Attitudes towards conservation of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal: a case study in protected and non-protected areas
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Attitudes towards conservation of the Endangered
red panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal: a case study in
protected and non-protected areas
H A R I P . S H A R M A , J E R R O L D L . B E L A N T and P E I - J E N L . S H A N E R
Abstract The red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Bhattarai & Fischer, ; Mir et al., ), the perceived
Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by an- costs and benefits of conservation (e.g. Dewu & Røskaft,
thropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing. We sur- ), cultural and aesthetic values (e.g. Glatston &
veyed people living in or near protected areas and people Gebauer, ; Gebresenbet et al., ), personal experi-
living away from protected areas in Nepal, to understand ences and knowledge (e.g. Bhattarai & Fischer, ;
human attitudes towards red panda conservation. Given Talukdar & Gupta, ), and management intervention
Nepal’s participatory approach to managing protected such as economic incentives (e.g. Mishra et al., ; Baral
areas, we hypothesized that local people living in or near & Heinen, ). Protected areas often have stronger man-
protected areas would have more positive attitudes towards agement interventions than other areas, both in terms of re-
red panda conservation than those in non-protected areas. strictions on natural resource use and economic incentives
Ninety percent of the respondents had positive attitudes, (Baral & Heinen, ), and therefore people living in or
with people living in or near protected areas expressing less near protected areas and extracting natural resources from
positive attitudes than those in non-protected areas. Despite protected areas may have different conservation attitudes
this difference between protected and non-protected areas, than those living away from protected areas, and by com-
people were generally positive towards red panda conserva- paring these attitudes we can tailor the design and imple-
tion. However, positive attitudes did not necessarily trans- mentation of conservation projects accordingly.
late to sustainable resource-use behaviour. We found there The red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as
was a high prevalence of both livestock grazing and livestock Endangered on the IUCN Red List (Glatston et al., ).
disease in red panda habitat. We suggest that alternative The species is distributed throughout the Himalaya region
farming practices (e.g. stall-feeding of livestock) and aware- (Kandel et al., ), where it is vulnerable to anthropogenic
ness programmes (e.g. education on the conservation status threats such as livestock grazing (Sharma & Belant, ;
and legal protection of red pandas, and livestock–wildlife Dorji et al., ; Sharma et al., ). Red pandas do not
disease transmission) could be important tools to improve cause harm to people or their property (e.g. livestock preda-
conservation attitudes and protect red pandas in Nepal. tion, crop losses, human injuries; Acharya et al., ), and
cultural beliefs in some regions of Nepal can positively influ-
Keywords Ailurus fulgens, conservation attitudes, Nepal,
ence people’s attitudes towards red pandas. In a survey
people–park relationships, protected areas, red pandas,
in Rara National Park, HPS recorded this statement from
threatened species, wildlife conservation
Lal Bahadur Rokaya (former President of the Buffer Zone
Supplementary material for this article can be found at Management Committee, Rara National Park): ‘Only
https://doi.org/./S lucky people are able to see red pandas. If you see them
alive you will receive good news very soon’. Furthermore,
the ramma or shamans (Jhakri) of Mugar and Dalit commu-
nities in western Nepal previously used the skin or hair of
Introduction red pandas in their dress during rituals to avoid being at-
tacked by spirits (Glatston & Gebauer, ). Although,
P eople’s attitudes towards conservation can be influ-
enced by their socio-economic backgrounds (e.g.
given their rarity, red pandas are no longer used in rituals
(Dil Man Gharti Magar, Rukum district, pers. comm.),
these examples suggest the red panda is perceived positively
HARI P. SHARMA* and PEI-JEN L. SHANER (Corresponding author) Department of
in local cultures.
Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan The aim of this study was to provide empirical data on
E-mail pshaner@ntnu.edu.tw people’s attitudes towards red panda conservation in
JERROLD L. BELANT Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Nepal, to inform the development of effective and practical
Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
conservation action plans. We hypothesized that () local
*Also at: Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, people generally have positive attitudes towards red panda
Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, and Central Department of Zoology,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal conservation, given their cultural beliefs and that red pandas
Received January . Revision requested April . do not come into conflict with people, and () people living
Accepted June . First published online September . in or near protected areas have more positive attitudes
Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 542–547 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317000990
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000990Red panda conservation in Nepal 543
FIG. 1 Locations of the six
study sites (Supplementary
Table S) in Nepal where
semi-structured questionnaire
surveys were conducted in
to investigate people’s
attitudes towards conservation
of the red panda Ailurus
fulgens. N, number of
households at each site (CBS,
; for Ilam, Williams,
); n, number of
households interviewed.
towards conservation than those in non-protected areas, Himalayan Park Regulations (HMG, ), people can ex-
given the participatory approaches to protected-area man- tract natural resources from protected areas for personal
agement adopted by the Government of Nepal (e.g. sharing use but not for commercial purposes. The three non-
tourism revenue with local people living in or near protected protected areas are – km distant from any protected
areas; Budhathoki, ). areas, and people there extract natural resources from locally
In addition, we explored the associations between con- managed community forests.
servation attitudes and individual-level factors (i.e. demo-
graphic and socio-economic factors, factors related to
individual experiences, and knowledge). To provide infor- Methods
mation for conservation planning we surveyed people’s opi-
nions on the benefits of red panda presence, the tools used In we interviewed people, from protected areas
to protect red pandas, and the primary sources of informa- (Rara National Park: , Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve: ,
tion through which people gain knowledge about red Langtang National Park: ) and from non-protected
pandas. areas (Ilam: , Panchthar: , Jajarkot: ; Fig. ), using a
semi-structured questionnaire (Supplementary Table S).
All interviewees at Langtang National Park lived inside the
Study area Park, all interviewees at Rara National Park lived near the
Park, and the interviewees at Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
We chose six study sites (Fig. ): three protected areas (Rara were seasonal residents, living inside the Reserve during
National Park, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve and Langtang March–October.
National Park), and three non-protected areas (Ilam, We interviewed one adult ($ years old) from each
Panchthar and Jajarkot). All six sites are rural and remote, household. Interviewees were encountered opportunistically
and we selected these sites because red pandas are known to while they were engaging in activities such as livestock graz-
have occurred in these areas (HPS, pers. obs.), and they are ing or natural resource collection in red panda habitat. We
geographically representative of the spatial extent of suitable showed them photographs of red pandas to ensure that they
habitat for the red panda in Nepal (Kandel et al., ). The recognized the species. Although young people’s attitudes
two National Parks are Category II protected areas, and are important to long-term conservation, we found that
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is a Category VI protected young people had no knowledge of red pandas (e.g. we
area (IUCN, ). People are allowed to continue living spoke with an - and a -year old child and neither of
in Langtang National Park and Dhorpatan Hunting them could identify red pandas in the photographs). We
Reserve if they had been living there prior to establishment collected demographic and socio-economic data, including
but no new settlements are allowed. People are not permit- gender, age, education, occupation, family size, income,
ted to live inside Rara National Park. According to whether the interviewee owned livestock, the number of
Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 542–547 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317000990
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000990544 H. P. Sharma et al.
TABLE 1 Demographic and socio-economic backgrounds of interview respondents from three protected areas (n = ) and three non-
protected areas (n = ) in Nepal (Fig. ).
Variable Protected areas Non-protected areas Statistics1
Gender 63% males 56% males Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.48
Age Median = 35 Median = 37 Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2 = 0.05, P = 0.82
Occupation 67% agriculture only 72% agriculture only Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.58
Formal education 55% 48% Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.49
Religion 33% Buddhist, 53% Hindu, 44% Buddhist, 54% Hindu, 2% Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.47 (Christians
14% Christian Christian excluded because of small sample sizes)
Family size Median = 5 Median = 5 Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2 = 1.69, P = 0.20
Overall income 77% sufficient for livelihoods 83% sufficient for livelihoods Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.52
Income from 33% sufficient for livelihoods 59% sufficient for livelihoods Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.003
agriculture
Livestock 94% 99% Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.41
ownership
No. of livestock Median = 10 Median = 11 Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2 = 0.40, P = 0.53
Livestock grazing2 100% in red panda habitat 79% in red panda habitat
Livestock diseases2 69% noticed diseases 91% noticed diseases Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.003
Veterinary 32% sought services 38% sought services Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.54
services3
Significant differences between protected and non-protected areas are in bold.
Includes only respondents who owned livestock ( and for protected and non-protected areas, respectively).
