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Bioscience Research
Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973
Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network
REVIEW ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020 17(2): 793-814. OPEN ACCESS
Medicinal proprieties and toxicology of therapeutic
herbal tea: A review
Leila Belfarhi1,Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna1,Yesmine Bouafir1,Ali Zineddine
Boumehira1,2,3, Amira Nebbak1,Borhane Elddine Cherif Ziani1,Khalodoun Bachari1,
Daniel Joe Dailin4, Ting Ho5 and Hesham Ali El Enshasy4,6 *
1Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques CRAPC. Zone Industrielle, BP384
Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
2University of Algiers 1, Faculty of Sciences, LVBRN, Algiers, Algeria
3University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, FSB, LBCM, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
4Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Malaysia
5Global Agro Innovation (HK) Limited, Hong Kong
6City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
*Correspondence: henshasy@ibd.utm.my Received 27-02-2020, Revised: 18-05-2020, Accepted: 20-05-2020 e-Published: 03-
06-2020
Herbal teas or tisanes, like all foods of plant origin, start to take an important consideration in new
product development in the recent years. This based on the increased awareness of their health
benefits. It’s widely known that large number of medicinal plants of are exist world-wide, research in
product development of herb teas is limited. However, herbal teas can exhibit also serious negative.
Therefore, consumption must be set under some sort of medical control. Other issue is the quality
control of herbal teas which govern the decision of the acceptance or rejection of the raw materials and
finished products. Quality control methods of herbal teas is not limited to traditional macroscopic and
microscopic analysis of the plant but should include new analytical methods such as high
performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
and many other new analytical tools for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the plant compounds.
The latter facilitated the study of herbal teas as well as benefits and risks of on the consumer health. The
present review aims at shedding light on the positive and negative effects of herbal teas with particular
references to those in the Algerian market.
Keywords: Herbal teas, quality control, risks of herbal teas, benefits of herbal teas.
INTRODUCTION Therefore, or centuries, herbs have been used for
Plant cells have been used as main source of centuries either in fresh or dried form for direct
human diet based on the highly diversified consumption. Herbal teas have been used since
nutritional values as source of carbohydrates, antiquity by many civilizations for their healing
protein, and vitamins (Sarmidi and El Enshasy, roles. They were known by ancient Greeks under
2012). In addition, plant cells are always the name "Ptisan". Herbal teas are classified into
considered as the first source of enzymes, two categories: simple and composed. The simple
essential metabolites, functional colors, and bio ones contain few constituents and are for
therapeutic molecules (Malek et al., 2016; Aladdin everyday uses as cough herbal teas which
et al., 2017; El Deeb et al., 2018; Agouillal et al., generally contain lemongrass, cumin and licorice.
2018; Gomaa et al., 2019; Mohamad, 2019). There are also simple herbal teas that contain
Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
verbena, thyme flowers, peppermint and fennel include physicochemical and biological analysis.
which relieve the colon from constipation. Biological control methods include in vivo and in
Composed herbal teas are for therapeutic use and vitro tests. The purpose of these tests is to study
contain so-called effective medicinal plants with the therapeutic effects of herbal teas as well as
many beneficial effects on major functions their side effects on living organisms. There are
(Sofowora et al., 2013). For example, the yerba other methods of controlling herbal teas, like
mate tea of Paraguay contains phenols that are macroscopic and microscopic studies of the plant.
able to regress the proliferation of cancer. The However, these methods have become old with
responsible mechanism of a such effect implies the appearance of new analytical methods such
the inhibition of topoisomerase enzyme (Gonzalez high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
de Mejia et al., 2005). They also have other liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
constituents such as cholorogenic acid, thrombin, (LC-MS), atomic absorption spectrophotometer
quercetin, kaempferole and andrutin which have (AAS) analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance
beneficial effects on the heart, nervous system, (NMR). The latter facilitates the study of herbal
kidneys, liver, stomach and pancreas (Heck and teas as well as the benefits and risks of their
De Mejia, 2007). In addition, herbal tea of Carissa preparations on the health of consumers.
xylopicron mixed with pieces of guinea fowl wood In traditional medicine, herbal teas are
are used to decrease the fever engendered by prepared on the basis of several plants to relieve
thyroid gland diseases. It can also act against complex diseases. Some of herbal teas have
pylorus infections. Some herbal teas based on the similar characteristics and functions (Li et al.,
plant Poupartiabor bonica are used by women as 2002). For example, the anti-stress herbal tea is
a contraceptive (Lavergne, 1989). Otherwise, made up by both Passiflora coerulea L. and
some herbal teas consist of a single plant but they Eschscholzia californica Cham which contains
act on several organs. For example, herbal teas chyrsin known to have an action against epileptic
based on the plant Kella, Ammi visnage, are seizures (Singh et al., 2011). Other herbal teas
useful against gastric hyperacidity ulcer and are formed by the combination of plants with
kidney lethiasis (Jan, 2014). Moreover, herbal different functions and characteristics so that one
teas have other building functions that the body improves the effect of the other (Li, 2002).
needs in case of deficiency like cola nuts (Lim et The methods of formulating herbal teas are
al., 2014). This tea was used against fatigue and numerous including infusion, maceration and
weakness by the African people due to its decoction, some of which lead to changes in the
richness in starch, reducing sugar, B-catechin, L- plant composition (JÄGER et al., 2011). Infusion
epicatechin and theobromine. of althaea officinalis inactivates its molecules
However, the use of herbal teas must be (mistletoe lectins). The hot decoction processes of
controlled since their components can contain certain herbal teas based on Acacia concentrate
toxic elements engendering a possible risk on vital antiviral molecules against the H1N5 virus. Other
functions especially on those of liver and kidneys types of herbal teas, like the Chinese herbal tea
(Kane et al., 1995). In case of example, the Kusmi "Richter", augment the blood pressure due to the
tea contains pyrrolizidinic alkaloids (PA) which are presence of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra in the
carcinogenic (Schoental, 1982). Though, the mixture (Heikens et al., 1995). Another example is
chaste tree Vitex agnus-castus plant has "Dr. Ming’s herbal tea" which is a slimming herbal
produced undesirable effects such as the tea that contains anthraquinone of rubarbe plant
termination of lactation by its binding to the known for their carcinogen risks (Blömeke et al.,
dopamine D2 receptor of the pituitary gland, 1992).
