VEDHIK DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS - 25-FEBRUARY 2022 - Vedhik IAS Academy
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
VEDHIK DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS 2 5 - F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 2
FOREWORD We, at Team Vedhik is happy to introduce a new initiative - "Daily Current Affairs_The Hindu" compilations to help you with UPSC Civil Services Examination preparation. We believe this initiative - "Daily Current Affairs_The Hindu" would help students, especially beginners save time and streamline their preparations with regard to Current Affairs. A content page and an Appendix has been added segregating and mapping the content to the syllabus. It is an appreciable efforts by Vedhik IAS Academy helping aspirants of UPSC Civil Services Examinations. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Babu Sebastian, former VC - MG University in extending all support to this endeavour. Finally I also extend my thanks to thank Ms. Shilpa Sasidharan and Mr. Shahul Hameed for their assistance in the preparing the compilations. We welcome your valuable comments so that further improvement may be made in the forthcoming material. We look forward to feedback, comments and suggestions on how to improve and add value for students. Every care has been taken to avoid typing errors and if any reader comes across any such error, the authors shall feel obliged if they are informed at their Email ID.
CONTENTS
Editorials - Understanding the Indus Waters Treaty
GSP 02 A
News - World shocked by Russia’s full-scale invasion of
Ukraine Part I
GSP 02 A
News - World shocked by Russia’s full-scale invasion of
Ukraine Part II
GSP 02 A
Editorials - Russia’s NATO problem
GSP 02 B
Editorials - The Russian Aggression on Ukraine and
International Law
GSP 02 B
Editorials - Shaking up Europe’s security architecture
GSP 02 C
News - China says it ‘understands’ Russia’s ‘legitimate
security concerns’
GSP 02 C
News - Jaishankar speaks to EU, U.K. Ministers
GSP 02 CCONTENTS
News - Modi talks to Putin, calls for ceasefire
GSP 02 C
News - Ukrainians wake up to thunder of war
GSP 02 C
News - SC clears decks for release of Gangubai Kathiawadi
GSP 02 E
Editorials - Is the new economy creating new jobs
GSP 03 A
Editorials - Ploughing a new channel for India’s food systems
GSP 03 F
News - U.S. group hacked Indian research institutes China firm
GSP 03 R
News - Air control must for operations at all levels, says IAF chief
GSP 03 TWorld shocked by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine
Eight killed, nine
World shocked by
wounded, says
Ukraine official
Russia’s invasion
Reuters
Moscow/Kiev
Russia launched an all-out in-
vasion of Ukraine by land, air
and sea on Thursday, the big- Three hours after Mr. Putin separatists in the east later
gest attack by one state
against another in Europe gave his order, Russia’s De- said they had captured two
since the Second World War fence Ministry said it had ta- towns, the RIA news agency
and confirmation of the ken out military infrastruc- reported. There was no im-
worst fears of the West.
Russian missiles rained
ture at Ukrainian air bases mediate comment by auth-
down on Ukrainian cities, and degraded its air defenc- orities in Ukraine.
much to the shock of interna- es, Russian media reported. Russia announced it was
tional community. Ukraine
Earlier, Ukrainian media shutting all shipping in the
reported columns of troops
pouring across its borders in- reported that military com- Azov Sea. Russia controls
to the eastern Chernihiv, mand centres in Kiev and the strait leading into the
Kharkiv and Luhansk re- the city of Kharkiv in the sea where Ukraine has ports
gions, and landing by sea at Cost of war: Firefighters try to douse fire set off by Russian bombings on the eastern Ukraine
the cities of Odessa and Mari- town of Chuguiv on Wednesday. AFP
northeast had been struck including Mariupol.
by missiles, while Russian Global stocks and U.S.
*
upol in the south.
Explosions could be heard been killed and nine were described as absurd propa- troops had landed in the bond yields dived, while the
before dawn in the Ukrainian wounded by the Russian ganda. “And for this we will
capital Kiev. Gunfire rattled shelling, an adviser to the Uk- strive for the demilitarisation
southern port cities of Odes- dollar and gold rocketed
out near the main airport. rainian Minister of Internal and denazification of Uk- sa and Mariupol. higher after Mr. Putin’s ad-
Ukraine’s President Volo- Affairs said. raine,” Mr. Putin said. A Reuters witness later dress. Brent oil surged past
dymyr Zelensky said Kremlin Russia’s Defence Ministry heard three loud blasts in $100/barrel for the first time
leader Vladimir Putin’s aim Putin’s defence said its military destroyed 83
was to destroy his state. Uk- Mr. Putin declared in a tele- Ukrainian land-based targets Mariupol. Russian-backed since 2014.
rainian Foreign Minister vised address that he had or- and achieved all its goals in
Dmytro Kuleba said on Twit- dered “a special military op- Ukraine for Thursday, the In-
ter: “This is a war of aggres- eration” to protect people, terfax news agency said.
sion. Ukraine will defend it- including Russian citizens
self and will win. The world who had been subjected to CONTINUED ON PAGE 8
can and must stop Putin.” “genocide” in Ukraine, an ac- EDITORIAL PAGE 6
At least eight people had cusation the West has long MORE REPORTS PAGES 8 & 11
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND URussia’s NATO problem
Putin seems unwilling to engage
to address Russian security concerns
R
ussia’s unjustifiable incursion into Ukraine fol-
lowing weeks of military troop build-up on their
shared border has drastically raised tensions in
the region with broader ripple effects across the world,
particularly for NATO countries and others with strateg-
ic connections to the two nations. Reports said that sev-
eral Ukrainian cities, including capital Kyiv came under
attack on Thursday morning, even as the UN Security
Council held an emergency meeting to stop the inva-
sion. U.S. President Joe Biden and the NATO and Euro-
pean Commission leadership vowed to impose “severe
sanctions” on Russia. This round of sanctions will over-
lay prior economic penalties imposed on Russian enti-
ties and individuals close to the political leadership,
and they are expected to include cutting off top Russian
banks from the financial system, halting technology ex-
ports, and directly targeting the Russian President.
Moscow can hardly be surprised at this backlash, for it
has shown little sympathy toward the idea of engaging
diplomatically on the Ukraine question to address Rus-
sian security concerns. Ever since Russia began amass-
ing troops on the Ukrainian border, the U.S., NATO, and
Europe have sought to press for diplomatic solutions.
