ANXIOLYTIC PLANT DRUGS: A COMPENDIUM
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Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747
ANXIOLYTIC PLANT DRUGS: A COMPENDIUM
Neeraj Bainsal1, Jitender Singh2*, Pradeep Goyal3
1Research Scholar, UIPS, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab
2
Professor and Dean, IEC school of Pharmacy, IEC University, Kalujhanda, Baddi, Himachal
Pradesh
3Associate Professor, UIPS, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab
ABSTRACT
Authors while working on the anxiety disorders found numerous reports on the plant drugs exhibiting
anxiolytic potential which were evaluated using animal experimentations. Compilation of the information
collected from research and review articles published in various scientific journals by means of various
search engines and databases like, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct, SciFinder, etc. was
considered worth for the scholars, researchers, scientists, faculty, students and practitioners working on
the medicinal plants, more specially, anxiolytic plants. Most of the plants reported to have anxiolytic
activity were used as a traditional remedy for brain disorders, or used as nervine tonic. The bioactive
principles reported from anxiolytic potential plant drugs were belongs to Alkaloids, triperpenoids,
glycosides, flavonoids, sterols, coumarins, polyphenols, etc. class of compounds. The methods used for
evaluation of anxiolytic activity were, elevated plus maze, open field test, hole board methods, mirror
chamber test, light dark test, etc. The present compendium shall be a good source of information of the
plants and the bioactive principles reported to possess anxiolytic activity. The information cited in the
present report shall be a beneficial tool for the professionals working in the related fields.
Keywords: Anxiety, bioactive principles, flavonoids, plants, elevated plus maze,
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental disorders that experienced as a part of
everyday life. It is a condition of fear and worry completely natural human feelings. If these
feelings occur for a longer period, it affects both physical and mental health. It concerns one-eighth
of the total population worldwide (Zouhra et al; 2015). It is a state of excessive fear and is
characterized by motor sympathetic hyperactivity, feeling of apprehension, nervousness,
restlessness, thanatophobia, sweating, stomach upset and dry mouth. In phobia, when the anxiety
involves excessive fears of things or situations (e.g. open spaces, snakes, flying, fire) and a social
disorder when the fear is related to social interactions (Iancu et al; 2006). Panic attacks are episodic
and sudden attack which includes unexplainable terror reactions, triggering rapid heart rate,
tachycardia, chest pains, trembling, chocking and sweating (Tharmalingam et al; 2006). In
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the individual experiences chronic anxiety that causes
distress, impairment and depression [Gorman 2003].
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves an anxiety triggered by insistent recall of past
traumatic experience and life-threatening events (Kathryn et al; 2003). An individual who
experience reoccurring & new disturbing thoughts and who act out repetitive and compulsive
behaviors to relieve these distressing thoughts have obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
Neurochemicals involve in anxiety are GABA, monoamines (Dopamine, noradrenaline,
serotonin), neuropeptides (galanin, neuropeptides Y, arginine vasopressin, tackykinin, substance
P), neurosteroids and cytokines (Gilhotra et al; 2008).
The total estimated number of people living with anxiety disorders in the world is 264
million. This total for 2015 reflects a 14.9% increase since 2005, as a result of population growth
and ageing. (GBD 2015). The National Mental Health Survey conducted by the National Institute
of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in 2015 -2016, indicates that the total prevalence of anxiety
disorders in India amount to 3.1 percent of the population (NIMHANS 2015)
Antianxiety medicines are also called minor tranquilizers, are used for treating anxiety
disorders. Before the introduction of benzodiazepines, the barbiturates were largely used as anti-
anxiety medicines. Phenobarbital and other long-acting barbiturates were generally used to treat
anxiety. In 1960s, the barbiturates were replaced by benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety.
Benzodiazepines are prescribed more frequently than barbiturates because they have a higher
margin of safety in overdose. On the other hand, benzodiazepines are associated with abuse,
dependence, and withdrawal symptoms (Cloos et al; 2009). Antidepressants are also effective in
the treatment various anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, GAD, PTSD, and OCD.
Furthermore, anxiety patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the
currently approved anti-anxiety drugs. Therefore, the demand of herbal medicines is increasing
due to their wide application and therapeutic efficacy with least side effects. Plants reported to
have anxiolytic activity are listed in Table 1.