whereas it has long been present in herbal tea In Algeria, it exists a lot of herbal tea brands
components (Hamilton et al., 2009; Jones et al., which attract more and more people searching for
2008). This type of herbal teas must be controlled alternative solutions to chemical drugs. However,
to prevent their risks to consumers. some types of herbal teas are commercialized
Quality control of herbal teas is a lengthy without controlling of their components. They
procedure that includes inspection tests that can contain plants which are not included in the list of
prove the quality of herbal teas to satisfy the ingredients (Derouiche and Abdennour., 2017). In
customer. These control methods also contribute this work, we recapitulated the therapeutic effects
to the decision to accept or reject the herbal tea. of existing herbal teas and their constituents. We
There are several methods of controlling herbal also shed light on the negative effects of herbal
teas. Quality control methods for herbal teas teas with specific regard to those marketed in
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 794Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Algeria in one hand, and describe methods of Reduce obesity
control that allow the study of herbal tea Studies on rats demonstrated that herbal teas
constituents and their risks on consumers, on the made of the plant Salvia contain two diterpenes
other hand. named carnosic acid and carnosol that
significantly inhibit the pancreatic lipase activity
Health benefits of herbal tea consumption and delete the increase of serum triglycerides
Plants have long been valued by human (Hamidpour et al., 2014). Other studies conducted
beings throughout the world for their medicinal on animals have shown that lavender-based tea
properties and tisanes were the only way to heal decreased serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low
in ancient times. It is the link with nature that density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density
allowed to choose the most useful plants and the lipoprotein (VLDL) levels (Rabiei et al., 2014).
way to prepare their herbal teas. Currently, many Herbal teas used for the treatment of obesity have
societies use medicinal plant herbal teas for their replaced the role of syrurgical operations and
therapeutic effects especially in some rural drugs. For example, a study in Saudi Arabia
countries in Africa (Joubert et al., 2008). A large showed that the use of herbal teas for weight loss
gamut of animals and clinical studies suggests is high. This is due to the effectiveness of herbal
that chemical constituents of herbal teas play an teas prepared in this region by plants such as
important role in human health (Park et al., 2014). bran; plantain; senna; capcicum; ginger, turmeric;
Health benefits derived through the consumption fenugreek; flaxseeds and fennel (Eldalo et al.,
of herbal teas are summarized below. 2017). Other studies have shown that
consumption of oolongo tea is associated with a
Fight against fatigue and weakness and boost significant decrease in body weight after six
immunity weeks of use (He et al., 2009). The Chinese tea
Interesting example is herbal tea made of cola "xin-juxiao-gao-fang" is widely used in China to
nuts which is rich with starch, reducing sugar, B- lose weight. This herbal tea has a long-term effect
catechin, l- epicatechin and theobromine. The (after 24 weeks of consumption) and without side
African population used this herbal tea against effects (Zhou et al., 2014). Another study has also
tireness and weakness (Lim, 2014). Another shown that rhizome coptidis based herbal tea has
example is herbal tea made of the licorce root a berberine molecule that reduces weight, lipids
plant. The latter reduces the rate of cortisol and level, glycemia and inhibits adipogenesis (Xie et
reduces fatigue and stress (Omar et al., 2012). al., 2011). Other studies do not agree with the use
There are selective herbal teas that act on fatigue of herbal teas because of their complications. The
through activation of immune system. They consumption of herbal tea rhizome lotus, green
contain vitamin C which is essential for building up tea and Panax notoginseng causes irritation and
a strong immune system. For example, "Tearaja constipation problems.
tea", a mixture of plants and algua such as
glycyrrhiza glabra herbs (liquorice) and spirulina Reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases
which is rich in vitamin C, in calcium and iron that Ginger is among the effective herbal teas
strengthens the immune system (Gershwin et al., against cardiovascular diseases. Studies showed
2007), fights fatigue, treats anemia and restores that ginger herbal tea is utile for relieving
the body. The herbal tea made of Polygonatum symptoms of platelet atherosclerosis (Vasanthi
alte-lobatum Hayata is rich in flavonoids which and parameswari, 2010). In this study, ginger was
activate lymphocytes, increase phagocytosis, administered to patients suffering from
induce interferon production (Khodadadi, 2015), atherosclerosis. It resulted in a significant
increase physical activity and fight against fatigue reduction of platelet aggregation induced by blood
(Horng et al., 2014). Another example, "HEY GIRL lipids. Another example is the digital plant that
Energize tea" contains Oolong tea and Green tea contains glycoside, which stimulates heart
displaying high levels of caffeine which increases contraction and treats heart failure (Reddy et al.,
the body energy (Muramatsu et al., 1995). It also 2010). Another Clinical study tested the effects of
contains Guarana (Paullinia cupana) which is an herbal tea Sarasin (Fagopyrum esculentum) on
effective plant against fatigue observed in cancer patients with chronic venous insufficiency. The
patients after chemotherapy (Campos et al., study showed that treatment with sarasin tea is
2011). safe and can reduce the oedema development,
the diameter of femoral veins and the permeability
of the capillaries (Ihme et al., 1996). A clinical
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 795Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
study carried out on herbal teas based on are also herbal teas prepared by Dahlia plant.
Withania somnifera (WS) has shown that it They contain molecules such as two chalcones,
reduces the stress incurred by the nervous 4,2 ', 4'-trihydroxychalcone and 3,2', 4'-trihydroxy-
system and regulates cardiovascular 4-methoxychalcone (Lam and Wrang, 1975). The
parasympathetic system. According to this study, chaclone molecules reduce airway inflammation
consumption of this tea increases physical to bronchial hyper-reactivity, suppress Th2
performance and decreases blood pressure, cytokine production from CD4 T cells and
promotes blood circulation and increases oxygen decrease mucus production (Iwamura et al.,
consumption. In a study of an herbal tea formed 2010). Studies conducted on these herbs have
by the plant Salvia miltiorrhiza demonstrated that unveiled several constituents that have beneficial
it relaxes the coronary arteries, reduces the effects on many pathologies. For example,
thickness of the intima in the carotid arteries, combretum is useful for coughing and colds duo
inhibits platelet aggregation and prevents the to the presence of some molecules namely
oxidation of LDL (Wang, 2010). Tanshinone, genkwanin, rhamnocitrin, quercetin-5,3'-
cryptotanshinone and Salvianolic acid were dimethylether, rhamnazin, and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-
isolated from S. miltiorrhiza which have protective dimethoxy-flavone which have anti-inflammatory
effects against angina of the chest and myocardial activity.
