UNDERSTANDING THE RULEBOOK OF THE P RIS AGREEMENT - CLIMATE
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CLIMATE
UNDERSTANDING
THE RULEBOOK
OF THE P RIS
AGREEMENT
—SUMMARY
—
4
THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
THE RULEBOOK, WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
6
AMBITION
8
TOOLS
10
IMPLEMENTATION
—WHAT ARE COP FOR? ------ COP are the Conferences of the Parties (signatory states) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These are important political events that bring together 197 States. COP highlight the challenge of States' efforts to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. They take place annually and allow the necessary decisions to be taken to ensure the implementation of the UNFCCC arrangements. COP also monitor the implementation of decisions taken at national level at national level. But COP are not only for States, quite the contrary! They offer a space for meeting and exchanging views on climate issues with all stakeholders in society: States, cities, local authorities, companies, associations, civil society, etc. COP remind us that collective and individual actions must be combined so that we can respond to this global challenge. In 2015, COP21 was an important milestone with the adoption of the Paris Agreement, which defends an ambitious and necessary objective: to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. COP24 resulted in rules for the implementation of the Paris Agreement in 2020.
THE
IMPLEMENTATION
4
RULES
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
WHAT IS IT ABOUT ? GLOSSARY
The Paris Agreement was adopted on 12 December 2015 at
UNFCCC
COP21. It constitutes a genuine international action plan to The United Nations Framework
fight climate change. To achieve the objectives of the Paris Convention on Climate Change
Agreement, the Parties shall: was adopted during the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in
l undertake rapid reductions in their emissions and achieve greenhouse
1992. It aims to put in place a
gas neutrality by the second half of the century at the latest;
comprehensive framework to
l strengthen States' capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate
address the challenge of climate
change by enhancing resilience and ensure low greenhouse gas (GHG)
change. The Convention is
emission development, in a way that does not threaten food production;
currently ratified by 197
l align financial flows with low GHG emissions and resilient development.
countries. Countries that ratify
it are called Parties to the
The Agreement provides mechanisms to achieve these objectives:
Convention.
adoption by States of national action plans, regular reporting on their
COP
efforts, financial support to developing countries, global stocktakes.
To date, 185 States have ratified the Paris Agreement.
The Conference of the Parties is
the supreme decision-making
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
body of the UNFCCC. It meets
(UNFCCC) is responsible for developing the modalities and guidelines
annually to negotiate and
for the functioning of the Paris Agreement.
monitor the implementation
This set of implementation rules constitutes the Work Programme of
of the Convention.
the Paris Agreement or Rulebook. Initiated at COP22 in Bonn in May
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
2016, the work was finalised at COP24, which took place from 3 to
14 December 2018 in Katowice, Poland.
These are gases produced by
natural or human-induced
(anthropogenic) processes that
contribute to maintaining heat
in the Earth's atmosphere.
IPCC
The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) is
responsible for assessing the
RULEBOOK : PARIS
18
state of knowledge on climate
AGREEMENT:
185
change, its causes and impacts
and can make recommendations.
The IPCC reports provide a
DECISIONS regular overview of the current
and 130 pages PARTIES state of knowledge. These
publications are at the heart
have ratified of 197 Parties of international climate
to the Convention negotiations.OBJECTIVES
OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT
ON MITIGATION, ADAPTATION AND FINANCE
5
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
TOOLS AMBITION IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance Committee Nationally determined Financial mechanism
- Contribution (NDC) -
Cooperation mechanisms Technology Mechanism
- Adaptation communications
Forum on response Global stocktake* -
measures Capacity Building
Transparency framework
EDUCATION, SCIENCE, GENDER, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
* Includes Loss and Damage
WHAT IS IN IT ?
Two key processes structure the implementation of the Paris Agreement:
transparency and the enhancement of climate ambition.
TRANSPARENCY AND agreement.
TRACKING OF CLIMATE RAISING THE AMBITION OF These rules will be reviewed by
COMMITMENTS CLIMATE AMBITION States over time to improve their
These principles allow each State A global stocktake will be effectiveness. Discussions under
to know and show where it stands conducted every five years, the UNFCCC will continue, both
in its efforts and thus generate starting in 2023, to review to enforce these rules, to review
confidence in the fulfilment of progress and measure the gap their application and possibly to
each of its commitments. The with the objectives of the Paris amend them.
implementation rules of the Paris Agreement. This assessment Parties to the UNFCCC must also
Agreement specify the reporting will serve as a basis for States ensure the transition from the
rules applicable to all States with to increase their ambition. The Kyoto Protocol which will end in
regard to greenhouse gas rulebook shall define its 2020 to this new regime.
emissions, adaptation efforts, and modalities. It also takes into
the means of implementation account cross-cutting issues
(finance, technology transfer, such as gender, education and
capacity building) made available public participation, and the role
to developing States to assist of indigenous peoples in climate
them in implementing the transition.AMBITION
6 MITIGATION Member States on 6 March 2015. It plans
The main objective of the Paris to reduce the Union's GHG emissions by at
Agreement is to limit the increase least 40% by 2030, compared to 1990
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
in global temperature to well levels.
below 2°C compared to the
pre-industrial era. This implies WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
considerable efforts to reduce OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY
emissions on a global scale. They ensure that countries communi-
Countries must provide nation- cate and account for their NDCs in a
GLOSARY ally determined contributions clear and transparent manner.