Includes only respondents who reported livestock diseases during interviews ( and for protected and non-protected areas, respectively).
livestock owned, livestock diseases, veterinary services, and in R .. (R Development Core Team, ) using
livestock grazing locations (which were verified by HPS as P = . as the significance level.
being either inside or outside red panda habitat). We also
collected data on conservation attitudes, personal experi-
ences, knowledge and opinions regarding red pandas. We Results
used Fisher’s exact test and a Kruskal–Wallis test to exam-
ine any differences between people living in or near pro- The respondents from protected and non-protected areas
tected and non-protected areas, for binary and numeric had similar demographic and socio-economic backgrounds
responses respectively. We then combined data from pro- (Table ), with two exceptions. Firstly, a higher percentage
tected and non-protected areas to test the associations be- of the respondents from non-protected areas had sufficient
tween conservation attitudes and individual-level income from crops alone to support their livelihoods
factors in a logistic regression. We performed all analyses (Table ), which suggests that people living in or near pro-
tected areas may rely more on extracting natural resources
from nearby forests. Although cultivation of crops is per-
TABLE 2 Logistic regression model of individual-level factors on mitted in two of the three protected area sites (Langtang
conservation attitudes among interview respondents (n = ) National Park and Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve), crop pro-
from three protected and three non-protected areas in Nepal duction is low because of harsh weather and extensive
(Fig. ). damage to crops by wild boar Sus scrofa (HPS, pers.
obs.). Secondly, a higher percentage of the respondents
Effect Estimate SE z P*
from non-protected areas reported livestock diseases
Intercept −0.21 1.79 −0.12 0.91
(Table ). As the majority of respondents from both pro-
Gender 1.55 0.98 1.59 0.11
Age 0.04 0.04 1.01 0.31 tected and non-protected areas owned livestock, allowed
Education −0.75 0.79 −0.95 0.34 their livestock to graze in red panda habitat, and did not
Family size −0.14 0.21 −0.66 0.51 seek veterinary services for diseased livestock (Table ),
No. of livestock 0.05 0.05 0.89 0.37 the higher incidence of livestock disease reported in non-
Overall income sufficiency −0.17 0.79 −0.22 0.83 protected areas suggests a higher disease risk in non-
Agricultural income sufficiency 0.29 0.85 0.34 0.73 protected areas and/or a higher level of knowledge and
Red panda sighting 1.03 1.19 0.87 0.38
concern for livestock health among people living in those
Awareness of conservation status −0.05 1.30 −0.04 0.97
Awareness of legal protection 2.03 0.87 2.34 0.02
areas.
Ninety percent of all respondents had positive attitudes
*The significant effect is in bold. towards red panda conservation, which supports our first
Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 542–547 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317000990
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000990Red panda conservation in Nepal 545
hypothesis and the findings of previous studies in Nepal
(e.g. Shrestha & Alavalapati, ; Baral & Heinen, ;
Bhattarai & Fischer, ). However, people living in non-
protected areas had more positive attitudes than those living
in or near protected areas (Fig. a), contradicting our second
hypothesis. Although red pandas occur in all six sites (
and respondents from protected and non-protected
areas, respectively, had seen red pandas), proportionally
more respondents from non-protected than protected
areas had seen them (Fig. b) and were more knowledgeable
about the conservation status of the red panda (Fig. c). The
respondents from non-protected areas were marginally
more aware of the legal protection of red pandas than
those from protected areas (Fig. d). People living in or
near protected areas gained this knowledge of the red pan-
da’s legal status primarily from government officials and
family members, whereas those living in non-protected
areas gained knowledge from NGOs, media and family
members (Fig. a). Of the individual-level factors, only
awareness of the legal protection of red pandas was asso-
ciated with conservation attitudes (Table ). Ninety-seven
percent of the respondents who knew about the legal protec-
tion had positive attitudes, compared to % of those who
did not know about the legal protection.
Discussion
The lower level of dependency on natural resources, as well
as more experience with and knowledge of red pandas,
might have contributed to the more positive attitudes to-
wards red panda conservation among people living in non-
protected areas. The Red Panda Network, which has been
working in eastern Nepal since , could also have played
a role in fostering the more positive attitudes in non-
protected areas (two of our three non-protected area sites
are in eastern Nepal). Nevertheless, two red pandas were
found dead from unknown causes in the community forest
of Ilam on November (Bhattarai, ), where the
Red Panda Network is working, suggesting there may still
be a disconnect between conservation attitudes and beha-
viours (Waylen et al., ).