infarction (Yong et al., 2009). Studies have shown
that these herbal teas reduce endothelial cell Prevent Diabetes
apoptosis and inhibit atherogen (Ling et al., 2008). A recent research showed that the Chinese
However, other studies have found that S. herbal tea "BXXD" can ameliorate diabetic
miltiorrhiza may cause side effects at high doses gastroparesis by adding the motilin, gastrin nitric
such as dryness of the mouth, dizziness, oxide to plasma. This herbal tea deletes
lassitude, numbness and shortness of breath vasoactive intestinal peptide and ajusts gastric
(Yong et al., 2009). Interaction of S. miltiorrhiza myenteric plexus (Tian et al., 2013). The results of
with drugs such as coumadin (Warfarin) increases another studies reveal that the Sambucus nigra
anticoagulation (Yong et al., 2009). Some types of herbal tea possesses a hypoglycemic effect. This
African herbal tea molecules possess double plant is rich in polyphels that reduce the level of
effect; both toxic and therapeutic at the same cholesterol in the blood. By this action, it reduces
time. For example, the herbal tea Nerium diabetes complications (Ciocoiu et al., 2009). The
oleander contains cardenolides (oleandroside and effects of acidified methanol elderberry extracts
neriin) which display beneficial effects on the dietary supplementation on diabetic Wistar rats
heart despite of their lethal action (van der Bijl and show a reduction in serum glycemia (Salvador et
van der Bijl, 2012). Another example is the herbal al., 2017). Another example is ginseng tea that
tea made of the plant Drimia sanguinea which has increases the sensivity of blood sugar to insuline
been used in African traditional medicine for the (Gui et al., 2016). Dandilion tea has been used for
treatment of cardiac oedema, but this plant is also a long time in China for the treatment of diabetes.
involved in human intoxication (van der Bijl and Studies have found that this plant is rich in
van der Bijl, 2012). Herbal teas are a danger to antidiabetic molecules such as β-carotene, which
the heart because it is a sensitive organ to cardiac protects cells from oxidation and cellular damage.
arrest. The use of herbal teas for the treatment of It also contains taraxasterol and taraxinic acid
cardiac problems must be subjected to medical which have antihyperglycemic effects (Wirngo et
control and chemical analysis of the constituents. al., 2016).
Heal athsma and respiratory diseases Fight against arthritis
As an example, the herbal tea based on The herbal tea based on Tripterygium wilfordii
Syzygium cumini relieves early stages of Hook F has long been used in China to treat
respiratory allergies. Studies have found that S. rheumatoid arthritis. This herbal tea has been the
cumini inhibits the release of histamine involved in subject of several clinical studies. It was reported
respiratory allergies (Brito et al., 2007). Another that the use of this herbal tea in combination with
example is the herbal tea brand "life budding" and methotrexate has beneficial effects on the
its ability to relieve respiratory allergies. This evolution of rheumatoid arthritis (Tao et al., 2002).
herbal tea contains polysaccharides and malic Other clinical studies have found that the
caffeic acid which possesses an anti-inflammatory decoction of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F
activity (Hajhashemi and Klooshani., 2013). There developed adverse effects (Cai and Guo., 1974;
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 796Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Jian and Zhou, 1987). A study has shown that the KWG also significantly reduced the squamous cell
herbal tea Guianensis inhibits the tumor necrosis lung tumor area to an average of 1.5%, compared
factor (TNF) production involved in arthritis with 9.4% in the control group (Pan et al., 2013).
(Sandoval et al., 2002). Recent studies revealed Anti-tumor B (ATB), also called Zeng-Sheng-Ping,
that WS herbal tea effectively reduces arthritis is a Chinese herbal mixture composed of six
syndrome without any toxic effect. Another plants that has shown an anticancer effect in
example is the Cardiospermum halicacabum mouse models of bladder cancer (Fan et al.,
herbal tea which was long used in India for the 1993), lung cancer (Wang et al., 2003; Zhang et
treatment of rheumatism (Chopra et al., 1982). al., 2004) and oral cancer (Wang et al., 2013).
This herbal tea acts on the production of pro- Preclinical studies have shown that ATB could
inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide and TNFα reduce the incidence of N-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)
(KC and Krishnakumari, 2006). nitrosamide (BBN)-induced bladder cancer by
It was reported that the use of the kinkeliba 90.7% (Fan et al., 1993). ATB caused a significant
tea produced from Combretum micranthum has reduction in lung tumor multiplicity and tumor load
been used since 1912 in Africa. This herbal tea (40% and 70%, respectively) (Wang et al., 2009).
was introduced into the French Pharmacopoeia In an oral squamous cell carcinoma model, ATB
because of the importance of its medicinal virtues. decreased the incidence and multiplicity by
Studies have found that kinkeliba tea has an 59.19% and 64.81%, respectively (Wang et al.,
inhibitory action on the production of nitrite 2013).
involved in the pathology of arthritis. These results suggest that Chinese herbal
medicine (CHM) could be a potential
Cancer Treatment chemopreventive agent for cancer. Moreover, the
The increasing use of herbal teas and findings from the in vivo studies have shown that
medicinal plants by cancer patients and survivors CHM can exert potent chemopreventive effects
can be seen worldwide (Chen et al., 2008; Deng against many types of cancer.
and Cassileth. They used herbal teas to improve
their physical and emotional well-beings and to Herbal teas, medicinal proprieties, chemical
reduce cancer therapy-induced toxicity (Wong et constituents and posology
al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2014). Herbal teas are classified into two categories,
The chemopreventive effects of green tea intake simple and composed herbal teas. The former
have been shown in many in vivo studies. For the contains little constituents and they are for
7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12- everyday use as coughing herbs, constipation and
Otetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced digestion. The second are for therapeutic use and
skin papillomas, partial tumor regression or > 90% contain so-called effective medicinal plants. Some
inhibition of tumor growth, and marked inhibition constituents appear several times in herbal teas.
of tumor growth (46–89%) were observed after For example, fennel is found in sudorific, diuretic
administration of green tea (Wang et al., 1992). and appetizing herbal teas (Guérin-Méneville et
Aqueous extract of green tea inhibited al., 1837). The little holly is found in either simple
carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice by or composed herbal teas. However, herbal tea
63% (Wang et al., 1992). Ginseng is another well- preparations and their potential ltherapeutic
studied herb that shows strong chemopreventive applications are summarized in table 1.
activities. In a lung adenoma model induced by 48
weeks of DMBA, it decreased the average Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
diameter of the largest lung adenomas by 23% herbal teas in human body
and the incidence of diffuse pulmonary infiltration The determination of the effect of herbal teas
by 63%. In the Ginseng treatment group sacrificed in the body is still poorly understood.