(NDC) every 5 years. These A common application period for all
Adaptation documents indicate the mitiga- national contributions will be applied
Adjustment process to the tion efforts to which countries from 2031 onwards.
present or expected climate. commit in order to contribute to All national contributions will be
The aim is both to limit the the achievement of the objec- published on an open access website.
negative impacts of climate tives of the Paris Agreement.
change and to increase the The rulebook sets out the list of
resilience of populations and information to be provided with ADAPTATION
ecosystems, while exploiting these national contributions, so Adaptation is a major priority for
the beneficial effects. as to ensure that the commit- climate action, particularly for
ments made by States are clear small island developing States
Mitigation and transparent. and least developed countries.
All actions contributing to the Common timeframes for all NDC These countries, whose GHGs
reduction or stabilization of will be applied from 2031 emisssions are low, are strongly
greenhouse gas emissions onwards. This period of imple- affected by climate change
into the atmosphere. mentation, 5 or 10 years for because their geographical and
example, will be the subject of socio-economic characteristics
Nationally Determined the next negotiations. make them more vulnerable.
Contributions All national contributions will be The Paris Agreement sets a global
Quantified contributions published on a dedicated page goal for adaptation and reco-
corresponding to the national on the UNFCCC website. This gnizes the importance of taking
efforts envisaged in the public register will allow into account the needs of
context of the fight against everyone to have access to developing countries, recognizing
climate change. successive contributions from their efforts and supporting them.
countries, in particular to assess It sets up a common framework
their progress and ambition. for each State to communicate,
on a voluntary basis, its past
NOTE: France submitted its national (results, lessons learnt) and
contribution collectively with all EU future adaptation actions
(strategies, action plans, etc.), in
order to strengthen international
mobilization in response to the
adaptation challenge.
2023 2024
In this framework, States will be
able to report through an
adaptation communication.
1 global
st
1st transparency
STOCKTAKE REPORTWHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES means to meet the new require- The new framework provides
OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY ments. Flexibilities are strictly flexibility for developing countries in
They set common guidelines for limited and are intended to be the degree of rigour of reporting.
countries to communicate, on a limited in time, as the reporting
voluntary basis, their adaptation capacities of the concerned
policies in adaptation communications. countries evolve. GLOBAL STOCKTAKE
These public communications will The Paris Agreement's transpar- The global stocktake, which will
be taken into account in the global ency framework reports on take place every 5 years from
stocktake. actions on mitigation, adaptation, 2023, aims to assess the 7
as well as on the means of collective progress made in the
implementation available to fight against global warming and
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
TRANSPARENCY developing countries to help them the remaining efforts needed to
In order to ensure that States' meet their commitments (finance, achieve the objectives of the
climate commitments are tracked, technology transfer, capacity Paris Agreement.
the Paris Agreement provides a building). Conducted between Parties,
robust transparency framework Ultimately, this framework will with the participation of
applicable to all countries. This is a make it possible to verify whether non-state actors, the global
major development from the the commitments have been assessment should take stock,
Kyoto Protocol, which imposed fulfilled. country by country, of:
accountability only on developed l mitigation actions, including
countries. WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES response measures;
From 2024 onwards, all States will OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY l adaptation actions, including
have to produce biennial trans- They set common standards for all loss and damage;
parency reports and GHG countries to report regularly on the l the mobilization of financial,
emission inventories according to implementation of their climate policies. technological and capacity building
harmonised rules. This new From 2024 onwards, all countries resources. It serves as a basis for
framework includes a system of will be required to produce biennial informing countries' future climate
flexibilities for developing transparency reports and GHG commitments and enhancing
countries that do not have the emission inventories. the ambition of nationally deter-
mined contributions.