We suggest that awareness programmes designed specif-
ically for school children and community groups could be
effective tools for improving conservation attitudes towards
red pandas in Nepal. One of the limitations of this study is
areas (n = ) in Nepal (Fig. ) regarding (a) attitudes towards
conservation of the red panda (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed,
P = .), (b) personal experiences of red panda sightings
(Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = .), (c) knowledge of the
conservation status of the species (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed,
FIG. 2 Frequency of responses among interview respondents P = .), and (d) awareness of the legal protection of the
from three protected areas (n = ) and three non-protected species (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = .).
Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 542–547 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317000990
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000990546 H. P. Sharma et al.
information regarding red pandas (Fig. a), indicating that
the older generation may have some influence on young
people’s attitudes towards red pandas. However, the two
children with whom we spoke could not recognize red pan-
das in the photographs shown, and we recommend the in-
clusion of wildlife conservation materials in the curriculum
for grade students (– years old). Such materials are cur-
rently included in the grade curriculum (for students –
years old), but children in rural Nepal often leave school
before they reach this grade. For community groups we rec-
ommend the government establishes regular dialogue
among wildlife managers, community leaders and local peo-
ple about the ecology (e.g. the impacts of livestock grazing
and livestock diseases) and conservation status of red pan-
das. Considering that more than half of all respondents
chose ‘establishing awareness programmes’ as a tool to pro-
tect red pandas (Fig. b), such efforts are likely to be wel-
comed by local people.
Only a small percentage of respondents chose ‘limiting
resource collection/grazing’ as a tool to protect red pandas,
and people did recognize that red pandas could bring ben-
efits through tourism (Fig. c). Natural resource manage-
ment plans that promote new farming practices (e.g.
stall-feeding of livestock) as well as ecotourism could
help red panda conservation through enhancing the liveli-
hoods of local people (Scherl et al., ; Naughton-Treves
et al., ). Alternative farming practices, such as stall-
feeding, could reduce competition between livestock and
red pandas (Sharma & Belant, ; Dorji et al., ;
Sharma et al., ) and disease risks from livestock or
guard dogs (e.g. canine distemper; Bush et al., ;
Deem et al., ; Loeffler et al., ). Although such
farming practices also reduce the opportunities for local
people to encounter red pandas and to develop their per-
sonal experiences with the species, ecotourism pro-
grammes could compensate for this. We recommend
promoting ecotourism activities such as wildlife observa-
tion, and training local people as tour guides or hotel
hosts. A combination of alternative farming practices and
ecotourism may be the best approach to improve red panda
conservation in Nepal.
FIG. 3 Frequency of responses among interview respondents Acknowledgements
from three protected areas (n = ) and three non-protected
areas (n = ) in Nepal (Fig. ) regarding (a) primary sources of We thank the Rufford Small Grants Foundation (Grant no.
information about the legal protection of the species, (b) tools to -B) for funding, and the Department of National Parks
improve the protection of red pandas, and (c) benefits of red and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Forests, and
panda presence. For (b) and (c), multiple answers were allowed. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation of the
Government of Nepal for permitting this research. We
that we focused only on adults, and therefore we do not have thank Ashok Bahadur Bam, Bishnu Bajhagain, Bishnu
information on the conservation attitudes of the younger Achhami, Gyazo Lama and Khum Magar for their assist-
generation. Our data suggest that family members (often ance in data collection, and the local people at our study
parents or other elderly relatives) are a primary source of sites for their cooperation.
Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 542–547 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317000990
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000990Red panda conservation in Nepal 547
Author contributions K A N D E L , K., H U E T T M A N N , F., S U WA L , M.K., R E G M I , G.R., N I J M A N ,
V., N E K A R I S , K.A.I. et al. () Rapid multi-nation distribution
HPS and PLS designed the study and analysed the data, HPS assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open
performed the data collection and all authors wrote the access ensemble model GIS predictions: red panda (Ailurus fulgens)
in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region. Biological Conservation, ,
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