. For more information on C-T PAT applications, see CBP, “ Application for Highway Carriers,” at
https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/fast/application-highway-carriers.
Congressional Research Service 13Trusted Traveler Programs
have any previous criminal convictions, pending criminal charges, or outstanding
warrants (this includes driving under the influence);
have any previous customs, immigration, or agriculture violations in any country;
be the subject of an ongoing investigation by any federal, state, or local law
enforcement agency;
be inadmissible to the United States; 58
have any known or suspected terrorist connections; or
fail to meet other requirements of the FAST Commercial Driver Program.
Admissions, Membership, and Application Data
CBP records FAST North and FAST South data separately. Table 5 summarizes annual
admissions, membership, and application data under FAST North for FY2011 through FY2020.
Admissions increased most years from FY2012 through FY2019, and then dropped in FY2020,
likely due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on international travel and trade. 59
Over the past 10 fiscal years, membership in FAST North declined every year except FY2014.
Applications fluctuated over this period, as did renewals (a subset of total applications) in both
raw numbers and as a percentage of total applications. In FY2020, renewals as a percentage of
total applications were at a 10-year high (61.15%). This may be partially due to the fact that from
March 19, 2020, until the cover date of this report, FAST North interviews of new applicants at
enrollment centers have been suspended “due to the temporary restrictions on nonessential travel
at U.S. land borders” related to the COVID-19 pandemic. 60
Table 5. FAST North Admissions, Membership, and Applications
FY2011-FY2020
Percentage of
Total Applications Total
Total That Were Application
Fiscal Year Admissions Members Applicationsa Renewals Approval Rate
FY2011 701,722 67,695 12,738 58.3% 89%
FY2012 631,248 65,504 13,262 39.5% 86%
FY2013 647,453 64,577 16,116 40.3% 88%
FY2014 683,491 66,561 12,723 38.2% 84%
FY2015 704,413 62,101 18,504 36.0% 92%
FY2016 720,074 60,830 16,313 53.3% 93%
58 Applicants with approved waivers of inadmissibility or parole documentation are also ineligible. For more
information on waivers of inadmissibility, see USCIS, “ I-601, Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility,”
at https://www.uscis.gov/i-601. For more information in immigration parole, see CRS Report R46570, Immigration
Parole and USCIS, “ Humanitarian or Significant Public Benefit Parole for Individuals Outside the United States,” at
https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/humanitarian-or-significant-public-benefit-parole-for-individuals-outside-the-
united-states.
59
For more information, see World T rade Organization, “ COVID-19 and world trade,” at https://www.wto.org/english/
tratop_e/covid19_e/covid19_e.htm.
60 CBP, “ CBP to Reopen T rusted T raveler Programs Enrollment Centers September 8,” press release, September 4,
2020, at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-reopen-trusted-traveler-programs-enrollment-
centers-september-8.
Congressional Research Service 14Trusted Traveler Programs
Percentage of
Total Applications Total
Total That Were Application
Fiscal Year Admissions Members Applicationsa Renewals Approval Rate
FY2017 722,825 59,736 12,800 46.7% 93%
FY2018 714,824 59,251 11,225 37.2% 91%
FY2019 724,296 57,697 13,163 45.2% 91%
FY2020 654,937 53,016 12,441 61.2% 91%
Source: CRS correspondence with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in October 2020 .
a. Total applications includes initial applications and renewals.
As Table 6 indicates, there are fewer members of FAST South than FAST North, but FAST South
has more admissions. As mentioned previously, FAST North members can utilize FAST South
lanes, but not vice-versa.
From FY2011 through FY2019, admissions under FAST South rose fairly steadily. They dropped
in FY2020, likely due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on international travel and
trade.
Membership also generally increased over the past 10 years, except for a slight dip in FY2015
(approximately 100 fewer members than in FY2014) and a larger decrease in FY2020 (over 500
fewer members than FY2019). According to CBP, “FAST South enrollments on the southern
border may also be limited” due to restrictions on nonessential travel in light of the COVID-19
pandemic. 61
Total applications increased most years from FY2011 through FY2019 before dropping in
FY2020. Renewals display more variation. In FY2020, renewals as a percentage of total
applications were at a 10-year high (49.39%).
Table 6. FAST South Admissions, Membership, and Applications
FY2011-FY2020
Percentage of
Total
Applications
Fiscal Total That Were Total Application
Year Admissions Members Applications a Renewals Approval Rate
FY2011 1,301,907 11,650 2,680 45.0% 92%
FY2012 1,439,117 12,200 2,913 41.0% 91%
FY2013 1,558,404 12,907 3,302 42.7% 90%
FY2014 1,560,288 13,622 3,596 21.9% 80%
FY2015 1,635,713 13,520 4,904 33.5% 94%
FY2016 1,698,471 14,656 4,438 44.7% 95%
FY2017 1,782,097 15,250 4,508 35.4% 94%
FY2018 1,875,461 17,053 4,164 33.1% 96%
FY2019 1,996,198 18,792 5,430 35.1% 94%
61
Ibid.
Congressional Research Service 15You can also read