56 weeks after birth (aflatoxin B1 combined with
Ginseng), the incidence of lung adenoma (29%)
and hepatoma (75%) was decreased (Yun et al.,
1983). Oral administration of aqueous extract of
red Ginseng decreased tumor multiplicity by 36%
and the tumor load by 70% (Yan et al., 2006).
Korea White Ginseng (KWG) significantly reduced
the percentage of squamous cell carcinoma to
9.1%, compared with 26.5% in the control group.
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 797Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Table 1: Herbal Teas, Chemical Constituents, Medicinal proprieties and Toxicological effects
Preparation
Herbal Tea Medicinal Effects on Human Complication
and Mode of Posology
plants and Animal and Side Effects
Administration
Regulate digestive activity,
diarrhea,
Aqueous extract of Remove swelling and
Ginseng- No reported
Uraria crinita Uraria crinita its antitussive effects.
like tea side effect
Druking water Anti-inflammatory,
(China)
Antimicrobial,
Antidiabetic effect
Mentha piperata ,
bramble Rubus fruticosus
, camomile Matricaria
1 filter bag for 1 cup,
recutita,balm Melissa
Thüringer 9 pour over fresh, Decrease cyclosporine
officinalis, coriander No reported
-Kräuter Tea» bubbly boiling water 1.5g /day level after renal
Coriandrum sativum, side effect
(Germany) . Brewing time: transplantation
sandalwood Santalum
8 minutes
album, Citrus aurantium,
Krameria triandra and
Pimpinella anisum.
Heart tonic, Reduce the oedema
development;
Sarasin tea Fagopyrum Very small the diameter
Infusion No side effect
(China) esculentum dose of femoral veins and
the permeability of
the capillaries
Increases the energy and
Abortifacient
Indian winter tea 120 mg to the cardiorespiratory fitness,
Ashwagandha Infusion properties
(India) 2 g /day Improves the number of
hemoglobin (Hb) and RBCs
Reduction in serum TG,
72 mg Decrease in body weight.
Dry mouth, insomnia,
Ma Huang & (ephedra) Reduce hip and
Guarana; éphédra infusion headache.
Guarana 240 mg waist circulation.
Cardiac palpitation
(caffeine)/8 w
and hypertension
Reduction in perilipin
A compound of Aralia content in adipocytes and
Decrease in total
ARALOX mandshurica (A) and Engelhardtia infusion 450mg/d plasma TG. Stimulate
body and fat weight.
chrysolepis (E) extracts activity of hormone
sensitive lipase
Ephedrae Herba, Glycyrrhizae Exert favorable effects
Bofu-tsusho-san Loose bowel
Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Infusion 280 mg /24 w on obesity-related
movements
Schizonepetae Spica hypertension
Acceleration of
Jiang-zhi jian-fei Reduce food intake, intestinal movements ;
Injected
yao: the refined Decreased size of abdominal Prolongation
intragastrically
Rhubarb adipose cells of stomach evacuations
time.
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 798Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Little data on the pharmacokinetics and body and do not have toxic effects on healthy
pharmacodynamics of herbal teas, knowledge of ones. The tisane made of the bearberry plant
their variability, their action on the body, their Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi possesses disinfectant
interactions as well as their mechanisms of actions of urinary tract and lacks toxic effects on
elimination are essential to determine in the future other organs (de Arriba et al., 2013). Another
their effectiveness as well as their toxicology. The example is the herbal tea of Caralluma fimbriata
majority of pharmacokinetics studies on herbal tea which acts against fats without affecting the major
are limited to certain herbal teas like ginseng tea, function of body (Arora et al., 2015). This type of
curcumin tea or other ordinary and simply herbal herbal teas can be employed without having fear
teas. The majority of information on the of its secondary effects since their components
mecanisms of this simple herbal tea is related to are tolerated by the human body.
their metabolism through enzymes such as
cytochromes P450 (CYP) (He et al., 2010). Herbal teas with double effect
However, studies on complex herbal teas used in There are other types of herbal teas with
popular medicine for treatment of complex double effect which act against already ill organs
diseases are not available. It is necessary to give and touch healthy ones as it is the case of the
importance to pharmacokinetic and slimming herbal tea Ngamrahong. Ngamrahong
pharmacodynamic studies to explore other ways. means « interior wellbeing ». It is made up the
For exemple, analysis of the Japaneese herbal plant Senna as a main component which is a plant
tea yokukansan TJ-54 revealed its action on the known for its richness with anthronoides (Lemli et
glutamatergic and serotonergic nervous systems. al., 1983). They act against mitochondria by
This herbal tea also interacts with 5- diminishing the production of ATP and water
HT1A receptors. This herbal tea does not take the retention. According to other studies,
metabolic way CYP 450 and is not metabolized Ngamrahong leads to an acute liver failure and
by the organism because of the absence of renal insufficiency and encephalopathy
CYP2C in human organism (Goldstein et al., (Vanderperren et al., 2005). Another example of
1994). Another example is the herbal tea K-601, herbal tea risks is the herbal tea "Richter" having
widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the licorice as a constituent. The latter increases
treatment of influenza. However, a study was blood pressure and engenders complications to all
conducted on volunteers to determine its effects hypertensive people (Heikens et al., 1995). The
on the body demonstrated that the herbal tea K- herbal tea of badiana is used in the form of
601 interacts with the intestinal flora and has no infusion of dried seeds acting against
reaction with the respiratory system. This study constipation. It exists varied types such as Illicium
demonstrates that this herbal tea acts on verum of China criticized for its toxicity and the
intestines and thus, generates secondary one of Japon which is extremely toxic. Cases of
metabolites like: secologanoside, emodin, seizures have been signaled after the use of
lotusine, palmatine, berberine and baicalin (Alolga Illicium anisatum of Japon which contain toxic
et al., 2015). Studies have shown that molecules components such as actones sesquiterpenic
such as secologanoside have anti-cancer effects anisatin, neoanisatin and pseudoanisatin
(Jiménez-Sánchez et al., 2017). This
demonstrates that pharmacokenetic studies of Quality control of herbal teas
herbal teas can reveal the appearance of new
molecules for medical interest. The Phytochemical analysis
pharmacokinetic study of the Yokukansan herbal Despite of the numerous beneficial effects of
tea unravels other molecules such as glycyrrhizic herbal teas, mainly attributed to their polyphenolic
acid which goes through tractus intestinal and get constituents (Sang et al., 2011), they are subjects
metabolized in the form of acid 18β-glycyrrhetinic to some risks and contaminants that occur during
(Kitagawa et al., 2015). This latter induces growth, development and processing and should
apoptosis of cancer cells (Lee et al., 2008) be monitored to ensure the safety and the quality
of these remedies.
