ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS - Pollution Probe
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ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN
MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Copyright @ 2019 Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group All rights reserved. The use in any part of this document, whether it is reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or means (including electronic, mechanical, photographic, photocopying or recording), without the prior written permission of Pollution Probe or The Delphi Group is an infringement of copyright law. Pollution Probe The Delphi Group 208 – 150 Ferrand Drive 428 Gilmour Street Toronto, ON, M3C 3E5 Ottawa, ON, K2P 0R8 Canada Canada Tel: (416) 926-1907 Tel: (613) 562-2005 Fax: (416) 926-1907 Fax: (613) 562-2008 www.pollutionprobe.org www.delphi.ca For more information, please contact: Melissa DeYoung Erin Williamson Director Consultant mdeyoung@pollutionprobe.org ewilliamson@delphi.ca (416) 926-1907 x239 (613) 562-2005 x 229 Steve McCauley Joe Rogers Senior Director, Policy Senior Director smccauley@pollutionprobe.org jrogers@delphi.ca (416) 926-1907 x 252 (613) 562-2005 x 222 Mariana Eret Policy Analyst meret@pollutionprobe.org (416) 926-1907 x 258 Design and Layout: Thistle Printing
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
About
Pollution Probe
Pollution Probe is a national, not-for-profit, charitable organization that exists to improve the health and
well-being of Canadians by advancing policy that achieves positive, tangible environmental change. Pollution
Probe has a proven track record of working in successful partnership with industry and government to develop
practical solutions for shared environmental challenges.
The Delphi Group
The Delphi Group is a Canadian strategic consultancy providing innovative solutions in the areas of climate
change and corporate sustainability. As a pioneer in sustainability and environmental risk management, The
Delphi Group has more than 30 years of experience in helping some of Canada’s best-known companies improve
the sustainability of their organizations – as well as the local and global communities in which they operate.
Travis Allan, AddÉnergie Technologies Inc.
Travis Allan is the Vice President of Public Affairs and General Counsel of AddÉnergie Technologies Inc., the
largest Canadian manufacturer of EV charging stations and owner of the FLO EV charging network. Travis
has worked for many years to support the development of EV charging standards and policies for multi-unit
residential buildings across Canada. He has been selected as a leading Canadian Energy Lawyer by Who’s Who,
and is the associate Canadian editor of the International Energy Law Review (published by Sweet & Maxwell).
Natural Resources Canada
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) seeks to enhance the responsible development and use of Canada’s natural
resources and the competitiveness of Canada’s natural resources products. We are an established leader in
science and technology in the fields of energy, forests, and minerals and metals and use our expertise in earth
sciences to build and maintain an up-to-date knowledge base of our landmass. NRCan develops policies and
programs that enhance the contribution of the natural resources sector to the economy and improve the quality
of life for all Canadians. We conduct innovative science in facilities across Canada to generate ideas and transfer
technologies. We also represent Canada at the international level to meet the country’s global commitments
related to the sustainable development of natural resources.
iii
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS Acknowledgements Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group would like to acknowledge that this report was funded by Natural Resources Canada. Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group would like to thank the following individuals for their time and contributions to this project, including sharing valuable insights and expertise during interviews, providing feedback on the drafts of this document and directing us to important resources and data to support the study: David Adams, Nadine Al Hajj, Charlotte Argue, Éric Baril, Mark Bekkering, Arthur Billette, Daniel Carr, Don Chandler, Fei Chi, Cara Clairman, Audrey Dépault, Rob Detta Colli, Dan Fox, Pascal Giasson, Peter Glowacki, Suzanne Goldberg, Adrian Gomez, Matthew Haley, Sudan Himanshu, Jim Hindson, Christina Ianniciello, Shaun Joffe, Tanya Krackovic, Jenna LeBlanc, Daniela Levasseur, Guillaume Longchamps, Eric MacNaughton, Mark Marmer, Brendan McEwen, Nicole Morter, Anna Murray, Iain Myrans, Darryl Neate, Ian Neville, Tyler Seed, Wilf Steimle, Alec Tsang and Bala Venkatesh We would also like to express appreciation to members of Natural Resources Canada’s Infrastructure and Grid Readiness Working Group for their input and contributions throughout this study. Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group are solely liable and responsible for the contents of this report. Inclusion of the names of individuals is for acknowledgement purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of the material. iv
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
About this Report
The uptake of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) in Canada Under the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth
presents enormous opportunities for stakeholders and Climate Change — the federal government’s
across a wide range of sectors. The value of these plan to meet emissions reductions targets, grow the
technologies is often characterized by their potential economy and build resilience to a changing climate —
to reduce the tailpipe emissions that contribute most provinces agreed to an ambitious target of 30%
to air pollution and climate change. As the ZEV greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions below
market continues to grow and evolve, it has become 2005 levels by 2030. The Pan-Canadian Framework
increasingly clear that the value proposition for comprises a suite of actions that jurisdictions can
the technology extends well beyond emissions undertake to facilitate the transition to a low-carbon
reductions. There is also the potential for ZEVs to economy. Within the transportation sector, this
contribute to Canada’s clean growth and climate includes enabling widespread electrification and the
change strategies, to stimulate best practices in uptake of ZEVs.