This includes direct U.S.-Russia negotiations, and
French President Macron’s meeting with Mr. Putin.
While the sense of frustration in western capitals ov-
er Mr. Putin’s intractability and aggression are palpa-
ble, and the use of severe sanctions stemming from that
is a strategic inevitability, it is unlikely that the prospect
of escalating violence and a devastating toll on human
life and property in Ukraine can be ruled out until Mr.
Putin’s broader questions on NATO are answered. At
the heart of his fears is the prospect of Ukraine joining
NATO and NATO troops potentially stationed at the bor-
der with Russia. NATO’s historical record, of its pen-
chant for expansionism, has likely fuelled such insecur-
ities. After the dissolution of the former Soviet Union,
the Eastern European military alliance, NATO, and Rus-
sia in 1997 signed the “Founding Act” on mutual rela-
tions, cooperation, and security. Disregarding the spirit
of this agreement, NATO quietly underwent five rounds
of enlargement during the 1990s, pulling former Soviet
Union countries into its orbit. Cooperative exchanges,
communications hotlines, and Cold War fail-safes such
as arms control verification have fallen by the wayside,
even more since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014.
It may be the case that owing to Mr. Putin’s failure to de-
velop Russia into an economic powerhouse that natu-
rally attracted neighbouring countries and internation-
al capital to itself partly explains Moscow’s deflection of
attention to strategic questions relating to NATO and
Russia’s territorial integrity. But unless western nations
give assurances to Mr. Putin that NATO will not seek to
relentlessly expand its footprint eastwards, Moscow
will have little incentive to return to the negotiating ta-
ble. But Russia and Mr. Putin must realise that war is
not the means to peace and security.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UEXPLAINER
The Russian Aggression on Ukraine
and International Law
What principles of International law are Russia breaking by its actions in eastern Ukraine?
THE GIST
Pushkar Anand limited operations such as an ‘in and out’
Varsha Singh operation. The Russian attack on Ukraine is
violative of the non-intervention principle,
The story so far: The annexation of Crimea and amounts to aggression under
in 2014 by Russia, following the removal of international law.
B Yesterday, Russia launched Victor Yanukovych as the President, was the The UN General Assembly Resolution 3314
a full-scale invasion on first major military flare-up in the (1974) defines aggression as the use of armed
Ukraine. The Russian actions
Russo-Ukrainian relations. The Crimean force by a state against the sovereignty,
have been widely condemned
and raise several questions annexation by Russia was met with territorial integrity or political
concerning violation of imposition of sanctions. However, Russia is independence of another state. Additionally,
international law. still in occupation of Crimea, and post 2014 allowing one’s territory to be used by
its activities have centred around fomenting another state for aggression against a third
B The principle of
separatists in eastern Ukraine. In January state, also qualifies as an act of aggression.
non-intervention is enshrined 2021, the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Accordingly, Belarus can also be held
in article 2(4) of the UN Zelensky appealed the U.S. to let it join responsible for aggression as it has allowed
Charter. It requires states to NATO, following which Russia started its territory to be used by Russia for
refrain from using force or amassing troops near the borders of eastern attacking Ukraine. Aggression is also
threat of using force against Ukraine. Tensions escalated quickly from considered an international crime under
territorial integrity or political December 2021 when Russia demanded customary international law and the Rome
independence of any state. NATO to give up its military activities in statute establishing the International
The Russian attack on Ukraine
is violative of this principle,
eastern Europe and Ukraine, followed by a Criminal Court.
and amounts to aggression Russian cyberattack on the Ukrainian Russia’s desire to keep Ukraine out of
under international law. government website. On 22 February, Russia NATO is a prime reason for its use of force
Russia’s desire to keep recognised the self-declared Donetsk and against Ukraine. This is violative of Ukraine’s
Ukraine out of NATO is a Luhansk republics in the Donbass region of political independence under article 2(4) as arrive at a decision as Russia is a permanent acquire nuclear weapons in the future, it War-torn: Damaged radar
prime reason for its use of eastern Ukraine, and sent Russian troops to Ukraine being a sovereign state is free to member and has veto power. However, does not become a ground for invoking self arrays and other equipment
force against Ukraine. these territories. Finally, yesterday Russia decide which organisations it wants to join. Ukraine has a right under international law defence by Russia. Further, mere are seen at the Ukrainian
military facility outside
launched a full-scale invasion on Ukraine. Also, by resorting to use of force, Russia has to request assistance from other states in membership in a defence alliance such as
Mariupol, Ukraine on February
B Russia has claimed it is The Russian actions have been condemned violated article 2(3) which requires the states form of military assistance, supply of NATO cannot necessarily be considered as a 24, 2022.
acting in self-defence as widely and raise several questions to settle their dispute by peaceful means in weapons etc. threat of aggression against Russia. Thus,
AP
Ukraine could acquire nuclear concerning violation of international law. order to preserve international peace and On the other hand, Russia has also here too Russia cannot invoke self-defence.
weapons with the help of its security. claimed that it is acting in self-defence. This Russia can also not invoke anticipatory
western allies. However, the
How is Russia violating the UN Charter? claim is questionable, as there has been no self defence as such invocation according to
International Court of Justice
in the Legality of Threat of
The principle of non-intervention in What about the principle of use of force, or such threats against Russia the Caroline test would require that the
Nuclear Weapons case held domestic affairs is the foundational principle self-defence? by Ukraine. It has been claimed by Russia necessity of self defence was instant,
that mere possession of on which existing international order is In face of the use of force by Russia, Ukraine that Ukraine may acquire nuclear weapons overwhelming, leaving no choice of means,
nuclear weapons does not based. The principle is enshrined in article has the right to self-defence under with the help of western allies. However, the and no moment for deliberation. However,
constitute a threat. Further, 2(4) of the UN Charter requiring states to international law. The UN Charter under International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the this is not the case with Russia.
mere membership in a refrain from using force or threat of using article 51 authorises a state to resort to Legality of Threat of Nuclear Weapons case Pushkar Anand is Assistant Professor at
defence alliance like NATO force against territorial integrity or political individual or collective self-defence, until the held that mere possession of nuclear the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.
can also not be considered a weapons does not necessarily constitute a
independence of any state. It prohibits any Security Council take steps to ensure Varsha Singh is Doctoral Research
threat of aggression.
kind of forcible trespassing in the territory of international peace and security. In this threat. Candidate at the Jawaharlal Nehru
another state, even if it is for temporary or case, it seems implausible for the UNSC to Thus, even if Ukraine has, or were to University, New Delhi.