AMBITION CYCLE
TECHNICAL
EVALUATION
Level of ambition
TECHNICAL SECOND
EVALUATION GLOBAL NDC
IMPLEMENTATION STOCKTAKE
of the NDC
Publication and collection
of long term FIRST of information
TECHNICAL strategies IMPLEMENTATION GLOBAL NDC Informs the updating and
EVALUATION of the NDC STOCKTAKE enhancing of the NDC
and collection
of information
TALAONA NDC Informs the updating and
STOCKTAKE DIALOGUE
enhancing of the NDC
of collective
and individual
progress
Informs the communication
or update of the NDC
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES and Damage related to climate WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY change by working on early war- OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY
The global stocktake includes ning systems, disaster prepared- Actions to avert, minimize and
3 phases: information gathering, ness, comprehensive/global risks address Loss and Damage can be
technical evaluation, and political assessment and management, reported (transparency framework)
phase. slow onset events... Loss and Damage will be taken
It is conducted between States Established at COP19, the into account across the three
Parties with the participation of Warsaw International Mecha- themes of the global stocktake
8 non-state actors. nism (WIM) on Loss and Damage (mitigation, adaptation and means
It considers mitigation, adaptation associated with Climate Change of implementation).
and means of implementation. It is impacts will be reviewed at
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
informed by the IPCC and transparency COP25. It is mandated to help
reports. to better understand Loss and
It is informed by the IPCC scientific Damage and to promote the
reports and transparency reports. implementation of approaches
to avert, minimize and address
LOSS AND DAMAGE it, particularly in the most
The Paris Agreement recognizes vulnerable developing countries.
the importance of averting,
minimizing and addressing Loss
TOOLS
COMMITTEE ON It must also play a role in Paris Agreement. This mechanism is not
CONFORMITY AND improving action, by identifying punitive in nature.
FACILITATION the difficulties encountered by It will be established at the end of
The Paris Agreement establish- States in implementing the 2019 and will meet at least twice a year;
es a committee to facilitate Paris Agreement. it will be composed of 12 elected
implementation and promote The committee may be members with a balanced geographical
compliance. It is non-punitive. triggered by a State that has representation.
Its objective is to assist States difficulties in implementing its It will produce an annual report on
that do not comply with their obligations and seeks support. the cases dealt with and the difficul-
obligations under the agree- It can also take action itself if a ties encountered by States in
ment to get back on track for State does not submit its implementing the Paris Agreement.
compliance. national contribution or
This is an important element mandatory information under MECHANISMS FOR
that strengthens the transpar- the transparency framework. TRADING EMISSION
ency system and contributes to The committee, whose frame- ALLOWANCES OF
the reliability and integrity of work for action was defined at GREENHOUSE GASES
the climate regime. COP24, will be set up at the The Paris Agreement allows
The committee can make end of 2019 at COP25. countries to achieve their
recommendations, propose mitigation objectives through
action plans to States and draw WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES GHG emissions trading
conclusions on the cases it will OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY instruments. To this end, it
have to deal with. It will The Compliance and Facilitation stresses the need for rules to
produce an annual report for Committee will assist countries in preserve the environmental
consideration by the COP. meeting their obligations under the integrity and to ensure thateach tonne of emissions RESPONSE MEASURES regions of the transformation of
released into the atmosphere The Paris Agreement recognizes old industries and the transition
is counted only once. the need to take into account to a less carbon-intensive
Rules to regulate GHG emissions the effects of climate change economic model.
trading, through market-based response measures, which are
approaches (carbon market, the positive and negative effects
bilateral carbon credit trading), of measures to fight global WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
as well as non-market ap- warming, in particular so- OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY
proaches (international coopera- cio-economic impacts. A new body is created, the Katowice 9
tion, capacity building) were For developed countries that Committee of Experts on the Impact of
discussed at COP24. No agree- produce fossil fuels, these Response Measures. Established in
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
ment could be reached on this negative effects include the spring 2019, it will support work on
topic. Negotiations continue for impact on the workforce and this subject.
finalization at COP25.
IMPLEMENTATION
FINANCE come into force after 2022. They The Adaptation Fund, originally
The question of finance provided clarify and strengthen the existing created under the Kyoto Protocol,
by developed countries to framework by improving the level of which will end in 2020, will now also
developing countries to support detail of information provided and serve the Paris Agreement. This
their climate action was the the comparability of data between decision confirms its role in climate
subject of difficult discussions at developed States. finance.
COP24. However, they have A detailed list of information to be
resulted in a balanced set of provided by developed countries on
implementation rules. their climate finance forecasts has
The financial issues cover a fairly been defined. This leaves conside-
broad set of negotiating points, rable flexibility for States to provide
covering the rules for transpar- qualitative information when
ency of past and projected quantitative information on future
financing, the new financial financing is not available. This list
target after 2025 (the year may be revised in 2023.
marking the end of the period of The objective of redirecting all
mobilization by developed financial flows towards a low-carbon
countries of $100 billion per and climate-resilient development
year, decided at COP15 in will be integrated into discussions
Copenhagen) and the recom- on the new post-2025 financial
mendations that the COP makes objective. This is a significant
each year to several internation-
al climate funds.
WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
development from the framework
in place for the period 2020-2025,
which is mainly limited to the
objective of 100 billion dollars
100
BILLION
OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY mobilised per year from developed $ /YEAR
The rules on accounting for past to developing States. These discus-
climate finance by governments and sions on the post-2025 financial for developing countries
multilateral development banks will objective will begin in November 2020. until 2025TECHNOLOGY Paris Committee on Capacity Committee on Capacity Building,
TRANSFER Building (PCCB) in 2015 to including decisions on adaptation or the
The Paris Agreement establish- identify and respond to needs. It global stocktake.
es a Technology Framework to met for the first time in 2017. It The need for capacity building is
facilitate technology transfers will be assessed at COP25. highlighted for the development,
and strengthen existing actions communication and accounting of NDC,
within the UNFCCC. These WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES participation in the global balance
actions are carried out within OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY sheet or to meet transparency
10 the framework of the Technol- Several decisions refer to the Paris requirements, for example.
ogy Executive Committee
(TEC), which is responsible for
CLIMAT - Understanding the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement
providing recommendations to
the Parties, and the Climate
Technology Centre and Network
CROSS-
(CTCN), which provides technical
assistance to developing
countries on climate technology
matters.
WHAT THE IMPLEMENTATION RULES
OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT SAY
The Technology Framework describes CUTTING
THEMES
the priority actions to be taken to
improve technology transfers under the
UNFCCC.
Periodic assessment procedures for
the TEC and the CTCN are defined.
These topics are not covered in the rulebook, but contribute
CAPACITY BUILDING
Like other means of implemen- to the implementation of the Paris Agreement.
tation (financing and technology
transfers), capacity building is a EDUCATION /
cross-cutting issue that is The Paris Agreement provides a framework for national engage-
addressed in discussions on ment in education, training and public awareness on climate
adaptation, mitigation or change as a long-term measure. Countries that so wish may take
transparency. This could include, these long-term measures into account in the preparation and
for example, organizing a implementation of their NDC.
training and exchange workshop
on greenhouse gas inventories GENDER /
with experts from beneficiary Because of their different social roles, women and men may
countries. experience the impacts of climate change differently, with women
COP21 reiterated the importance often being disproportionately affected. This is why the Paris
of this issue by establishing the Agreement recognizes the need to take gender into account in
the fight against climate change. It must be included in the NDC,
adaptation communications, emission reports, technology
framework, or financial reporting. The review of the Lima work
programme on gender equality and its action plan will take place
at COP25.
60
COUNTRIES
PLATFORM OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES /
Indigenous knowledge provides solutions for combating climate
change. At COP21, the Parties recognized the need to strengthen
the knowledge, technologies, practices and efforts of local commu-
nities and indigenous peoples through a dedicated platform.
benefiting A Facilitative Working Group will present its initial two-year work
from the adaptation fund plan (2020 and 2021) at COP25.AND AFTER COP24?
Dec. 2018
COP 24
CLIMATE ACTION SUMMIT Sept. 2019
organized by the United nations Secretary-General
Nov. 2019 COP25
Negotiations on Article 6
Publication of the NDC and Adaptation Communications register
Review of the Warsaw Mechanism on Loss and Damage
Evaluation of the Paris Committee on Capacity Building
Revision of the gender action plan
Revision of the work programme on education
COMMUNICATION OF UPDATED NATIONALLY
DETERMINED
CONTRIBUTIONS (NDC)
Nov. 2019 / Feb. 2020
Nov. 2020 COP26
1 biennial report containing quantitative and qualitative
st
information on projected financial support from developed countries
Discussions begin on the new post-2025 financial target
1st meeting of the compliance committee
COP27 Nov. / Dec. 2021
Ministerial dialogue on climate finance
Launch of the 1st periodic assessment
of the Technology Mechanism
Nov. / Dec. 2022 COP28
Technical assessment for the global stocktake
Review of additional guidelines for adaptation communications
proposed by the Adaptation Committee
Adoption of the periodic assessment review of the Technology Mechanism
COP29 Nov. / Dec. 2023
Global stocktake that will inform the revision of the
NDC in 2025
Decision on the common timeframes of NDC
Evaluation of the Forum on Response Measures
Nov. / Dec. 2024 COP30
Discussions on updating the NDC guidelines
Assessment of the Compliance Committee's terms and procedures
Publication of transparency reports by countries
under the new regime COP31 Nov. / Dec. 2025
Communication of new NDC
Review of guidelines for adaptation communications
and revision if necessary
Nov. / Dec. 2028 COP34
Second global stocktakeFOR MORE INFORMATION
unfccc.int/fr
—
ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr
section : Politiques publiques / Climat /Lutte contre
le changement climatique / Accord de Paris et cadre international
de lutte contre le changement climatique
Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire
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@Min_Ecologie
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