energy efficiency and clean technology and to play a
In early 2019, the Government of Canada announced
critical role in the broadening landscape of renewable
targets for 10% of vehicle sales to be ZEVs by 2025,
distributed energy, storage technology and research,
30% by 2030 and 100% by 2040. Budget 2019
development and demonstration (RD&D). Industry
proposed a number of actions to support these
and automakers specializing in ZEV technologies can
adoption targets, including $130 million over five years
leverage their early mover advantage to increase
to deploy new ZEV infrastructure, $300 million over
revenues from sales of new products and develop
three years for a federal purchase incentive for ZEVs
export opportunities in this rapidly growing market.
that cost $45,000 or less, $5 million over five years
However, for ZEVs to become an integral part of
to work with automakers to secure voluntary sales
successful sustainable transportation systems and
targets and a full tax write-off for light-, medium-
continue to contribute to the decarbonisation of
and heavy-duty ZEVs purchased by businesses.
the transportation sector, the social, environmental
and financial needs of all users should be met, and a In support of its commitment to electrification, the
number of remaining barriers must be addressed. Government of Canada convened several ZEV expert
working groups in 2016, including one led by Natural
ZEVs require infrastructure to charge the vehicle, a
Resources Canada (NRCan) specific to informing
fact that necessitates strategic planning to enable
infrastructure efforts. A recommendation of the
their effective deployment. Roughly 80% of all
infrastructure working group was to incorporate grid
electric vehicle (EV) charging currently occurs at
readiness into the ongoing dialogue. The name of the
home, and the ability to do so has been tied to
working group was changed to the Infrastructure and
optimizing the utility and consumer appeal of ZEVs.1
Grid Readiness Working Group (IGRWG) to reflect
While building out additional charging options (e.g.,
this broader focus.i Given that a growing proportion
public or workplace) is also important, ensuring that
of the population in Canadian urban centres reside
Canadians have access where they live will be critical
in multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) or are
to supporting widespread ZEV adoption. A significant
without a driveway or garage, a priority issue for the
proportion of the population in major urban centres
IGRWG over the past year has been addressing the
reside in multi-unit residential condominium and
unique challenges associated with charging for these
apartment buildings or dwellings without access to a
potential ZEV owners.
driveway or garage (also known as garage orphans).
A number of unique charging-related challenges exist This report is the result of work undertaken by
for these residents that will need to be effectively Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group as part of the
addressed to facilitate further ZEV uptake among this study on ZEV Charging in MURBs and for Garage
growing segment of the population.
i
In addition to the Infrastructure and Grid Readiness Working Group (IGRWG), the Government of Canada has convened the following expert working groups: ZEV Total Costs and Benefits of
Ownership Expert Group; Public Awareness and Education Expert Group; Technological Advancement, Clean Growth and Clean Jobs Expert Working Group; and the ZEV Supply Expert Group.
v
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Orphans, conducted in support of NRCan and based Telephone interviews were conducted with key
on a statement of work developed with input from subject matter experts and stakeholders across
the IGRWG. The study looked to identify key barriers Canada to help fill information and data gaps
to ZEV charging in MURBs and for garage orphans identified through the literature review and to obtain
and to highlight existing solutions and best practices. a more targeted understanding of the challenges
Perhaps most importantly, this report maps these for ZEV charging in MURBs and for garage orphans.
barriers to potential solutions and outlines a suite of Interviewees included representatives from the
practical actions that stakeholders can take to address following stakeholder groups in Canada:
current challenges associated with charging in MURBs
• Government (federal, provincial/territorial and
and for garage orphans. These actions will support the
municipal)
ongoing development of ZEV deployment strategies
as the market continues to expand and evolve, and • Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) providers
will serve to bring stakeholders together to move and technology companies
forward in a strategic, cost-effective and collaborative • Residential property developers
manner.
• Property managers
• Utilities (local distribution companies and
Objectives and Methodology
electricity generation companies)
Based on a statement of work developed by NRCan’s
IGRWG, Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group • Academia
undertook a study to assess and communicate the • Not-for-profit organizations
barriers and opportunities for ZEV charging in MURBs
• Standards associations
and for garage orphans, in an effort to contribute to
accelerating the deployment and adoption of ZEVs in • EV owners and societies
Canada. More specifically, the objectives of the study • Automakers and automotive associations
were to:
• Energy industry
• Identify key barriers, opportunities, and potential
A total of 33 interviews with 36 stakeholders (some
solutions associated with ZEV charging in MURBs
interviews involved more than one person) were
and for garage orphans.
conducted between November 2018 and January 2019.