Shaking up Europe’s security architecture
An order that does not accommodate Russia’s concerns through genuine negotiation cannot be stable in the long term
ture of the North Atlantic Treaty would not be met through der has to reflect current realities:
Organization (NATO) and U.S. negotiations. it cannot be simply an outgrowth
policies. of the Cold War order, and it has to
Russia has repeatedly articulat- Energy security be driven from within. Also, a Eu-
ed its grievances: that NATO’s ex- U.S. interests have also divided NA- ropean order that does not accom-
pansion violated promises made TO on energy security. For Germa- modate Russia’s concerns through
P.S. Raghavan prior to the breakup of the Soviet ny, the Nord Stream 2 (NS2) Rus- genuine negotiation cannot be sta-
Union; that Ukraine’s accession to sia-Germany gas pipeline is the ble in the long term. France’s Pre-
NATO would cross Russia’s red cheapest source of gas for its in- sident Emmanuel Macron has
T
he commencement of Rus- lines; and that NATO’s strategic dustry. Others deem it a geopoliti- been making this point forcefully,
sian military action in Uk- posture poses a continuing securi- cal project, increasing European arguing for Europe to regain its
AFP
raine brings down the cur- ty threat to Russia. dependence on Russian energy. strategic autonomy. He has called
tain on the first act of a bizarre NATO’s expansion as a politico- exposed the limitations of the This argument masks self-serving NATO “brain-dead” and said that
drama that has been playing out military alliance, even after the U.S.’s ability to bridge them. The interests. Ukraine fears the dimi- Europe, as a “geopolitical power”
over the past eight months. At the dissolution of the Soviet Union irony is that the divisions are of the nution of gas transit revenues, and should control its own destiny, re-
heart of it is the instability in the and the Warsaw Pact, was at the U.S.’s making. Its pressure on NA- also that if its importance for gas gaining “military sovereignty” and
post-Cold War security order. U.S.’s initiative. It was intended to TO in 2008 to recognise Ukraine’s transit declines, so will Europe’s re-opening a dialogue with Russia,
The first act began with a meet- temper European ambitions for membership aspirations and its support in its disputes with Russia. managing the misgivings of post-
ing between U.S. President Biden strategic autonomy from the sole encouragement for a change of go- The U.S.’s “geopolitical” argument Soviet countries.
and Russia’s President Vladmir Pu- superpower and to counter Rus- vernment in Kyiv in 2014, pro- against NS2 dovetails neatly with
tin in June last year, promising to sia’s resurgence. Recent expe- voked the Russian annexation of its commercial interest in export- Outlook for India
reverse seven years of relentless rience shows it may not be suc- Crimea. The subsequent armed ing LNG to Europe, reinforced by India has to brace itself for some
U.S.-Russia acrimony. Mr. Biden’s ceeding in either goal. separatist movement in eastern U.S. legislation for sanctions immediate challenges flowing
decision to reach out to Mr. Putin Ukraine (Donbas) led to the Minsk against companies building gas pi- from the Russian actions. It will
signalled a U.S. geopolitical reba- NATO’s weakened glue accords of 2014-15, which provid- pelines from Russia. Increasing have to balance the pressure from
lancing, seeking a modus vivendi NATO countries today span a geog- ed for a special status for this re- LNG exports to Europe is explicitly one strategic partner to condemn
with Russia and disengagement raphy of uneven economic deve- gion within Ukraine. stated as a motivation for the sanc- the violation of international law,
from conflicts in Europe and West lopment and a diversity of political Ukraine considers this an unfair tions. European countries that op- with that from another to under-
Asia, to enable a sharper U.S. focus traditions and historical con- outcome, and the U.S. has sup- pose NS2 are ramping up their stand its legitimate concerns. We
on domestic challenges and the ex- sciousness. Moreover, the original ported its efforts to reinterpret the LNG import infrastructure to in- were there in 2014, and managed
ternal challenge from its principal glue that held NATO together — accords to its advantage. While crease imports from the U.S. the pressures. As Russia-West con-
strategic adversary, China. ideological solidarity (free world some European countries sup- The manner in which NATO frontation sharpens further, the
against communist expansion) ported this line, France and Ger- countries implement the pro- U.S. Administration’s intensified
These were Putin’s terms and an existential military threat — many — which brokered these mised harsh sanctions against Rus- engagement in Europe will inevita-
Mr. Putin saw this reengagement dissolved with the collapse of com- agreements — have periodically sia will demonstrate whether, how bly dilute its focus on the Indo-
as an opportunity to revive Rus- munism and the Warsaw Pact. tried to progress implementation, much and for how long, this crisis Pacific, causing India to make
sia’s flagging economy and expand There is no ideology to oppose in the effort to break the impasse will keep them united. some tactical calibration of actions
its freedom of political action glo- and threat perceptions vary, de- and resume normal engagement It is too early to say what Mr. Pu- in its neighbourhood. Geopolitics,
bally. pending on geographical location with Russia, which serves their tin’s endgame is, and how costly however, is a long game, and the
However, he wanted this en- and historical experience. This he- economic interests. this adventure will be, in terms of larger context of the U.S.-China
gagement on equal terms. Russia terogeneity means a diversity of In recent months, the U.S. sig- lives and destruction, as well as in rivalry could, at some point in the
would cooperate in this geopoliti- interests. American leadership has nalled that it would support the its political and economic impact. not too distant future, reopen the
cal rebalancing if its concerns are normally succeeded in papering full implementation of the Minsk Without justifying the manner in question of how Russia fits into the
met, so that it does not constantly over differences, but the growing accords, but apparently found it which Russia has chosen to “right” European security order.
have to counter moves to probe its ambitions of countries is making difficult to shake the entrenched the perceived “wrongs”, it has to
territorial integrity and constrain this increasingly difficult. interests sufficiently to make it be said that this crisis results from P.S. Raghavan is a former Ambassador to
its external influence — which is The current crisis in Ukraine happen. This may have finally con- a broken security architecture in Russia and former Chairman of the
how Russia sees the strategic pos- has illustrated the divisions, and vinced Mr. Putin that his concerns Europe. A sustainable security or- National Security Advisory Board
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UJaishankar speaks
to EU, U.K. Ministers
Calls to change stance grow louder
Suhasini Haidar
NEW DELHI
External Affairs Minister S.