Toxicity risk related to herbal tea consumption
Contaminant risks of herbal teas
Herbal teas with single effect The vulgarization of the herbal tea use with for
Herbal teas are formulated from plants which only slogan: “what is natural is harmless” induced
exercise actions on the ill organs in the human a poor quality of herbal products (de Andrade et
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 799Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
al., 2018). However, and contrary to popular pathogenic contaminants (Kosalec et al., 2009).
belief, not every natural product is exempt of Thus, warranting the best quality to the consumer,
dangerous hazards (Ridker, 1987). For example, by proving their medical harmlessness and
it has been demonstrated that products of Piper conformity to standards, is essential. Problems
methysticum and Symphytum officinale induced linked to the growing conditions, preparation
serious damages in liver (Mattocks, 1980; Stickel methods and processing including harvesting,
et al., 2003). Since herbal teas are made of roots, drying and storage can affect the final product
leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds or even other parts safety (Prchalová et al., 2017).
of the plant like barks, nuts…etc., they are
continuously exposed to some toxic and
Figure 1: Herbal Teas exposed to several toxic contaminants
Spartium junceum (Spanischer Ginster) rather
Herbal teas can be exposed to several toxic than Sarothamnus scoparius (Besenginster) (de
contaminants of different nature (Figure 1). In Smet et al., 1999). Also of interest, it was
sum, we can categorise them into three demonstrated that the use of contaminated roots
categories: (1) contaminants linked to the plant, by Aristolochia frangchi, in Chinese herbal teas,
(2) contaminants that provide from environment containing an important amount of aristolochic
and (3) contaminants due to humans. acid. This last one is known for its nephrotoxic
properties and carcinogenic effects on rodents
Contaminants linked to the plant and humans (Wang et al., 2018; Krell, and
Toxic contaminants related to the plant Stebbing, 2013; Chen et al., 2012). The
include toxic botanicals, microbial toxins, toxic adulteration of plants with those containing acids
metabolites or even living microbes such as can cause serious problems of human health.
bacteria, viruses, yeasts, parasites, insect larvae Unlike to synthetic materials, the use of
and eggs and other organisms (De Smet et al., vegetables can be associated to microbial
2004). contamination and subsequent adverse effects. A
The misidentification of plants or the presence recent study investigates the bacterial and fungal
of undeclared species can cause serious contamination of 26 herbal teas and revealed the
problems. In certain case reports, the part of the presence of bacterial isolates like Staphylococcus
plant used for the herbal product contains aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
compounds like alkaloids of the cysteine type, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis,
which are known to be toxic. It is the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcencens,
Sarothamni scoparii flos that are provided from Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 800Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
fluorescens and Escherichia coli. Fungal isolates problems for all life forms (de Oliveira et al.,
were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, 2018). High concentrations of this toxic
Penicilium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer and substances in the human body induce deleterious
Fusarium solani. This study also revealed that the ailments: skin diseases (Arsenic) (Tseng et al.,
highest occurrence contamination (100%) was 1968; Yeh et al., 1973; Schwartz, 1997),
attributed to Bacillus subtilis for bacteria and neurological disorders and kidney damage
Aspergillus niger for fungi and the lowest one to (Mercury) (Clarkson et al., 2003; Albers et al.,
Salmonella typhimurium (3%) and Rhizopus 1988), gastrointestinal effects and anaemia (Zinc)
stolonifera (10%) (Omogbai and Ikenemomeh, (Broun et al., 1990; Plum, et al., 2010) brain
2013). neurotoxicity (Lead) (Marchetti, 2003), lung
Viruses can surprisingly be the source of cancer, pulmonary oedema, respiratory distress,
microbial contamination. Indeed, Japanese pneumonitis, bone disorder, liver and kidney
researchers reported the case of a man infected damage (Cadmium) (Godt et al., 2006; Johri et al.,
by hepatitis E virus after few days passed in 2010). Each metal is defined by its limit value.
China. The nucleotide sequencing suggests that This one is determined by the world health
his hepatitis E was caused by infection with the organization and is of about 1 mg/kg Arsenic, 0.3
Chinese strain of the virus, via the CHM (Ishikawa mg/kg for Cadmium and 10 mg/kg for Lead (World
et al., 1995). The plausibility of this hypothesis Health Organization, 1998).
was verified since the victim confirms his trip in
China four months prior to the onset of his Contaminants due to humans
symptoms. Independently to microorganism Contamination of herbal teas can be of an
contamination, the quality control of herbal teas anthropogenic origin. Human use pesticides and
should take into account the eventual presence of fumigation agents to control or eradicate pests.
microbial toxins like endotoxins and mycotoxins Pesticides are categorised according to their
especially aflatoxin, for which several deleterious targets to insecticides, fungicides, nematocides,
effects are known: mutagenic, carcinogenic, ascaricides, herbicides, molluscicides…etc. and to
teratogenic, neurotoxic and nephrotoxic (Stević et their chemical structures to organochlorine
al., 2012). The European Pharmacopeia has (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT),
established a limit of 2 μg/ml as a limit value of organophosphorus, nitrogen-containing
aflatoxin 1 not to exceed for some medicinal herbs pesticides…etc.) (Kosalec et al., 2009). As
(Kosalec et al., 2009). pesticides, fumigation agents including ethylene
oxide, methyl bromide and phosphine are harmful
Contaminants that provide from environment for human health (Alavanja et al., 2004).