• Communicate best practices and lessons learned
for a range of audiences. The study also included the development of three
separate matrices of action (Existing MURBs,
• Develop a matrix of actions that will provide
New MURBs and Garage Orphans) that identify
a framework for stakeholders to visualize key
opportunities for ongoing capacity building and action
actions and the potential roles necessary to
related to ZEV charging in MURBs and for garage
enable charging in MURBs and for garage orphans.
orphans. The matrices suggest stakeholder groups
The research methodology for this study combined an that could play a role in the implementation of these
in-depth literature review with a series of interviews actions. Members of the IGRWG contributed their
with key subject matter experts and stakeholders time and expertise in reviewing the accuracy and
involved in the deployment of ZEV charging appropriateness of these actions and in identifying
infrastructure in MURBs or for garage orphans. The any outstanding gaps that should be addressed.
literature review included an investigation of national
A wide range of stakeholders have been involved in
and international scholarly and professional resources
important work related to ZEV charging in MURBs
such as peer-reviewed articles, research reports, policy
and for garage orphans over the past several years.
documents and discussion papers, and allowed for an
This study provided an opportunity to engage many
examination of available evidence about key barriers
of them and where appropriate, to contribute to
and the progress made to date in addressing them
knowledge-sharing across sectors. Participation
both within Canada and internationally.
of subject matter experts across the country both
through interviews and in discussion with the
vi
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
IGRWG, helped to ensure local and sector-specific organizations to address ZEV charging in MURBs or for
perspectives informed the study, enhancing the garage orphans and provides an overview of relevant
value and relevance of the findings. It will be critical initiatives being undertaken by federal, provincial, and
for stakeholders to continue to work together in municipal governments in Canada.
developing solutions to support the growing demand
Section Two describes the barriers, potential
for ZEVs among those residing in MURBs and by
solutions and existing best practices associated with
garage orphans. The study findings outlined in this
ZEV charging in MURBs and for garage orphans based
report constitute a foundation upon which those with
on key findings from this study. This section builds
a stake in the deployment of ZEVs and the installation
a detailed picture of the broad range of challenges
of charging infrastructure can base their future
facing potential ZEV owners living in MURBs or
actions.
without access to a driveway or garage and highlights
innovative solutions from a number of leading
Report Outline jurisdictions.
This report is divided into three sections that
describe the broad context for ZEV charging in MURBs Section Three presents an action-based framework
and for garage orphans, identify key barriers and (matrix of actions) that should be considered by
potential solutions to charging for these residents and relevant stakeholders in Canada to address the
outline a suite of actions that stakeholders can use as challenges associated with ZEV charging in MURBs
a guide to address challenges. and for garage orphans. Three matrices of action
(Existing MURBs, New MURBs and Garage Orphans)
Section One provides a brief description of ZEVs, provide an effective visual map of potential future
charging infrastructure, MURBs and garage orphans, action that will allow stakeholders to identify
and outlines some of the key benefits associated with opportunities where they can make meaningful
ZEV use. This section also introduces the regulatory contributions.
instruments used by governments, industry, and other
vii
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Table of Contents
About..................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................................iv
About this Report............................................................................................................................................................................... v
Objectives and Methodology...............................................................................................................................................vi
Report Outline...........................................................................................................................................................................vii
Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
ZEV Charging in MURBs and for Garage Orphans....................................................................................................... 10
Barriers and Solutions to EV Charging in MURBs and for Garage Orphans....................................................... 11
Matrix of Actions...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
SECTION ONE: Canadian Context for Zero Emission Vehicle Charging in Multi-Unit Residential
Buildings and for Garage Orphans........................................................................................................................................22
Background.................................................................................................................................................................................22
What are Zero Emission Vehicles?......................................................................................................................................24
Benefits of Electric Vehicle Use..........................................................................................................................................24
Electric Vehicle Sales...............................................................................................................................................................26
Electric Vehicle Charging........................................................................................................................................................28
Electric Vehicle Charging Station Distribution..............................................................................................................29
What are Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and Garage Orphans?........................................................................30
Geographic Distribution of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and Garage Orphans.......................................30
Regulatory Landscape for Charging in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and for Garage Orphans...........31
Codes and Standards...............................................................................................................................................................31
Condominium and Strata Acts............................................................................................................................................ 33
Zoning and Parking Bylaws.................................................................................................................................................. 33
Public Utilities Acts.................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Federal Measurement Statutes........................................................................................................................................... 33
Residential Tenancy Acts.......................................................................................................................................................34
Charging-Related Initiatives for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and for Garage Orphans......................34
Federal Initiatives.....................................................................................................................................................................34
Provincial and Territorial Initiatives...................................................................................................................................36
Municipal Initiatives.................................................................................................................................................................41
viii
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Table of Contents
SECTION TWO: Barriers, Solutions and Best Practices.................................................................................................43