Jaishankar returned from a
visit to Europe on Thursday
morning to the news of the
Russian attacks on Ukraine
and the diplomatic fallout.
He also took a number of
calls from European leaders
pressing the need for India
China says it ‘understands’ Russia’s to change its position,
which has thus far not criti-
cised Russia’s actions, and
S. Jaishankar
‘legitimate security concerns’ in particular, support a
UNSC (United Nations Se-
curity Council) resolution
to table along with allies,
which would include a con-
demnation of the airstrikes
and vote expected on Fri- ordered by President Putin,
Wang speaks to Lavrov hours after invasion of Ukraine day. an immediate ceasefire and
The resolution is to be withdrawal of troops, as
Ananth Krishnan Wang’s comments may be backed Russia and focused brought by the U.S. and Eu- well as possibly put to vote
Hong Kong perceived as implicitly offer- much of its coverage on NA- ropean allies, affirming the proposed punitive action,
China’s Foreign Minister ing support. In the phone TO and Russia’s broader se- “territorial integrity of Uk- including strict financial
Wang Yi told his Russian call, Mr. Wang said “China curity concerns. raine”, according to sourc- sanctions.
counterpart Sergey Lavrov always respects the sove- “I believe Russia’s military es. “Discussed the grave sit- While the condemnation
on Thursday that Beijing reignty and territorial inte- operation is a reaction of uation in Ukraine and how and actions will undoubted-
“understands” Moscow’s grity of all countries.” “At the Moscow toward Western India could contribute to ly be vetoed by Russia,
“legitimate security con- same time,” he added, “the countries’ exerting pressure de-escalation efforts,” Mr. which is also at present
cerns”. The comments from Ukraine issue has a complex on Russia for a long time, Jaishankar tweeted about holding the Presidency of
Mr. Wang in a phone call on and specific historical lati- showing that Moscow can’t the call with European Un- the UNSC, all eyes will be on
Thursday underlined Beij- tude and longitude, and Chi- tolerate anymore,” Yang Jin, ion (EU) High Representa- where countries like India
ing’s broad backing to Russia na understands Russia’s legi- a scholar at the Chinese Aca- tive (HR/VP) Josep Borrell will vote. In three state-
on the Ukraine issue, even as timate security concerns.” demy of Social Sciences, was Fontelles, whose call was ments made at the UN thus
its diplomats have called for He also criticised NATO quoted as saying by the followed by the United King- far, India has refrained from
a return to diplomacy. The and called for a “balanced, Communist Party-run Glo- dom Foreign Secretary Liz any criticism of Russian ac-
diplomatic process, howev- effective and sustainable Eu- bal Times. Truss. The EU, the U.K. and tions. It also abstained on a
er, lies completely derailed ropean security mechan- The Chinese Embassy in U.S. have announced an vote to discuss the situation
following Russia’s invasion. ism” which “completely Ukraine, meanwhile, “unprecedented package of in Ukraine earlier this
Beijing hasn’t explicitly abandons the Cold War warned citizens to stay sanctions” against Russia, month, which was wel-
endorsed or criticised Rus- mentality”. home but has not indicated and have each separately ex- comed by Russian officials.
sia’s actions, although Mr. China’s media broadly any plans to evacuate them. pressed their hopes that In- Officials have thus far ex-
dia would also support their plained India’s stand as a
positions. “principled position” based
In briefings ahead of Mr. on pushing for diplomacy to
Jaishankar’s visit to Germa- resolve the situation.
ny and France last week, Eu- “The deterioration of the
ropean diplomats had security situation in Europe
stressed that India would is a result of mismanage-
need to “pick a side” in the ment or breakdown in big
event of a Russian invasion power relations. India
or military attack on Uk- should not be expected to
raine. pay the price for the failures
To begin with, India must of their policies,” former In-
consider its response to the dian Ambassador to Russia
resolution on Russian ac- Venkatesh Verma told The
tions that the U.S. proposes Hindu.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UModi talks to Putin, calls for ceasefire
He appeals for return to dialogue; safe exit of Indian citizens from conflict zone ‘highest priority’: PMO
Dinakar Peri dia. In this case Prime Mi- war in the coming days.
Kallol Bhattacherjee nister Modiji can address The Russian side claimed
NEW DELHI Mr. Putin. He can address that the strikes are being car-
Prime Minister Narendra our President. This is not ried out with “high-precision
Modi appealed for an imme- the time for protocol-bound weapons” to minimise civi-
diate ceasefire and a return statements. Your officials lian casualties.
to dialogue in a conversation said they are closely watch-
with Russian President Vladi- ing the situation. This ‘Expressed concern’
mir Putin on Thursday night, means nothing. India is the But the Ukrainian envoy ex-
the Prime Minister’s Office founder of non-alignment. pressed concern about the
(PMO) said in a statement. We plead for the support of safety of the civilians and In-
Mr. Putin “briefed” Mr. India. It’s the moment of dian students under the sha-
Modi about the Russian deci- truth and moment of desti- dow of the conflict, saying
sion to attack several loca- ny,” said Ambassador Igor that precision weapons can-
tions in Ukraine, the PMO Polikha of Ukraine, urging not guarantee safety in such
said, adding that the safe exit Earnest appeal: Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President Mr. Modi to personally in- a vast conflict and pressed
of Indian citizens from the of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. FILE PHOTO
* itiate dialogue with Mr. Pu- for urgent intervention from
conflict zone was India’s tin to halt the Russian mili- the international communi-
“highest priority”. ty of the Indian citizens in bring Indians stranded there tary advances. ty, NATO, EU and India.