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Table 1. Plants reported to have significant anxiolytic activity
S.No Plant Chemical Plant Part Models References
Constituents Extract/Fract
ion
1. Lemon bee brush Flavonoids Roots Elevated Agra et al,
Aloysia triphylla (Artemitin and plus maze 2008
Fam: Verbenaceae Hesperidin)
2. Flavanone Flowers Light/Dark Retiveau and
Orange glycosides, test Milliken
Citrus aurantium 2004
hydroxycinnamic
Fam: Rutaceae
acids
3. Rosmarinic acid, Leaves and Elevated Sayyah et al,
Bugloss
cyanidin, and flowers plus maze 2009
Echium amoneum
delphinidin Mehrabani et
Fam: Asteraceae
all, 2005
4. Lavender Hydroxycinnamic Flowers Elevated Umezu et al.,
Lavandula angustifolia acids and flavone plus maze 2006
Fam: Lamiaceae glycosides
5. Gallic acid, caffeic Leaves and Light/Dark Ulbricht et
acid, vanillin, and stems test al., 2005
Lemon balm p-coumaric acid,
Melissa officinalis
myricetin, catechin,
Fam: Lamiaceae
epigallocatechin,
gallate, rutin
6. methyl silicylate, Leaves and Elevated Houghton
Musk willow mucilage and stem bark plus maze 1999
Salix aegyptiaca vitamin C
Fam: Salicaceae Cycloviolacin O2
(CyO2)
7. Wood violet methyl salicylate Leaves and Elevated Ebrahimzade
Viola odorata and mucilage flowers plus maze h et al.,
Fam: Violaceae
8. Eugenol, Leaves Light/Dark Roehrs and
Garden valerian Cinnamaldehyde, test Roth., 2000
Valeriana officinalis camphor,
Fam: Caprifoliaceae procyanidins and
catechins
9. Gallic acid, caffeic Stem bark and Light/Dark Kim et al.,
Cinnamon acid, myricetin, leaves test 2006
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
catechin,
Fam: Lauraceae
epigallocatechin
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gallate, rutin,
quercetin and
salicin
10. Pindrow fir Leaves Open field Kumar et
Abies pindrow Ethanolic exploratory al,2000
Family: Pinaceae behavior,
elevated
zero maze,
elevated
plus maze,
11. Yarrow Achillein Flower elevated Malina et al,
Achiellea millefolium Aquous zero maze 2004
Family: Asteraceae
12. Pink silk tree Aqous elevated Kim et al
Albizia julibrissin plus maze,) ,2004
Family: fabaceae
13. Albizzia lebbeck Saponins Leaves elevated Une et al
Family: Mimosaceae Butanol plus maze ,2001
fraction
14. Aloysia polystachya Leaves elevated Mora et al
Family: Verbenaceae Hyrdoalcohlic zero maze ,2005
15. Female ginseng Lingustilide elevated Chen et al
Angelica sinensis plus ,2004
Family: Apiaceae maze,light/d
ark test
16. Nees Riparin I and Unripe fruits Elevated De souse et
Aniba riparia Riparin III plus maze, al ,2005
Family: Lauraceae hole-board
tests
17. Custard apple β-cariophyllene, β- Leaves Open field Lopez et al
Annona cherimola selinene,β- Hexane test ,2006
Annonaceaea cubebene, linalool
18. Luobuma Ethanolic Elevated Grundmann
Apocynum venetum plus maze et al,2007
Family: Apocynaceae
19. Neem Margosin, margosic Leaves Elevated Jaiswal et al
Azadirachta indica acid, margosopicrin Aquous plus maze, ,1994
Family: Meliaceae open field
test
20. White sapote Leaves Elevated Hernandez et
Casimiroa edulis Aquous plus maze al,2004
Family: Rutaceae
21. Red cecropia orientin and iso- Aquous Elevated
Cecropia glaziouri orientin and extract and n- plus maze
Family: umbelliferae terpenes butanolic
fraction
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22. Centella Asiaticosides Methanol and Elevated Wijeweera et
Centella asciatica ethyl acetate plus maze al,2006
Family: Umbelliferae
23. Orange Essential oils Peels Elevated Freitas and
Citrus sinensis plus maze Costa, 2002
Family: Rutaceae
24. Butterfly pea Tannins and resins Elevated Jain et al
Clitoria ternatea plus maze, ,2003
Family: Fabaceae light/dark
test
25. Chinese goldthread Berberine Rhizomes Elevated Peng et al,
Coptis chinensis plus maze 2004
Family: Ranunculaceae
26. Cilantro Aqueous Elevated Emamghorei
Coriandrum sativum plus maze shi et al,
Apiaceae 2005
27. Giant Himalayan lily Lycorin Aqueous Hole-board Amos et al,
Crinum giganteum test 2003
Family: Amaryllidaceae
28. Cipo´ -caboclo Stem Elevated Guaraldo et
Davilla rugosa Hydroalcohlic plus maze, al, 2000
Family: Dilleniaceae open field
test
29. Borage Pyrrozolidines Flower Elevated Rabbani et
Echium amoenum Ethanol plus maze al, 2004
Family: Boraginaceae
30. Mulungu Alkaloids Light-dark Onusic et al
Erythrina mulungu transitional ,2003
Family: fabaceae
31. Mulungu Flavanoids and Stem-bark Elevated T Ribeiro et
Erythrima velutina terpenes Hydoalcoholi maze al,2006
Family: fabaceae c
32. California poppy Stairs and Rolland et al,
Eschzoltzia California Light-dark 2001
Family: Papaveraceae test
33. Dudhani Euphorbone Lyophilised Stairs and Lanhers and
Euphorbia hirta aqueous Light-dark Fleurentin,
Family: Euphorbiaceae test 1990
34. Longan Adenosine Anti- Okyama et
Euphorbia longana conflict al, 1999
Family: Sapindaceae method
35. Thor Steroidal saponins, Leaves Elevated T Bigoniya and
Euphorbia neriifolia reducing sugars, Hydro- maze Rana, 2005
Family: Euphorbiaceae tannins, flavanoids alcoholic
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36. Tongkat ali Quassinoids, Methanol, Elevated T Ang and
Eurycoma longifolia squalene chloroform, maze, open- Cheang,1999
Family: Simaroubaceae derivatives, water and n- field
biphenylneolignans, butanol paradigms
triucalane-type fractions
terpenes, canthine-
6-one and β-
carboline alkaloids.