Overview.....................................................................................................................................................................................43
Barriers, Solutions and Best Practices..............................................................................................................................45
Grid Preparedness and Charging Infrastructure...................................................................................................45
Building Design and Physical Infrastructure..........................................................................................................49
Education and Awareness............................................................................................................................................. 52
Regulatory and Policy Barriers.................................................................................................................................... 53
Financial Barriers............................................................................................................................................................... 57
Other Barriers..................................................................................................................................................................... 61
SECTION THREE: Matrix of Actions........................................................................................................................................62
What is the Matrix of Action and How is it Used?.....................................................................................................62
Stakeholder Involvement......................................................................................................................................................63
Matrix of Actions......................................................................................................................................................................65
Next Steps........................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Study on ZEV Charging in MURBs and for Garage Orphans................................................................................... 72
Decarbonizing Transportation in Canada........................................................................................................................ 72
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Appendix A: Dwelling Types and Distribution...................................................................................................................... 74
Appendix B: Municipal and District Initiatives and Activities Related to
Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and Garage Orphans...................................................................................................... 76
Appendix C: Selected Resources, Guides and Websites..................................................................................................... 81
References...........................................................................................................................................................................................83
ix
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Executive Summary
The uptake of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) in Canada meet its climate change commitments and identifies
presents enormous opportunities for stakeholders increased ZEV use as a priority for addressing
across a wide range of sectors. ZEV use can contribute emissions from the transportation sector. A range of
to clean growth and climate change strategies, as measures that encourage or support ZEV deployment
well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction have been implemented in support of this objective,
goals. There is also the potential for ZEVs to play a including several initiatives related to the installation
critical role in the broadening landscape of renewable of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in
distributed energy, storage technology and research, multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) and for
development and demonstration (RD&D). While garage orphans. For example, the federal government
Canada’s ZEV sales have increased rapidly over the is supporting infrastructure installations, pilot projects
past several years, they currently represent only 2.2% and demonstrations, working to update relevant
of the total light-duty vehicle (LDV) market. A number legislation and regulations, and providing educational
of key barriers must be addressed in order to increase resources specific to MURBs and garage orphans.
ZEV deployment across the country and to ensure the
In early 2019, the Government of Canada also
social, environmental and economic benefits of these
announced targets for ZEVs to account for 10% of
vehicles are realized by all potential owners.
new passenger vehicle sales by 2025, 30% by 2030
Transportation-related GHG emissions in Canada and 100% by 2040. Budget 2019 outlined further ways
have increased by 42% since 1990 and the sector in which the federal government will support these
accounted for 25% of total national GHG emissions in adoption targets, including providing $130 million
2016. Significant emissions reductions can be achieved over five years to deploy new ZEV infrastructure,
by moving away from the use of fossil-fuel powered $300 million over three years for a federal purchase
vehicles to ZEVs, particularly given Canada’s low- incentive for ZEVs that cost $45,000 or less, $5 million
carbon electricity mix. ZEVs have no harmful tailpipe over five years to work with automakers to secure
emissions and their use contributes to improving voluntary sales targets and a full tax write-off for
local air quality and reducing transportation-related light-, medium- and heavy-duty ZEVs purchased by
health impacts. The benefits of ZEV use however, businesses.
extend beyond their contributions to emissions
reductions. ZEVs can also provide economic benefits ZEV Charging in Multi-Unit Residential
for drivers by way of a reduction in the total cost of Buildings and for Garage Orphans
ownership (TCO). This is due to the fact that ZEVs
An increasing proportion of the Canadian population
have significantly lower operation and maintenance
resides in multi-unit residential condominium and
costs when compared to vehicles with a conventional
apartment buildings or dwellings without access to a
internal combustion engine (ICE). There are also
driveway or garage. It is estimated that at least one-
benefits for building owners and cities related
third of Canadians live in MURBs and in some large
to ZEV deployment including the attraction of
metropolitan centres, apartments are more common
environmentally-conscious businesses and tenants,
than single-detached homes. These MURB and garage
creation of new revenue streams and the ability to
orphan residents are potential mainstream ZEV
obtain credit towards environmental performance
adopters but they face a number of unique charging-
certification programs.
related barriers that must be effectively addressed to
The Government of Canada has recognized that facilitate uptake.
reducing transportation-related emissions will be
This report is the result of work undertaken by
critical for meeting its target of 30% GHG reductions
Pollution Probe and The Delphi Group as part of the
below 2005 levels by 2030, as outlined in the Pan-
study on ZEV Charging in MURBs and for Garage
Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate
Orphans, conducted in support of Natural Resources
Change. The framework articulates Canada’s plan to
Canada (NRCan). The study aimed to contribute to the
10ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
ongoing development of ZEV deployment strategies to work together in developing solutions to support
by supporting capacity building and stakeholder the growing demand for ZEVs by MURB residents
collaboration related to charging in MURBs and and those without access to a garage or driveway.
for garage orphans. Key barriers and opportunities The study findings outlined in this report constitute
for ZEV charging in MURBs were identified and a foundation upon which those with a stake in the
categorized, and potential solutions and best practices deployment of ZEVs and installation of charging
were explored. A suite of options for potential future infrastructure can base their future actions.
action was also developed, providing a comprehensive
framework for stakeholders to visualize practical Barriers and Solutions to EV Charging in
actions and the potential roles necessary to enable MURBs and for Garage Orphans
charging in MURBs and for garage orphans.