Ukraine, especially students, back, Foreign Secretary However, Mr. Shringla “We are not dictating to
Honest dialogue and conveyed that India at- Harsh Shringla said. said no disappointment had our friends. We are pleading
“Prime Minister Modi reiter- taches the highest priority to Earlier the Ukrainian en- been conveyed by the Ukrai- that you can provide us mili-
ated his long-standing con- their safe exit and return to voy to India had forcefully nian officials to India. tary, diplomatic or any other
viction that the differences India,” it said. pressed for India’s mediation Mr. Polikha confirmed kind of assistance,” said Mr.
between Russia and the NA- At a meeting of the Cabi- to stop the bloodshed. that Russia has launched Polikha, considered an exp-
TO group can only be re- net Committee on Security military assault from three ert on Indian and south
solved through honest and in Delhi, Mr. Modi reiterated Envoy’s plea sides and that ground inva- Asian affairs.
sincere dialogue,” said the that the safety of Indians in “We are deeply dissatisfied sion had also begun early on He said very few countries
statement. “The Prime Mi- the conflict zone was the with the Indian position. Al- Thursday. in the world could influence
nister also sensitised the “topmost concern”, and re- ready 10-15 people were Ambassador Polikha said Russia and India was one of
Russian President to India’s viewed the government’s ar- killed. We are asking.. plead- there was a possibility of the those nations with special
concerns regarding the safe- rangements for trying to ing for the strong voice of In- conflict turning into a bigger ties with Moscow.
Conflict zone: Damaged radar arrays and other equipment at a Ukrainian military facility outside Mariupol after Russian missile strikes early Thursday; Ukrainian servicemen get ready to re
they attempt to leave Kiev city. AP/AFP
*
Ukrainians wake up to thunder of war
After Russian invasion, smoke rose from across cities, desperate people rushed to buy fuel, flee to safety
Associated Press
Kiev
The missile fragment pierced
the ceiling of Mikhail Shcher-
bakov’s apartment in Khar-
kiv, Ukraine’s second largest
city. A Russian attack, after
weeks of warnings, had hit
home.
“I heard noise and woke
up. I realised it sounded like
artillery,” Mr. Shcherbakov
said. He jumped from the
couch and ran to wake his
mother, and something ex-
ploded behind him.
The missile left a nearby
computer and teacup
shrouded with dust, instant
artefacts of Europe’s latest
crisis.
At dawn on Thursday, Uk-
rainians’ uneasy efforts at
normality were shattered.
Smoke rose from cities, even
well away from the country’s Farther from the border, a “I’m not afraid. I’m going friends. “I’m not scared at cognised by Russian Presi-
disputed eastern border. morning commute trans- to work. The only unusual the moment. Maybe I’ll be dent Vladimir Putin as inde-
formed into chaos, with lines thing is that you can’t find a scared later,” resident Max- pendent this week in a
‘Worst sunrise’ of cars waiting at fuel sta- taxi in Kiev,” one resident im Prudskoi said. prelude to the attack.
“Today I had the worst sun- tions or fleeing from the cap- complained, as air raid si- Some residents waited at As the day progressed,
rise in my life,” said another ital, Kiev. People carrying rens wailed. bus stops, seemingly on their alarm rose across Ukraine.
Kharkiv resident, who gave luggage took shelter in the Many seemed unsure how way to work, while others People crowded grocery
her name only as Sasha. She subway, unsure of where to to react. Kiev’s main street, rushed to leave the city that stores. In Kharkiv, worried
rushed to her balcony and go. Khreshchatyk, rippled with is only about 15 km from the residents inspected frag-
realised the sounds that had Some panicked. Others anxiety as people checked front line with the Donetsk ments of military hardware
woken her weren’t clung to routine, with their phones. Some walked People’s Republic, one of strewn across a children’s
fireworks. irritation. their dogs or waved at two separatist-held areas re- playground.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND USC clears decks for release
of Gangubai Kathiawadi
Petitioner claimed the film has defamed his mother
which had held that free-
Legal Correspondent
dom of expression was sa-
NEW DELHI
crosanct and cannot be
The Supreme Court on suppressed.
Thursday ruled in favour of
freedom of expression in the No evidence
movies by dismissing a plea The senior lawyer argued
to stay the release of Gangu- there was no prima facie evi-
bai Kathiawadi, a film by dence to prove that the peti-
Sanjay Leela Bhansali. tioner, Babuji Shah, was in-
A Bench led by Justice In- deed Kathiawadi’s adoptive
dira Banerjee refused to ac- son. Mr. Sundaram contend-
cept the allegation made by ed that the cause of action
a man, who claimed to be her. The film is based on the extinguished with the death
Kathiawadi's adoptive son, book Mafia Queens of Bom- of the person.
that the film defamed his bay published in 2011. The apex court had ear-
mother. “This is about the rise of a lier suggested a change in
woman and nobody thinks the film’s title.
Based on book that the film is defamatory,” However, Mr. Sundaram,
Appearing for Mr. Bhansali, Mr. Sundaram argued. on Thursday, informed the
senior advocate Aryama Mr. Sundaram reminded court that the film has alrea-
Sundaram and advocate Ro- the court about its own land- dy been cleared by the Cen-
hini Musa, countered that mark judgment in the case tral Board of Film Certifica-
the film, rather than de- of S. Rangarajan v Jagjivan tion. The name has been
meaning its central charac- Ram in 1989, regarding the published and widely adver-
ter and heroine, glorified film Ore Oru Gramathile, tised months ago.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UIs the new economy creating new jobs?
PARLEY Startups can create high-quality jobs, which have a What do you think will be the a public sector enterprise does,
impact of the startups on the where job creation is an important
flywheel effect, but their mandate is not job creation country’s employment scene? metric. For a startup, it is a metric
How do you think startups will that is useful but it’s probably not a
India has added over 10 unicorns venture capitalist funding, between change the nature of target.
(privately held startup companies 2011 and 2020, the compounded an- employment? Having said that, we also need to
valued at over a billion dollars) so nual growth rate was 76%. Over see where the requirement is. Job
far this year, which is a rate of near- 10,000 companies were funded in PKJ: Directionally, it is true that creation is an important require-
ly one every five days. This comes af- those 10 years, and people expect startups have created jobs. Fresh- ment for economic growth. Jobs are
ter a record year of new unicorns this number to grow because of the works started with a few dozen em- like a pyramid, which is always
(44 in 2021), which pushed India up potential in the economy. The ployees and by the time it went pu- broader at the bottom. We need to
to the third place globally, after the growth might taper off over a period blic, there were 3,000. With that be creating more jobs at the bottom
U.S. and China, in the Hurun Glo- of time, but it is going to be there. A IPO, about 500 people became ‘cro- so that the pyramid is stable. If star-
bal Unicorn Index 2021. But what proportion of these companies are repatis’. I personally know of do- tups are creating more jobs at the
exactly does a unicorn valuation going to become unicorns. Hence, zens of people who have gone out base of the pyramid, they are then
mean for the larger economy, and when the base is increasing, the and started their own companies catering to the requirement of the
how do these technology-driven number of unicorns is also going to with team sizes of five to 10. Many of hour.