37. Gold shower Nor-secotriterpene Methanol Elevated T Ruiz et al,
Galphimia glauca Family: galphimine B maze, open- 2006
Malpighiaceae field Ruiz et al,
paradigms 2006
38. Tian ma Phenolic Elevated T Jung and
Gastrodia elata Family: compounds like 4- maze Yoon 2006
Orchidaceae hydroxybenzyl
alcohol, 4-
hydroxybenzaldehy
de, vanillin, vanillyl
alcohol, β-
sitosterol, and
gastrodin
39. Maidenhair tree Elevated Kuribara et
Ginkgo biloba Family: plus maze al. ,2000
Ginkgoaceae
40. Saint John’s wort Hypericin Ethanol Open field Kumar et al.
Hypericum perforatum hyperforin exploratory ,2000
Family: Hypericaceae behavior,
elevated
plus maze,
novelty
induced
suppressed
feeding
latency and
social
interaction
tests
41. Justicia hyssopifolia Elenoside Open field Navarro et
Acanthaceae test al., 2004
42. Pau santo Leaves Open field Audi et al. ,
Kielmeyera coriacea Hydro- test, Plus 2002
Family: Calophyllaceae alcoholic maze test
43. Cloudforest magnolia Magnolol Elevated Martinez et
Magnolia dealbata plus maze, al.,2006
Family: Magnoliaceae head-
dipping and
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exploratory
rearing test
44. Moutan or tree peony Paeonol Root bark Elevated Mi et al.,
Paeonia moutan Family: plus maze, 2005
Paeoniaceae Light/Dark
box test
45. Ginseng Ginsenoside, Open arm Carr et
Panax ginseng Family: Ginsenoside Rb 1 enteries al.,2006
Araliaceae
46. Passion flower Saponins Leaves, stem, Elevated Dhawan et
Passiflora incarnata linn flower, whole plus maze al.,2003
Familly: Passifloraceae plant
methanol
47. Kava kava Dihydrokavain Leaves elevated Rex et al.,
Piper methysticum zero maze 2002
Family: Piperaceae
48. Amorinha, Alkaloids Ethanol Elevated Nogueira et
Rubus brasiliensis plus maze al. ,1998 and
Family: Roseceae Nogueira
and
Vassilieff
,2000
49. Pineapple sage Saponins Hydro- Elevated Herrera-Ruiz
Salvia elegans alcoholic plus maze ,et al. ,2006
Family: Lamiaceae
50. Garden sage Alkaloids Kennedy et
Salvia officinalis al. , 2006
Family: Lamiaceae
51. Maryam goli esfahani Alkaloids Hydro- Elevated Rabbani et
Salvia reuterana alcoholic plus maze al. , 2005
Family: Lamiacaea
Conclusion
In this present review we described about traditional medicinal plant which has been utilized in
the treatment of anxiety disorder. Traditional medicinal plants are habitually utilized by rural area
population, because of their abundantly availability of such plants in those areas. This data proves
that 51 plant species belongs to different families are utilized for the anxiety treatment, many
experiments confirmed that medicinal plants benefit anxiety. Commonly used plant part was fruits
and other parts such as leaf, root, stem, bark are also used for curing purpose. The most common
and involved active chemical constituent are alkaloids tannin, flavonoid, and essential oil.
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Conflict of Interest
No conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement
Acknowledged to Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India and IEC University, Baddi
Himachal Pradesh, India for providing necessary facilities.
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