A range of barriers to EV charging in MURBs and for
A wide range of stakeholders have been involved in garage orphans were identified through the review
important work related to ZEV charging in MURBs of relevant literature and the interviews conducted
and for garage orphans over the past several years. as part of this study. These barriers were organized
This study provided an opportunity to engage many according to the following six broad categories:
of them and where appropriate, to contribute to
•
Grid Preparedness & Charging Infrastructure:
knowledge-sharing across sectors. Participation of
These barriers comprise those related to the
subject matter experts across the country helped to
electrical grid and EV charging infrastructure (not
ensure local and sector-specific perspectives informed
those specific to building design) as they pertain
the study, enhancing the value and relevance of the
to MURBs and garage orphans.
findings. It will be critical for stakeholders to continue
11ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
•
Building Design & Physical Infrastructure: that impact EV charging in MURBs and for garage
Applicable only to MURBs, these barriers include orphans.
those related to charging infrastructure in and Financial: Barriers in this category are applicable
•
around buildings. to MURBs and garage orphans and include
Education & Awareness: Barriers in this category
• installation and operational costs, as well as
relate to MURBs and garage orphans and focus on challenges related to cost-sharing.
consumer, building owner and property manager Other: These barriers are those that do not fit
•
awareness. easily within the other categories.
Regulatory & Policy: This category covers
•
Table 1 provides a high-level summary of the barriers,
barriers related to the regulations and policies (e.g.,
the type of dwelling they apply to, and potential
acts, codes, standards, process policies and bylaws)
solutions.
Table 1. Summary of Barriers and Solutions
Barrier Brief Description Existing New Garage Solutions
MURB MURB Orphan
Grid Preparedness & Charging Infrastructure Barriers
Electrical Barriers related to the • Utility-controlled demand
Capacity ability of a building’s management
electrical system to • Off-peak charging
accommodate the additional • Electric Vehicle Energy
load from EV charging or Management Systems (EVEMS)
the capacity of the electrical
• Energy storage systems
distribution system at the
neighbourhood-level to • Additional research,
accommodate EV charging. development and pilot projects
Metering Barriers associated with • EVSE network solutions
how charging stations
are owned, managed and
metered in a building
and challenges related to
customer billing and the
distribution of electricity
costs.
Lack of Access Barriers faced by garage • Demand or load management
to Charging orphans who do not have • Residential curbside charging
Infrastructure access to charging at home • Increased public and workplace
because they do not have a charging
garage or dedicated parking
space with an electrical
outlet.
Building Design & Physical Infrastructure Barriers
Parking Supply Barriers related to a limited • Peer-to-peer charging rentals
number of parking spaces • Public charging (parking lots and
in a building, lack of curbside charging)
regular access to a parking • Swapping parking spots
space or restrictions on
• Community or shared charging
re-assignment of parking
spaces. • Reservations and virtual waiting
lists
12ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Barrier Brief Description Existing New Garage Solutions
MURB MURB Orphan
Design Barriers related to the • Technology solutions (e.g.,
physical design of a demand charge controllers,
building, such as space chargers with built-in
constraints in parking lots transformers, energy storage-
and within electrical rooms. based charging)
Also includes barriers • Parking or charging management
related to the design of (i.e., multiple users per charger)
EVSE installation. • Public charging (parking lots and
curbside charging)
Connectivity Barriers related to poor • Technology solutions (e.g.,
cellular coverage in cellular boosting)
underground parking
garages.
Education & Awareness Barriers
Consumer Barriers related to minimal • Targeted education and outreach
Awareness consumer understanding • Regulations
and experience with EVs • Certification programs
or a lack of resources to
help properly assess how to
implement EV charging.
Condo Board or Barriers related to a lack of • Targeted education and outreach
Strata Council awareness and resources • Regulations (e.g., revising condo
Decision- Making required by MURB owners acts, bylaws, and regulations,
and Building or property managers permits triggering EVSE
Owner Awareness to effectively evaluate requirements)
and deploy EV charging
infrastructure.
Regulatory & Policy Barriers
Physical Barriers Regulatory barriers related • Financial support and incentives
to physical infrastructure • Zoning bylaws
upgrades and the costs • EVEMS
associated with installing
• Implementing EV supportive
EVSE.
standards in national model
building code
Condo & Strata Regulatory barriers related • “Right to charge” legislation
Legislation to the approval process
for EVSE installation by
a condo board or strata
corporation.
Electricity-related Regulatory barriers related • Clarity on recovery of costs for
Legislative & to cost recovery and the EV charging services without
Regulatory apportionment of electrical regulation as a public utility
costs associated with the
use of electricity to charge
an EV in a MURB.
Measurement Regulatory barriers related • Approved metering solutions that
Rules to metering requirements enable billing for EV charging
for EV charging. based on energy usage
13ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
Barrier Brief Description Existing New Garage Solutions
MURB MURB Orphan
Financial Barriers
Installation Costs Barriers related to the • Technology solutions (e.g.,
costs associated with EVSE demand charge controllers,
installation in a MURB or at charger with a built-in
a residential curbside. transformer)
• Swapping parking spots
• Regulations (e.g., EV ready
parking requirements or design
for 100% in new MURBs and for
major renovations)
• Funding or support programs
Operation & Barriers related to the • Funding or support programs
Maintenance cost of operating and • Low-rate charging
Costs maintaining EVSE.