SOMASHEKARA GRN
startups influence the employment be increasing. them have enough capital and they
scenario in the country? Thillai Ra- Now, let’s look at the environ- understand the market. So, the Do you think that the Indian
jan and P.K. Jayadevan discuss this ment. January 16 has been named as hope is that they will create high- startup sector is overvalued?
question in a conversation moderat- National Startup Day. If there is na- quality jobs and it will become a vir-
ed by P.J. George. Edited excerpts: tional priority in terms of identify- tuous cycle. These are niche, high- TR: In financial markets, asset pric-
ing, sustaining, supporting and re- paying jobs and in the larger es are very dynamic and sentiments
India has added 10 unicorns in cognising startups, that is going to and the ecosystem is more suppor- scheme of things, the numbers may can play a very important role in
just over 50 days this year, lead to an increase in numbers; tive. That is pretty much what is > These
< are high-quality jobs
which have a flywheel not be high. But these are high-qual- valuation. When sentiments are
which is the highest rate so far more unicorns are going to come. happening now in the startup effect, which means ity jobs which have a flywheel ef- good, the valuation seems to be on
for the country. What do you However, the growth rate in the space. Companies that are solving employees will start their fect, which means employees will the higher side. There is a dominant
think are the fundamental number of unicorns between 2020 real problems with real customers start their own companies or invest view that asset prices today are in-
own companies or invest in
reasons for this high rate now, and 2021 was in excess of 300% and should be the real winners. As for in newer startups and riskier ideas, flated, not just for startups but in
and is it sustainable over time? that is unlikely to be sustained. In the unicorn valuations, they are out- newer startups and riskier and make bolder bets on the overall stock market. I think I
the financial markets, everything is comes of bets that venture capital- ideas, and make bolder innovation. would subscribe to this dominant
Thillai Rajan: I was looking at the in terms of cycles. We had the lar- ists submit, and they understand bets on innovation. The question of mid-level, white view that the asset prices today do
unicorns that have emerged from gest number of IPOs in 2007, that is the risks involved. The valuations P.K. Jayadevan collar jobs has been around for a not reflect true values, but then
India so far, and the number seems 108. In 2010, there were 66 and in can go up and down since they have long time. Automation will shift that’s the nature of the financial
to be 91. The first unicorn emerged 2021, 63. In between these years, a lot to do with macroeconomic fac- some of these jobs elsewhere, but I markets.
Thillai Rajan in 2011. From 2014, the number there were some very deep valleys. tors, cost of capital, demand, and great talent building high-quality wouldn’t say it’s killing those jobs. I think angel investors and high
is Professor, started to grow. In 2020, we had 10; The same is going to be the case supply. But fundamentally, good technology products that are being In a country like India, which has net worth investors looking to in-
Department of and in 2021, there were 44. I’ll give with unicorns as well. companies are being built out of In- adopted by enterprises and con- access to the Internet and the global vest in startups are very aware of
Management another example here: In 1953, two If you look at the number of in- dia, and that’s why you will see val- sumers. So, a huge amount of ven- market, it is a net positive as we can the risks and cycles of the stock
Studies, IIT-M, and people climbed Mount Everest. To- dustry classes that we have in India, uations going up, and when it is ture capital will come into India. In participate in this labour market as markets and these valuations and
co-founder, YNOS day, we have 500 to 600 every year. there are about 302 as per company north of a billion, we have a 2006, there were maybe three or it becomes more and more remote. will be able to bear it. They will un-
Venture Engine Becoming a unicorn is, in some cas- registration. These industry classes unicorn. four funds, which would hesitantly derstand the risks of these valua-
es, like scaling a summit. represent very strong areas of eco- I just want to add a few things to back some companies after due dili- TR: What is the mandate for star- tions because many of them are
The first unicorn in India was In- nomic activity. If on an average we what Professor Rajan said. First, In- gence of six months or eight tups? It is essentially innovation and knowledgeable investors.