Many contaminants occur naturally in the Overexposure to these toxic substances can
ground and the atmosphere but the most trigger to the apparition of symptoms of the
problematic factors that provide from the nervous system like headache, dizziness,
environment are heavy metals and radioactivity. nausea…etc. (Abdollahi et al., 2004). The
Despite of the existence of many radioactive European Pharmacopoeia has tabulated general
sources, including radionuclides, radioactivity is limits for pesticides and fumigation residues.
not of a real concern (de Smet et al., 1999). Methods for determinate the presence of these
Heavy metals represent a group of inorganic compounds in herbal drugs are also set by some
elements endowed of harmful risks. They are Pharmacopeias (Association, 1996). It is
stable in the environment and can be found in important not to exceed these limits and respect
particular high concentrations in some regions. the absence of unsafety levels of these toxic
Heavy metals include lead, cadmium, arsenic, substances.
chromium, copper, mercury and zinc. Some plants Also of a great interest and independently of
have the ability to fix and accumulate these the above-mentioned categories, animal
metals and therefore, can be used as substances represent potent contaminants of
environmental contamination markers. Heavy herbal products. Indeed, surprising compounds
metal pollution can have a natural origin and can be found in Chinese herbal teas. It is the case
accumulate in the soil or result from the emission of thyroid hormones in herbal remedies with anti-
of industrial wastes like gasoline, mine tailing, diabetic effects, suspected presence of ass hide
paint…etc. (Nagajyoti et al., 2010; Wuana and glue and even, toad venom rich in toxic steroids
Okieimen, 2011). and toxins (de Smet et al., 1999).
Accumulation of heavy metals cause The quality assurance evaluation should
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 801Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
warrant to the consumer a final product free from (Choudhary et al., 2011). Botanical evaluation of
any inadvertent contaminant like microorganisms, herbal remedies includes both macroscopic and
toxins, heavy metals, pesticide residues…etc. microscopic analysis, which requires the use of
because the efficacy and the reliability of herbal qualitative and quantitative techniques. However,
teas are closely related to their safety. Thus, it is due to the modern interest given to value-added
important to specify constituents of herbal teas, products, macroscopic methods, based on
which can be considered as markers to monitor sensory evaluation parameters (size, shape,
the quality, by using analytical methods dedicated odour, colour, taste and texture) and habitually
to this purpose. used to detect adulteration or misnaming species
become insufficient especially when the native
Parameters and methods of herbal tea quality plant structure is destroyed. The advent of
control chromatographic techniques has facilitate the
Quality control is based on four axes identification of herbal teas constituents and helps
(Figure 2). It should investigate and have a regard to set quality standards. Also of interest is the
on physical, chemical, botanical and biological study of biological and pharmacological
aspects. Physico-chemical analysis covers the parameters including pharmacokinetics,
determination of ash remaining after ignition of pharmacodynamics, stability, dosage, toxicity
herbal products, moisture content, solubility, evaluation and chemical profiling of the herbal
viscosity, foreign matter, on one hand, and the formulations (Choudhary et al., 2011).
estimation of heavy metal, pesticide residue and
mycotoxin, mentioned above, on the other hand
Figure 2: Quality control of herbal teas
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 802Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Analytical techniques aim to quantify the in a large range of matrices including biological,
amount of active substances and thus determine environmental, clinical, geological samples and
their biological effects on human health. Each herbal drugs. This widely used technique allows
technique used is defined by its strengths and detection of both trace (µg/mL) and ultra-trace
weaknesses, so before any analyse, analyst (subµg/mL) levels of metals (Venkatehswarlu and
should choose the most appropriate method Gouthami 2015). The principle is based on
among a large panel of those available. We shall measurement of the absorbed radiation, when
summarize the most important of them and sample is excited by electromagnetic radiation.
highlight on their characteristics. There are two variants of AAS: Flame atomic
absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and
Electrophoresis methods Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscory
Electrophoresis dates from the seventies. (ETAAS) depending on the source of atomization
Used to isolate and identify several products which can be flames or electrothermal atomizers,
including drugs, antibiotics, coumarins, alkaloids, respectively (Smichowski and Londonio, 2018).
flavonoids, Chinese herbal preparations…etc., AAS plays an important role in the analysis of
this technique has rapidly proven its powerful herbal remedies, however, this method suffers
separating capacity (Isaaq, 1999). The principle is from high detection limits ((Venkatehswarlu and
based on the migration of particles, when an Gouthami 2015). In this field, AAS is especially
electric field is applied. Many variants of used in quality control and several recent studies
electrophoresis exist including gel electrophoresis, have used it for the evaluation of mineral or metal
2-D electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, high- content in the herbal preparations including
resolution electrophoresis, capillary electropho- magnesium, calcium, sodium, cadmium, zinc,
resis (CE) and many others. However, CE is copper and others (Prkić et al., 2018; Afieroho et
widely used in the quality control of herbal teas al., 2018; Al-Othman et al., 2012; Zhong et al.,
because of its rapidity, versatility and high 2016; Kalny et al., 2007; Cabrera et al., 2003).
separation efficiency. It needs only few amounts
of reagents when compared to the most popular Gas chromatography (GC)
high performance liquid chromatography protocols Nowadays, GC continues to prove its merit
and allows analysis of either small molecules of and eminence among other analytical techniques
low molecular weight like drugs or in the field of quality control. This technique
macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins. It responds to the principle of the redistribution of
can also be paired to chromatography and thus, compounds present in a mixture, between a
allowing to confirm obtained results. However, stationary phase which is a liquid, a solid or both
enhancing the resolution of capillary and a mobile phase in the form of gas, this is why
electrophoresis has been detrimental to its this technique is also called gas liquid
reproducibility (Shulammithi et al., 2016). CE can chromatography (Shulammithi et al., 2016). Main
address the numerous issues of food authenticity advantages of this method are its high selectivity,
of health concern including beverages, fruit and sensitivity, resolution, good accuracy and
vegetable, meals…etc. in order to avoid precision. It can be also used for a wide dynamic
adulterations and ensure safety to consumers. concentration range (Santos and Galceran, 2002).