Cost Sharing Barriers related to the • New financial or operating
inability of MURB owners models (e.g., financial recovery
and property managers independent of utility costs,
to charge for electricity utility owned or operated EVSE,
separate from the utility or privately owned or operated
restrictions on the resale of EVSE and networked chargers)
electricity. • Charging solutions (e.g., flat
fee-based charging, rate based
charging)
• Public charging in parking lots
and curbside
Other Barriers
Rental-specific Barriers related to the lack • Regulatory solutions to allow
Barriers of incentives for renters EVSE installation
and landlords to invest in • Public charging in parking lots
infrastructure upgrades and and curbside
EVSE installation, as well as
challenges associated with
liability.
Matrix of Actions visual map that will allow stakeholders to identify
A suite of coordinated actions will be required to opportunities where they can make meaningful
effectively address the barriers faced by potential contributions.
ZEV owners residing in MURBs or those who do not
Potential actions are organized under the following
have a dedicated parking spot. Three matrices of
broad categories:
action related to new MURBs, existing MURBs, and
garage orphans were developed as part of this study •
Grid Preparedness & Charging Infrastructure:
to help facilitate capacity building and stakeholder These barriers comprise those related to the
collaboration on addressing these barriers. A clear electrical grid and EV charging infrastructure (not
understanding of the broader interconnections those specific to building design) as they pertain
that exist across barriers provides opportunities to to MURBs and garage orphans.
determine appropriate and complementary solutions
•
Building Design & Physical Infrastructure:
that will not unintentionally create new challenges.
Applicable only to MURBs, these barriers include
The three matrices of action provide an effective
14ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
those related to charging infrastructure in and the development and implementation of effective
around buildings. solutions to the barriers identified in this report. The
Education & Awareness: Barriers in this
• following stakeholders have a potential role to play
category relate to MURBs and garage orphans and in enabling ZEV charging in MURBs and for garage
focus on consumer, building owner and property orphans:
manager awareness. • Government (federal, provincial/territorial and
Regulatory & Policy: This category covers
• municipal)
barriers related to the regulations and policies • Utilities and electricity providers
(e.g., acts, codes, standards, process policies and
• Industry, including technology companies and
bylaws) that impact EV charging in MURBs and
EVSE providers
for garage orphans.
• Real estate developers
Incentives & Support Programs: This category
•
of actions involves financial and other support • Property management and apartment building
programs, such as technical advisory services, and owners
is applicable to MURBs and garage orphans. • Condo and strata boards
Complementary Actions: These actions
• • Academia, civil society and advocacy
comprise those that are supportive of the EV organizations
sector in general and may not be directly related
• EV owners and associations
to facilitating charging in MURBs or for garage
orphans. • Automakers
This study identified that many stakeholders involved Each of these stakeholder groups may have specific
in work related to MURBs and garage orphans have actions that they are more suited to leading within
no formal means of connection and are therefore the matrices. There will also be opportunities for
unaware of each other’s actions, successes and stakeholders to support each other and to form
lessons learned. As previously noted, it will be partnerships for effective collaboration related to
critical for a range of stakeholders to collaborate on others.
1516
Matrix of Actions for Zero Emission Charging in Existing Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
GRID PREPAREDNESS BUILDING DESIGN EDUCATION & AWARENESS REGULATORY & POLICY INCENTIVES & SUPPORT COMPLEMENTARY ACTIONS
& CHARGING & PHYSICAL PROGRAMS
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE
Investigate and implement Installation of EV chargers and Develop "how to" guidance Enact provincial "right to Provide subsidies, tax credits or Develop and implement
distribution system demand associated systems for shared and web content for EV and charge" regulatory amendments low-cost loans to condo/strata curriculum at academic
management programs use in building common areas building owners, property to condo or strata acts board or building owners for institutes related to EV charging
■■■ ■■■■ management and condo boards to facilitate approval of electrical infrastructure audit ■■■
to reference applications to install EV or assessment
■■■■■■ charging stations ■
■
Explore options for demand Explore options for improved Undertake educational Work with federal government Provide financial incentive Installation of public charging
management at the building cellular connectivity in campaigns targeting various to develop approved metering to MURB residents, building infrastructure at workplaces
level underground parking areas stakeholder groups based on solutions that enable billing for owners or condo/strata and public locations including
■■■■■ ■■■■ unique informational needs EV charging based on energy boards to purchase and install in densely populated residential
■■■■ usage networked or otherwise energy areas to address daytime
■■■■■■ managed EV charging stations charging needs
■■■ ■■■■
Explore use of technologies Undertake RD&D and pilot Develop best practice Develop condo or strata EV Provide financial assistance to Support for RD&D,
capable of augmenting existing programs that promote use of guidelines and turnkey charging station installation building owners or condo/strata demonstration and
electrical capacity new technologies that address solutions for condo boards, policy with a focus on boards to support electrical commercialization of EV
■■■■■■■ physical constraints for EV building owners, property maximizing existing electrical capacity upgrades where charging technologies
charging in buildings managers and municipalities infrastructure and consider demand management solutions ■■■■
■■■■■■ ■■■■■ EV-supportive upgrades as part are insufficient
of condo/strata board planning ■■
processes
■■■
Prioritize investment in Undertake necessary building Provide advisory services and Require municipal Explore the potential to fund Promotion of electric car
charging infrastructure options upgrades (panel, transformer) workshops on EV charging departments, building owners, the installation of chargers share and rideshare services
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
that address multiple charging where demand management station installation specific to property managers and condo in MURBs or the throughput and associated charging
needs (e.g., residential and solutions are insufficient MURBs or strata boards to provide of kWh through Clean Fuel infrastructure, as alternative for
public charging) ■■■■ ■■■■ information to help consumers Standard (CFS) or British MURB residents without access
■■■■■ make decisions about EV Columbia’s low carbon fuel to EV charging.
