AN INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW OF FRENCH ASTRONOMY - KICK-OFF MEETING LIA ERIDANUS MARTIN GIARD DÉLÉGUÉ SCIENTIFIQUE ESPACE CNRS-INSU - IN2P3
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AN INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW OF FRENCH ASTRONOMY KICK-OFF MEETING LIA ERIDANUS MARTIN GIARD DÉLÉGUÉ SCIENTIFIQUE ESPACE CNRS-INSU ON BEHALF OF : GUY PERRIN DIRECTEUR ADJOINT SCIENTIFIQUE CNRS-INSU TOULOUSE 3 JUNE 2019
1 INSU: 1 OF THE 10 INSTITUTES OF CNRS
§Astronomy and Astrophysics: formation and evolution of
the Universe and its components
§ Solid Earth: formation, history and structure of the Earth
and planets, dynamics of earth inner envelopes, natural
resources, terrestrial hazards earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions
§ Ocean and Atmosphere: climate change and variability,
biogeochemical cycles, ocean dynamics, atmosphere-
cryosphere-ocean interaction, and atmospheric composition
§Continental surfaces: structure and functioning of the
Critical Zone, interaction with the atmosphere and oceans,
cryosphere, soil and water resources, ecotoxicology and
quality of environment
2
1 FRENCH ASTRONOMY IN A NUTSHELL
Science goals defined in a European context (Astronet):
• Do we understand the extremes of the universe?
• How do galaxies form and evolve?
• What is the origin and fate of stars and planetary systems?
• How do we fit in?
One of the top nations in astronomy:
• 2nd country at IAU (6% of members)
• 27 research units
• 2700 staff members including 650 scientists with permanent position
• 10 research infrastructures + 3 national observatories
• 41 space missions
3
Date
2 A SAMPLE OF FRENCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTRONOMY
Cassini Rømer Le Verrier Lyot Luminet
Brahic
Figure 8. Image of a Spherical Black Hole with Thin Accretion Disk. As expected, the main
characteristic of the image is the strong asymmetry of the disk’s brightness, so that one side
is far brighter and the other is far dimmer. Another one is that, although the upper side of the
disk is completely visible, only a small part of the lower side is observable. This is due to the
Spite & Spite Léger & Puget Léna et al. Chauvin et al. Puget et al. Mignard et al.
fact that in a realistic situation, the gaseous disk is opaque; therefore it absorbs the light rays
that it intercepts. It follows that a major part of the secondary image is occulted by the
primary image, its visible part being stuck around the edge of the black hole, like a gleaming
halo (from Luminet 1979).
To comment in a non-scientific manner this first theoretical glimpse of the shadow of
a black hole, no caption could fit better than these verses by the French poet Gérard de
Nerval, written as soon as in 1854 (Nerval 1854) :
In seeking the eye of God, I saw nought but an orbit
Vast, black, and bottomless, from which the night which there lives
Shines on the world and continually thickens
A strange rainbow surrounds this somber well,
Threshold of the ancient chaos whose offspring is shadow,
A spiral engulfing Worlds and Days !
The picture was first published in November 1978 a popular article on black holes for
a French magazine (Carter & Luminet 1978), and the complete work with technical
details a few months later in a peered-reviewed European journal (Luminet 1979). A
4 picture of
funny anecdote is that many readers who saw for the first time this simulated
a perfectly non-luminous star believed that the author used the name Luminet as a
Date pseudonym. Indeed I enjoyed the pun !
3 ORGANIZATION IN NATIONAL PROGRAMS AND SPECIFIC ACTIONS
CNES INC INP CEA
CNES
CNES CEA
CEA INP
PNPS PCM PNCG IN2P3
Physique Stellaire Physico-Chimie
I Cosmologie-Galaxies
CNES
CNES IN2P3
INSU-TS INP
PNP PNHE CEA
Planétologie Hautes-Energies
CNES
CNES
INP
CEA
PNST IN2P3
PNGRAM
Soleil-Terre Gravitation, Métrologie
Commission Spécialisée AA
Actions Spécifiques Programmes
Opérations SNO Plateformes Calcul & Données
Nationaux
Haute Résolution Angulaire CNES Engagées Dont IR-ESO
Nouvelles
Obs. Virtuel CNES
Mise à niveau, Jouvence
SKA-LOFAR
R&D 5
Date
3 GROUND-BASED INFRASTRUCTURES (SAMPLE)
Auger CTA ELT (ESO)
Gravitational waves and high-en
Exploration of high-energy astrophysical pheno
first detection of gravitational waves in 2015 a
the French-Chinese space mission SVOM.
NOEMA (IRAM) SKA Virgo
Regarding our participation in ground or spac
to strengthen our level of involvement. What
participation remains however to be explored
SO ?). And finally given the expected growth
many of its aspects, we are about 6to recuit a
strengthen the laboratory on one or more of
physical modelling or observation.
Date
smology and evolution
Cosmology of galaxies
and evolution of galaxies
ogether with the
Together
he development
with3
planned launch launch
the planned
of the Euclid
the development
of the JWST
satellite,
of the Euclid
of the in
satellite,
2018,
JWST in the main
2018, thethrust of thisof
main thrust
SPACE MISSIONS BEING DEVELOPPED (SAMPLE)
an observational cosmology
an observational
theme at IAP at
this theme
missionmission
cosmology to explore
is IAP
the the
to explore
is is is
hysicalphysical
properties of darkof
properties matter and dark
dark matter andenergy.
dark energy.