Mobi. It took the company about take that there is a potential for dia is an open market with a fairly months. Nowadays, you see growth. Through innovation and
five years to achieve unicorn status three unicorns to emerge in each of stable democracy, and having star- cheques being cut over WhatsApp growth, they are able to create an PKJ: I think there is froth in the mar-
in 2011. The second unicorn was these industry classes, we are talk- tups as a national priority is a big messages. impact. To achieve this growth and ket. But venture capital is risk capi-
Flipkart. That company also took ing about 1,000 unicorns. That is a headwind. There are some kinks I’m not an economist, but the ability to innovate, startups take the tal, and people who allocate a por-
about four to five years to achieve strong potential for the growth to that need to be ironed out, but the view is that there was a little bit of help of technology or people. There tion of their wealth into venture
unicorn status. Hasura, which is the continue. It may not be the strong fact remains that it is one of the lar- quantitative easing in the U.S. and are some startups which will really capital understand the risks well. I
latest unicorn, also took about five growth that we see today, but there gest markets in the world. Second, interest rates have been kept low. Li- take the help of a lot of people, like think we also underestimate the ge-
years. Hence, the process of becom- will be growth as long as the coun- we have great data penetration. The quidity in the market led to asset food delivery aggregators. There are nius of the markets. They know ex-
P.K. Jayadevan ing a unicorn has not eased. But it try’s economy is growing and ven- cost of accessing the Internet is very price inflation and stocks went up. certain startups where growth will actly which companies are just fic-
is author and [unicorn status] has become a big ture capitalist funding is growing. low these days, and the consumer Even cryptocurrency, a risky asset, result in substantial job creation. tion and which companies are
former startup motivator for entrepreneurs, and base has become very big. The hope went up. As the cost of capital be- There will also be certain startups actually churning out profits and
founder it’s a summit that they would all like P.K. Jayadevan: When Professor is that someday, all of these con- came cheaper, more venture capital which are largely technology-dri- having good cash flows. Companies
to scale. More and more entrepre- Rajan was talking about Mount Ever- sumers will add up to a domestic happened. ‘What do we do with ven, where the employment oppor- that don’t have great fundamentals
neurs are aiming for unicorn status est, it reminded me of an example market, which is big enough for these funds? Hey, here is the great tunity might not be very high, but if will be weeded out. There are no
and this is one of the fundamental that we used to talk about at Fresh- these startups to make windfall re- Indian open market with support the startups are going to result in two ways about it. If there is no path
reasons, from the demand side, for works, the Chennai-based company turns. It means the startups will es- for startups, and great talent. Let’s growth, this can, as Jayadevan put to profitability, if there is no cash
the higher numbers. that went for IPO last year. We kept sentially tap into that consumer deploy it here.’ In India, I suspect it, have a flywheel effect, which can flow being generated, then you are
Now, look at it from the supply talking about how Roger Bannister base using digital technologies. there is a little bit of a race [among create a lot of employment either di- looking at companies that have not
side. Unicorns are essentially ven- ran the four first four-minute mile Third, we saw some really good venture capitalists] to provide fund- rectly or indirectly. fundamentally discovered a busi-
Scan the QR code to ture capitalist-funded companies, many years ago and then we saw IPOs in the last few years. Zomato ing for good companies, and that’s But the mandate for startups is ness model or a problem that they
listen to the full which have reached a $1billion val- many more people do it. Now, you and Freshworks are great examples. probably why the valuations are not really in terms of creating jobs really want to solve, even after be-
interview online uation. If you look at the growth in have more experienced coaches, Underlying all these companies is sort of being pushed up. unlike what the government does or ing in existence for many years.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UPloughing a new channel for India’s food systems
The siloed approach of ‘agriculture’ serving ‘food security’ needs to give way to a science-society-policy interface
levels. The Training & Visit (T&V) quences of the Green Revolution. technologies, extension activities
system introduced in the 1970s These are the loss of indigenous and policies. Lastly, infrastructure
with World Bank assistance was landraces, soil nutrients deple- and institutions supporting pro-
key to the science-society inter- tion, groundwater stress, exces- ducers, agri-preneurs and agri mi-
face as it established a cadre of sive use of agrochemicals and its cro, small and medium enterpris-
agriculture extension specialists at residual presence in foods and en- es (MSMEs) in their production
Manish Anand &
SUSHIL KUMAR VERMA
S. Vijay Kumar the local level. vironment, income gap between value chain are central to the
Although India is now self-suffi- large, marginal and small farmers, transition.
cient in food grains production in and the gap between irrigated and This should be aligned to the
I
n an effort to spur national and the macro sense, it has about a rain-fed areas. national and State policy priorities
regional action to deliver the quarter of the world’s food inse- Data compiled in the agro-cli- such as the National Policy guide-
United Nation’s 17 Sustainable cure people, a pointer to the matic zones reports of the Indian lines 2012 of the Ministry of Agri-
Development Goals (SDGs) amount of food necessary to allow An important takeaway from Council of Agricultural Research culture for the promotion of farm-
through transforming food sys- all income groups to reach the ca- the Green Revolution-era is that and the erstwhile Planning Com- er producer organisations, and the
tems, the UN Food Systems Sum- loric target (2,400 kcal in rural and for science to be relevant to socie- mission of India reveal enormous National Resource Efficiency Poli-
mit called for action by govern- 2,100 kcal in the urban set-up). Nu- tal outcomes, it has to be planned potential for crop diversification cy of 2019 of the Ministry of Envi-
ments in five areas: nourish all trition indicators have marginally and executed within the theory of and precision for enhanced crop ronment, Forest and Climate
people; boost nature-based solu- improved over the years. Howev- change. The necessary behaviou- productivity based on soil type, Change. It would encourage a re-
tions; advance equitable liveli- er, macro- and micronutrient mal- ral changes in adopting the im- climate (temperature and rainfall), source efficient and circular eco-
hoods, decent work and empo- nutrition is widespread, with proved seeds and practices and captive water resources. The nomy for production, processing
wered communities; build 18.7% of women and 16.2% of men brought about by the T&V system livelihood of more than half of In- and storage techniques of food
resilience to vulnerabilities, unable to access enough food to in the 1960s enabled science to dia’s working population is linked products through renewable ener-
shocks and stresses; and acceler- meet basic nutritional needs, and steer the process of change. In the to agriculture and allied activities; gy solutions, reduction of supply
ate the means of implementation. over 32% of children below five context of the intensifying eco- the sector has a direct influence on chains and inputs (materials, wa-
Such a transformation in the In- years still underweight as per the nomic, environmental and climate the health and nutrition status of ter, and energy). It would also en-
dian context would involve en- recently released fifth National Fa- challenges and crisis, the need of dependent communities. Thus, sure the efficient use of by-pro-
hancing interfaces between the mily Health Survey (2019-2021) the hour is a good theory of transi- the focus should be on improving ducts, thereby creating value
spheres of science, society and phase 2 compendium. tion encompassing the spatial, so- farmers’ competitiveness, sup- while using fewer inputs and gen-
policy, focusing on sustainability, India is ranked 101 out of 116 cial and scientific dimensions, porting business growth in the ru- erating less waste for long term
resource efficiency and circularity. countries in the Global Hunger In- supported by policy incentives ral economy, and incentivising and large-scale impact.
dex, 2021. Not surprisingly, wides- and mechanisms for achieving a farmers to improve the environ- Evidence has to be generated
Mix of science and policy pread concerns about poverty, sustainable, resilient and food se- ment. It is assumed that a meticu- not only on the effects of food sys-
An active science-society-policy malnutrition and the need for a se- cure agriculture. Else Ehrlich’s lous review of agro-climatic zones tems on economic, environmental
interface negated the prevailing cond Green Revolution are being nuanced prediction, following the could make smallholders farming and social outcomes and their co-
negative atmosphere of the 1960s made in tandem. The country fac- success of the Green Revolution, a profitable business, enhancing benefits and trade-offs but also on
when the inability to feed a grow- es the dual challenge of achieving that humanity has postponed its agricultural efficiency and socio- understanding the levers of
ing population was propounded in nutrition security, as well as ad- tryst with disaster might come economic development, as well as change and how to operate them.