charging installations standard (LCFS) credits. ■■■■
■■■ Note: Parties eligible to
generate credits may differ
under the standards.
■■■
Installation and preferential Consider solutions that Develop materials to Provide clarity on ability to Conduct social equity analysis Develop public education
use of nearby public charging ensure access to charging communicate business case for recover costs for EV charging and consider how to make EV materials to improve general
infrastructure to address infrastructure where parking EV charging to condo boards, services without regulation charging stations accessible for knowledge about EV charging
overnight charging needs of stalls are deeded (e.g., property management and as a public utility either by underserved neighbourhoods and connect potential buyers
MURB residents swapping parking spaces) apartment building owners utility regulatory decision or ■■ with current EV owners
■■■■ ■■■■■■■ ■■■ provincial legislative exemption ■■■■■■
■GRID PREPAREDNESS BUILDING DESIGN EDUCATION & AWARENESS REGULATORY & POLICY INCENTIVES & SUPPORT COMPLEMENTARY ACTIONS
& CHARGING & PHYSICAL PROGRAMS
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE
Develop program for informing Develop training programs for Develop policy and guidelines Preferential parking rate for Investigate options for sharing
utilities about where EV local governments, contractors that provide clarity on EV owners in common spaces home EV chargers (peer-to-peer
charging in MURBs currently and other stakeholders related appropriate fee structure for equipped with chargers charging)
exists or is planned to EV charging installation in cost recovery on charging ■■ ■■■
■■■■■■■ MURBs infrastructure and ability of
■■■ utility to rate base installation
costs
■■■■
Leverage planned energy Develop a platform and Explore potential for requiring Continued research into Develop guidelines and best
retrofits & upgrades to outfit stakeholder network for installation of EV charging addressing barriers to charging practices for procurement of
buildings with EV charging sharing resources and best stations when substantial in MURBs public EV charging stations
infrastructure practices renovations necessitate a ■■■■ ■■■■
■■ ■■■ permit and/or compliance with
building code
■■■
Undertake RD&D and pilot Conduct or host Require provincial landlord Provide technical assistance Development and use of
programs that address demonstrations and events tenant laws to incorporate and services for EV charger websites and apps providing
grid capacity and demand related to EV charging in consideration for EV charging installation to building owners, real time information on
management related to EV MURBs ■ property managers and condo availability and cost of public
charging ■■■■■■■■ boards EV chargers
■■■■■ ■■■■ ■■■■
Ensure EV charging in MURBs Work together with the real Explore potential for condo or Develop supportive policies,
is accounted for in long-term estate sector to list EV charging strata boards to use portion of electrification targets and
load management planning and access as a standard housing reserve funds to support EV incentive programs to signal
forecasting attribute in real estate listings charging station installation or support for long-term market
■ ■■■■■ EV-readiness upgrades growth
■ ■
Remove requirements for Explore options for enabling
approval from committee utilities to own and operate EV
of adjustment to install EV charging infrastructure
charging station in visitor ■■
parking
■
Explore removal of demand
charges for purposes of EV
charging.