Recently, many studies have been reported However, the most serious disadvantage is its
unravelling the use of such techniques in herbal lack of suitability for thermo labile and non-volatile
tea remedies (Liu and Sheu, 1992; Başkan et al., compounds (Shulammithi et al., 2016). GC can be
2007). As an example of application, the coupled to other techniques like mass
determination of flavonoid amounts and inorganic spectrometry and find applications, for instance, in
cations can be achieved using CE (Carducci et determination of the presence of volatile
al., 2000; Chi et al., 2009). pesticides residues in Chinese teas, by providing
quantitative and qualitative information (Figure 3) (
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Huang et al., 2007; Lozano et al., 2012; Schurek
AAS is no longer restricted to the knowledge et al., 2008).
of some scientists, chemists or even
astrophysicists, this technique has gained territory
and is now extended to the medical and
pharmaceutical fields. AAS is particularly
convenient for the determination of heavy metals
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 803Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Figure 3: Qualitative and quantitative determination of herbal teas by using different analytical
tools
teas as it allows a good and reproducible
Introduction of the two-dimensional GC in separation of caffeine, catechins, theobromine,
recent years allows overcoming problems gallic acid and theophylline (Sharma et al., 2005).
encountered with the mono-dimensional GC Some techniques have been optimized in order to
related to the difficult separation of individual gain in efficacy with a higher separation power like
constituents of complex mixtures in some cases of reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), which is the
phytochemical study especially that of herbal teas most one widely used in the analysis of herbal
(Mondello et al., 2005). Bi-dimensional GC can, in teas, micellar electro kinetic capillary
turn, be coupled to a mass spectrometer, and chromatography (MECC), high speed counter
when a high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass current chromatography (HSCCC), strong anion
spectrometer is used, it gives rise to a powerful exchange HPLC (SAX-HPLC) and low pressure
tool in the identification of bioactive compounds size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
present in some medicinal plants (Cao et al., (Shulammithi et al., 2016). However, simple HPLC
2011). As an example of application, GC was is not able to provide qualitative information or
used for the determination of a pool of flavonoids structure elucidation and must be coupled to
in Krachaidum, a Thai herb, despite of the HPLC-Infra rouge, HPLC- Nuclear magnetic
similarity and polarity of these compounds in this resonance and HPLC-Mass spectroscopy.
herb. This study pointed out the efficiency and Advances in HPLC offer a powerful tool for the
rapidity of GC compared to HPLC in determining investigation of quality control of herbal teas
and detecting flavonoids in a reasonable time (Zimmermann et al., 2011). For instance, ultra
(Sutthanut et al., 2007). HPLC (UHPLC), using sub-2 µm particle size
column, allows analysis nine times faster than
High-performance liquid chromatography traditional HPLC even it is costly. The most
(HPLC) common detection method used in HPLC analysis
HPLC, also known as High Pressure is single wavelength UV detector. However, due
Liquid Chromatography, is one of the most its inability to detect non-chromogenic
popular techniques defined by a wide spectrum of compounds, mostly present in herbal remedies,
use including clinical chemistry, pharmaceutical an another method is used in a recent decade, it
industry, food and environmental analyses, is about the evaporative light scattering detection
synthetic chemistry…etc. (Olsen et al., 2006; (ELSD), which is an excellent detection method
Zotou et al., 2012). This analytical technique has convenient for chromogenic compounds
gained its popularity because of its reliability, (Shulammithi et al., 2016).
versatility, good repeatability, easiness to use and
non-restriction to volatile samples (Shulammithi et
al., 2016). HPLC is applied to all kinds of herbal
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 804Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in vitro studies are carried out in the research
(LC-MS) centers (chemical and toxicological) on the basis
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a of clinical outcome. However, other researches
method for the detection of fingerprint of plants. prefer the way back. It begins with in vitro studies
TLC is a simple and inexpensive method. that consist of isolating bioactive molecules from
However, the separation and detection of plants without taking into consideration their
molecules by TLC are limited. LC-MS has become traditional medicinal knowledge. These bioactive
the preferred method for the analysis of molecules isolated from plants are given to
multicomponents of herbal teas (Figure 3). For patients (Chadwick et al., 2008). These studies
example, the tea Psoralea corylifolia is widely consider, in this case, that the plant is made up of
used in China for its anti-cancer, antioxidant and a single bioactive molecule while it consists of
antibacterial properties. This herbal tea was thousands of different molecules. The plant is not
analyzed by LC-MS which was able to identify the a unique molecule but it works by mechanism of
identity of several molecules of this herbal tea. synergy between all molecules present in the
Another example is the analysis of multirrhzia mixture. Other studies prefer to use laboratory
salivia-based herbal tea by LC-MS, which animals to test plant preparations from traditional
revealed the presence of non-polar diterpenoids Brazilian folk medicine (Chadwick et al., 2008).
as they have beneficial effects on cardiovascular Based on the animal results they selects plants
and cerebral diseases. The use of LC-MS has that have more therapeutic effects and less risk of
helped to prove the quality and effectiveness of toxicity and introduces them into the health
herbal teas for the treatment of brain and services. Some preparations of herbal teas
cardiovascular diseases. For example, LC-MS appear to be inactive when used for in vitro tests
revealed the presence of the stemona alkaloids of such as the use of some solvent of extraction that
therapeutic interest in herbal teas based on can suppress the activity of the plant (Chadwick et
Sanicula tuberosa. This alkaloid cannot be al., 2008). However, the use of herbal teas by
detected by HPLC-UV because it is not sensitive traditional medicine as a decoction protects the
to direct UV detection due to the absence of UV activity of the plant. These traditional medicine
absorbing chromophores. Another example is the have experience directly on the human being and
herbal tea Caulerpa racemosa largely used in have tested through seals thousands of remedy
traditional medicine for the treatment of fever and (Chadwick et al., 2008). Other studies consider
insomnia. The analysis of this tea by the HPLC- that in vivo testing of human is impossible to test
UV is used to detect the presence of diterpenes toxic plants because the human body is not as
glucosides however analysis by LC-MS is strong as the body of animals. In addition, the
employed to reveal the presence of saponins in exposure time in clinical trials of human
this tea. Another example is the Naodesheng tea volunteers is limited and prefers in vitro tests on
which is indicated for the treatment of cerebral isolated cells, tissues or enzyme receptors
arteriosclerosis and ischemic stroke. The LC-MS (Chadwick et al., 2008). However, according to
analysis of this herbal tea revealed the presence these studies, it is limited to a single target
of ten types of flavones and ginsenosides. These whereas the herbal teas consist of plants that can
molecules are particularly discovered with the LC- have several targets when they entered the body.