two notable books:The Population dressing declining land productiv- true. A theory of change ought to sustainability. Clearly, science, society and poli-
Bomb by Paul Ehrlich, and Famine ity, land degradation and loss of bring the focus back on sustaina- cy have a lot to gain from an effec-
1975! by brothers William and Paul ecological services with change in bility, resource efficiency and cir- Keeping policy in mind tive interface encompassing the
Paddock. India’s Green Revolution land use. cularity as the central pillars to- Strengthening and shortening range of actors and institutions in
in the 1960s, enabling food securi- wards transforming food systems. food supply chains, reinforcing re- the food value-chain and a multi-
ty and addressing widespread Need for ‘transition’ gional food systems, food process- disciplinary and holistic ap-
hunger and poverty, was achieved The siloed approach of ‘agricul- Enhancing sustainability ing, agricultural resilience and proach, along with a greater em-
not only through science and tech- ture’ serving ‘food security’ needs An agro-climatic approach to agri- sustainability in a climate-chang- phasis on policy design,
nology and the development of must give way to ‘food systems’ for cultural development is important ing world will require prioritising management and behavioural
improved high-yielding varieties ‘sustainability’ and ‘better nutri- for sustainability and better nutri- research and investments along change.
of rice and wheat but also through tion’ and embrace the range of ac- tion. Harnessing the spatial diver- these lines. A stress status of the
policy measures and development tivities and actors involved in food sity of agricultural production sys- natural resource base — soil and Manish Anand is Senior Fellow, and
of institutional structure. It includ- production, aggregation, process- tems adopting the principles of water in different agro-climatic S. Vijay Kumar is Distinguished Fellow
ed a vast agricultural research and ing, distribution and consumption sustainability, resource efficiency zones — will help understand the and Lead, Food and Land Use Coalition
technology transfer system at the embedded in their socio-econom- and circularity could correct the micro as well as meso-level inter- (India) at The Energy and Resources
national, regional, State and local ic and physical context. limitations and unintended conse- ventions needed with regard to Institute, New Delhi
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UU.S. group hacked Indian research institutes: China firm
Websites of Institute of Microbial Technology, Indian Academy of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University among those reportedly compromised
Ananth Krishnan nology (IMTech) under the Equation Group’. In these 2013.” The report, which ex- and scientific research insti- ported cyber attacks from
Hong Kong Council of Scientific and In- hacking files, researchers plained the technicalities of tutes — that had reportedly China targeting a wide range
A new report from a Beijing- dustrial Research — as well as from Pangu Lab found the how the backdoor worked, been compromised in coun- of institutions, including go-
based cybersecurity firm the Indian Academy of private key that can be used said this was “a backdoor tries, including both U.S. ad- vernment departments.
said hackers linked with the Sciences in Bengaluru. Web- to remotely trigger the back- communication technology versaries and allies and The Union Power Ministry
U.S. National Security Agen- sites linked to Banaras Hindu door Bvp47…a hacker tool that has never been seen be- partners, ranging from India said last year that “state-
cy (NSA) were found to have University were also listed as belonging to ‘The Equation fore, implying an organisa- and Japan to China and sponsored” Chinese hacker
inserted “covert backdoors” being hacked into. Group’. Through further re- tion with strong technical Russia. groups had targeted various
that may have given them ac- search, the researchers capabilities behind it”. The report is being Indian power centres but ad-
cess to sensitive information ‘Backdoors found’ found that the multiple pro- “As an advanced attack framed by the Chinese me- ded that the groups have
in dozens of countries, in- The Beijing-based cyberse- cedures and attack opera- tool, Bvp47 has allowed the dia as a rebuttal to U.S. alle- been thwarted after govern-
cluding India, Russia, China curity firm Pangu Lab re- tion manuals disclosed by world to see its complexity,” gations of Chinese cyber- ment cyber agencies warned
and Japan. leased a technical report ex- the ‘Shadow Brokers’ are it said. “What is shocking is hacking. about their activities.
Among the reportedly plaining how it had found by insiders. completely consistent with that after analysis, it has China-linked cyberattacks This followed a report
compromised websites listed the backdoors and linked it “In 2016 and 2017,” the re- the only identifier used in been realised that it may have targeted a number of from a U.S. cybersecurity
in the report were those to “unique identifiers in the port said, “the ‘Shadow the NSA network attack plat- have existed for more than U.S. institutions and become firm linking an outage in
linked to one of India’s top operating manuals of the Brokers’ published two form operation manual ex- 10 years.” a thorny issue in U.S.-China Mumbai in 2020 to hacking
microbial research labs — the NSA” that had come to light batches of hacking files posed by CIA analyst Snow- The report listed dozens relations. attacks by China-linked
Institute of Microbial Tech- in the 2013 leak of NSA files claimed to be used by ‘The den in the PRISM incident in of sites — many universities Indian agencies have re- groups.
Air control must for operations
at all levels, says IAF chief
‘Growth of aviation had revolutionised character of warfare’
Dinakar Peri continues to evolve and mu- preferred choice for most
NEW DELHI tate, primarily fuelled by in- operations. No other field
China’s latest demonstra- duction of new technology, has seen such a rapid trans-
tion of physically moving emergence of new threats formation in technology as
one of its disabled satellites and evolution of new para- air power has seen in the
into the graveyard orbit was digms for war fighting,” he last 120 years of its exis-
bringing in newer threats in said. tence,” he pointed out.
the race to weaponise the The unparalleled growth Technology in this do-
space domain, “hitherto of aviation had revolutionised main was niche, proprie-
considered relatively safe”, the character of warfare, he tary and often under tight
the Chief of the Air Staff, Air said at the 13th Jumbo Majum- State control, he said. The
Chief Marshal (ACM) V.R. dar international seminar or- other challenge was to deve-
Chaudhari said on Thurs- ganised by the Centre for Air lop doctrines, training phi-
day. “Control of air has be- Power Studies. losophy and concepts of op-
come a prerequisite for con- “The inherent speed, erations. It would require
duct of operations at all reach, responsiveness and ac- joint planning and execu-
levels. Aerospace power curacy of air power make it a tion of plans.
DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS
COURT E SY T H E H IND UYou can also read