■■
LEGEND
■ Government ■ Utility & ■ Industry ■ Real estate ■ Property ■ Condo & ■ Academia, ■ EV owners & ■ Automaker
actions electricity & EVSE developer management strata board civil society associations actions
provider provider actions & apartment actions & advocacy actions
actions actions building organization
owner actions
17
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
actions18
Matrix of Actions for Zero Emission Charging in New Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
GRID PREPAREDNESS BUILDING DESIGN EDUCATION & AWARENESS REGULATORY & POLICY INCENTIVES & SUPPORT COMPLEMENTARY ACTIONS
& CHARGING & PHYSICAL PROGRAMS
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE
Investigate and implement Installation of EV chargers and Develop "how to" guidance Include model requirements Provide subsidies, tax credits or Develop and implement
distribution system demand associated systems in private and web content for EV and for EV ready parking spaces low-cost loans to condo/strata curriculum at academic
management programs spaces and for shared use in building owners, property and building electrical capacity board or building owners for institutes related to EV charging
■■■ building common areas management and condo boards in National Building Code electrical infrastructure audit ■■■
■■■■■ to reference and work with provinces or assessment and EV-ready
■■■■■■ to establish province-wide upgrades
standards ■
■
Explore options for demand Explore options for improved Undertake educational Review and update provincial Explore options for removing Installation of public charging
management at the building cellular connectivity in campaigns targeting various building codes to include barriers in the customer infrastructure at workplaces
level underground parking areas stakeholder groups based on requirements for EV-ready interconnection process (e.g., and public locations including
■■■■■ ■■■■■ unique informational needs parking and building electrical easing utility expansion deposit in densely populated residential
■■■■■ capacity requirements for developers areas to address daytime
■ who plan to install EV charging charging needs
infrastructure) ■■■■
■■
Explore use of technologies Undertake RD&D and pilot Develop best practice Where appropriate, use zoning Provide financial incentive for Support for RD&D,
capable of augmenting existing programs that promote use of guidelines and turnkey or parking bylaws to require real estate developers to install demonstration and
electrical capacity new technologies that address solutions for condo boards, parking spaces be EV ready networked or otherwise energy commercialization of EV
■■■■■■■ physical constraints for EV building owners, property (either roughed-in or EVSE managed EV charging stations charging technologies
charging in buildings managers and municipalities installed) with minimum ■■■ ■■■■
■■■■■■■ ■■■■ charging performance
standards
■
Prioritize investment in Strategic long-term planning Provide advisory services and Work with federal government Explore the potential to fund Promotion of electric car
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE CHARGING IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND FOR GARAGE ORPHANS
charging infrastructure options related to location of EV ready workshops on EV charging to develop approved metering the installation of chargers share and rideshare services
that address multiple charging parking spaces station installation specific to solutions that enable billing for in MURBs or the throughput and associated charging
needs (e.g., residential and ■■■■■ MURBs EV charging based on energy of kWh through Clean Fuel infrastructure, as alternative for
public charging) ■■■■ usage Standard (CFS) or British MURB residents without access
■■■■■ ■■■■■■ Columbia’s low carbon fuel to EV charging.
standard (LCFS) credits. ■■■■■
Note: Parties eligible to
generate credits may differ
under the standards.
■■■■
Installation and preferential Develop a platform and Incorporate EV charging station Conduct social equity analysis Develop public education
use of nearby public charging stakeholder network for installation needs into building and consider how to make EV materials to improve general
infrastructure to address sharing resources and best development and planning charging stations accessible for knowledge about EV charging
overnight charging needs of practices processes underserved neighbourhoods and connect potential buyers
MURB residents ■■■■ ■ ■■ with current EV owners
■■■■ ■■■■■■GRID PREPAREDNESS BUILDING DESIGN EDUCATION & AWARENESS REGULATORY & POLICY INCENTIVES & SUPPORT COMPLEMENTARY ACTIONS
& CHARGING & PHYSICAL PROGRAMS
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE
Develop program for informing Develop materials to Provide clarity on ability to Preferential parking rate for Investigate options for sharing
utilities about where EV communicate business case for recover costs for EV charging EV owners in common spaces home EV chargers (peer-to-peer
charging in MURBs currently real estate developers services without regulation equipped with chargers charging)
exists or is planned ■■■ as a public utility either by ■■ ■■■
■■■■■■■ utility regulatory decision or
provincial legislative exemption
■
Undertake RD&D and pilot Highlight benefits of EVSE in Require municipal Continued research into Develop guidelines and best
programs that address building certification programs departments, building owners, addressing barriers to charging practices for procurement of
grid capacity and demand (e.g., LEED). property managers and condo in MURBs public EV charging stations
management related to EV ■■■■ or strata boards to provide ■■■■ ■■■■
charging information to help consumers
■■■■■ make decisions about EV
charging installations
■■■
Ensure EV charging in MURBs Conduct or host Provide best practices, Development and use of
is accounted for in long-term demonstrations and events technical assistance and websites and apps providing
load management planning and related to EV charging in services for EV charger real time information on
forecasting MURBs installation to building owners, availability and cost of public
■ ■■■■■■■ property managers and condo EV chargers
boards ■■■■
■■■■
Work together with the real Explore potential to reduce Develop supportive policies,
estate sector to list EV charging total number of parking electrification targets and
access as a standard housing stalls required per building incentive programs to signal
attribute in real estate listings in exchange for EV ready support for long-term market
■■■■ development growth
■■ ■
Explore options for enabling
utilities to own and operate EV
charging infrastructure
■■
LEGEND
■ Government ■ Utility & ■ Industry ■ Real estate ■ Property ■ Condo & ■ Academia, ■ EV owners & ■ Automaker
actions electricity & EVSE developer management strata board civil society associations actions
provider provider actions & apartment actions & advocacy actions
actions actions building organization
owner actions
actions
19
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