MS. In addition, the recent use of LC-MS has The results of in vivo clinical studies have helped
allowed the quantification of molecules in complex to reveal the effects of medicinal plants on several
herbal teas. diseases. On the other hand, they could not
explain the mechanisms of action at the cellular
Biological analysis: In vitro and in vivo tests of and molecular level (Liu, 2011). Other studies
herbal teas have demonstrated differences between in vivo
Biological analysis tests of plants are tests in animals and humans. For example,
various. There are studies that prefer in vivo Cryptolepis sanguilolenta extracts are active
testing while others support in vitro testing for against human infections while they are inactive
plant analysis. For example, China has directly against infections in animal. This shows that the
introduced traditional Chinese medicine human body's reaction to plants is not the same in
knowledge in hospitals. Plants are selected on the animals. Same as the results of testing plants on
basis of traditional medical practices and are animals are not always applicable in humans.
introduced in hospitals for in vivo clinical
evaluation (Chadwick et al., 2008). Therefore, the
Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(2): 793-814 805Belfarhi et al., Medicinal Proprieties and Toxicology of Herbal Tea
Commercial aspect Vie", "Slimnat System", "Ali" and "FVR". There are
other brands of herbal teas produced in Algeria
Preparation of commercial herbal mixtures such as "Imane with ginger and honey lemon" for
Commercial herbal teas are prepared either intestinal gas. In the same range, there is "Imane
by street vendors or by individual traditional ginger honey jujube" to treat cough, bronchitis,
healers. They are often packaged in recycled pneumonia, colds and hypotension. Other
bottles with handwritten labels. Other types of companies in Algeria produce cholesterol herbal
commercial herbal teas are manufactured in large tea for the treatment of cholesterol excess and the
quantities by professionals and private contractors prevention of its high levels. There is also the
in factories (Ndhlala et al., 2011). Despite the karkade derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa which is
attempts to modernize and standardize used for reducing the risk of cardiovascular
commercial herbal teas, it still retains the social diseases. The existence of this type of herbal teas
heritage of the people. For example, Ibhubezi tea used for their action on the heart can lead to
is prepared in a large volume of water and health risks for patients suffering of heart
patients must take a quarter of this tea to cure problems. These herbal teas are formulated by
fungal or influenza infections (Ndhlala et al., plants containing cardiotonic components that can
2011). Another example is kava tea which has lead to cardiac arrest.
long been marketed for its anti-anxiety effects Another brand of herbal tea "Walada bébé",
while it is one of the commercial herbal teas that manufactured locally, has for action the
cause hepatitis. However, the same kava tea was stimulation of lactation. This herbal tea can be
prepared by traditional methods did not cause any dangerous for the baby because it is not
cases of hepatitis. The methods of preparing controlled and can contain unknown components
herbal teas range from simple brewing processes that can pass to the baby through breast milk.
to more complex procedures that use alcohol and There is also brands of herbal teas especially
other organic solvents to dissolve the essences of devoted to lose weight like: "Soltane rahat el bal",
the plant. In some cases, the addition of drugs, "Dr. Ming’s", "Sliming Herb" and "Ritcher's". This
such as aspirin, has been registered for certain herbal tea has the property of acting on the
types of herbal teas (Cano et al., 2004). bladder to lose weight but by this action, dramatic
Preparations of herbal teas used as sedatives risks leading to death can occur due to the loss of
mainly contain aromatic plant species, rich in water resulting from the stimulation of the bladder.
active essential oils, which exert an Another example of herbal teas in Algeria is the
antispasmodic, antibacterial and soothing effect soothing baby tea number 8. This herbal tea
for the stomach (Cano et al., 2004). The number facilitates the baby's sleep. It is constituted by the
of plants which enter into the preparation of herbal linden plant. Studies have shown that the linden
teas can increase their therapeutic effects as they inhibits lipase which increases the temperature of
may decrease like it is the case for the Echenacea infants and prevents their growth (Chantre et al.,
pupasea herbal tea which has more effects when 2002). Other studies have shown that lipid
it is prepared alone. Other plants diminish their degradation by lipase inhibition leads to cancer
effectiveness (Hudson, 2016). Some methods of development (Greenberg et al., 1992).
herbal tea preparation can influence the final In Algeria, herbal teas market is growing
concentration of their active substances. This is significantly and is based mainly on imports.
the case of glucofrangulin molecules that are not However, imports are not subject to control of
found in the herbal tea by simple infusion. To plant performance, quality and toxicity. In addition,
recover these molecules in the final concentration the trade of herbal teas in Algeria is not evolved
of the tea buckthorn bark, the method of around a structured legislative control. The
preparation used is the decoction five minutes pharmaceutical regulation covers both medicinal
followed by two hours of infusion (Jean et al., products for human and veterinary uses and
2008). includes a series of laws such as the order of
June 25th, 2005 laying down the procedure and
Therapeutic herbal tea market in Algeria expertise of a pharmaceutical product subject to
The consumption of herbal teas in Algeria is registration. There is also the law n° 85-05 of 26
growing rapidly. Several import brands can be Joumada El Oula 1405 corresponding to the
found in the market (Derouiche and Abdelnnour, February 16th, 1985 relating to the protection and
2017). There are, for example, diet herbal tea "Dr. the promotion of the health, modified and
Ming’s", "Sliming Herb", "Ritcher's", "Santé et supplemented by the executive decree n° 92-284
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