CTA ELT (ESO) Auger
Euclid
Euclid JWST
JWST JUICE
NOEMA (IRAM) SKA
mportant
Mars 2020
With 41 members
With 41 members
important
of IAP registered
of IAP registered
French laboratory
French laboratory
asmembers,
as EC full
involvedinvolved
EC full members,
in Euclidintogether
Euclid together
including
including
with LAM
Solar Orbiter
31 researchers,
31 researchers,
with
in Marseille
IAPof
IAP is one
LAM in Marseille
is the
one most
and CEA/IRFU/Sap
and CEA/IRFU/Sap
of the most
in Saclay.
in Saclay. The The
Plato
objectiveobjective
of IAP forofEuclid
IAP forisEuclid is to
to build upbuild up andasecure
and secure a solid workforce
solid workforce of engineers
of engineers and researchers
and researchers in orderintoorder to
ulfil thefulfil the engagements
engagements on the laboratory.
on the laboratory.
8 8
7
Date
International structures
4 WORLDWIDE ACTIVITIES
International bottom-up collaborations
LIA ERIDANUS
6
SOME RECENT
RESULTS ... WAITING
FOR THE ONES WITH
COLIBRI
9
Date
THE POWER OF COMBINING CELESTIAL MECHANICS AND
5 GEOLOGY: THE SOLAR SYSTEM 200 MY BACK IN TIME
The parameters of the
Earth orbit 200 My ago
were constrained by
studying climate
evolution coded in
geological layers.
Parameters for other
planets were also
consequently
constrained.
The horizon was so far
limited to 60 My by
chaos.
6
Olsen, Laskar et al. 2019AN UNPRECEDENTED SKY MAP AT LOW FREQUENCY WITH
5 LOFAR : THE LOTSS SURVEY
326k objects detected at
120 MHz (≥0.35 mJy),
90% are new.
Field of view: 424°2
(2?5% of the Northern
hemisphere)
Resolution: 6’’
Example : M106 :
LOFAR image (orange)
superimposed to the
SDSS optical image
6
26 articles A&A dont Shimwell, Tasse, et al. 2019THE DISTANCE TO THE LMC AT 1% ACCURACY: FROM
5 STELLAR PHYSICS TO COSMOLOGY
Distance is measured by
comparing linear and angular
diameters of stars in eclipsing
binary systems.
Result : accuracy of 1%
This new distance has
allowed to calibrate other
distance scales and to better
calibrate H0.
Map of the 20 binaries used in the study
6
G. Pietrzyński ... N. Nardetto, P. Kervella et al. 2019THE STANDARD MODEL OF COSMOLOGY CONFIRMED BY
5 PLANCK
Strong international recognition:
Gruber prize 2018
Shaw prize 2018
Giuseppe and Vanna Cocconi Prize 2019 (European Physical Society) 6
Planck collaboration 20185 BLACK HOLES BECOME CLEARER AND CLEARER
Image of M87* with the
BlackEHT
Hole Shadow in M87 Horizon-scale size 7 of Sgr A* and GR tests
M87* April 11, 2017 with
and mass flux (or accretion rate) across ESO/VLTI/GRAVITY
the horizon,
spectively. Since the GRMHD simulations scale with the
re-
black-hole mass, M is set only at the time of producing
the synthetic images with the GRRT codes. The mag-
Constraint on the size of the
netic flux is generally non-zero because magnetic field
event horizon with a flare
is trapped in the black hole by the accretion flow and
orbit
sustained by currents in the surrounding plasma.
These two parameters allow us to describe accretion
disks that are either prograde (a⇤ 0) or retrograde
(a⇤ < 0) with respect to the black hole spin axis, and
whose accretion flows are either “SANE” (from “Stan-
dard and Normal Evolution”, Narayan et al. 2012) with
⇠ 1, or “MAD” (from “Magnetically Arrested Disk”,
Narayan et al. 2003) with ⇠ 15. 2 In essence, SANE
accretion flows are characterized by moderate dimen-
50 µas sionless magnetic flux and result from initial magnetic
fields that are smaller than those in MAD flows. Fur- GRAVITY collaboration et al. 2018ab, 2019
April 5 April 6 April 10 thermore, the opening angles of the magnetic funnel in
SANE flows are generically smaller than those in MAD
flows. Varying a⇤ and , we have performed 43 high-
resolution, three-dimensional and long-term simulations
covering well the physical properties of magnetized ac-
EHT: 1.3 mm
cretion flows onto Kerr black holes.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 GRAVITY: 2.2 µm
All GRMHD simulations are initialized with a weakly
magnetized torus orbiting around the black hole and
Brightness Temperature (109 K) driven into a turbulent state by instabilities, includ-
ing the magnetorotational instability (Balbus & Hawley
Both black holes are seen ~ pole on
Figure 3. Top: EHT image of M87* from observations on
(IRAM and ALMA are part of the EHT)
April 11, 2017 as a representative example of the images col-
1991), rapidly reaching a quasi-stationary state. Once
lected in the 2017 campaign. The image is the average of a simulation is completed, the relevant flow properties
three di↵erent imaging methods after convolving each with at di↵erent times are collected to be employed for the 6
a circular Gaussian kernel to give matched resolutions. The further post-processing of the GRRT codes. The gener-
EHT collaboration et al.
largest of the three kernels 2019
(20 µas (6)is shown in the
FWHM) ation of synthetic images requires, besides the proper-… WAITING FOR THE FIRST VIBRATION FROM THE MARTIAN
5 INTERIOR WITH THE INSIGHT SEISOMETER …
A USA-France collaboration
Joining expertise from CNRS and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris,
Together with CNES and SODERN space constructions.
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