Book of Abstracts Physics of Volcanoes 2020 - Tuesday 11 February 2020 - Wednesday 12 February 2020 - Universität Hamburg
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Physics of Volcanoes 2020
Tuesday 11 February 2020 - Wednesday 12 February 2020
Geomatikum
Book of AbstractsContents
3D Geodynamic Models of the Present-Day Altiplano-Puna Magmatic System . . . . . . 1
A Monte Carlo Markov Chain Approach to Stress Inversion and Forecasting of Eruptive
Vent Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A new development of drop-sondes for the measurement of CO2-concentrations at ex-
tended volcanic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A novel technique to investigate volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions – First measurement
results with imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer correlation spectroscopy . . . . . . 2
Advances in seismic tomographic imaging of magmatic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Analysis of volume changes at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, using TanDEM-X data . 3
Analytical and numerical optimization of gravimetric networks: case study Mount Etna,
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Automatic Detection of Volcanic Eruptions at Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica, using a Neural
Network Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Bubble nucleation and growth in H2O-CO2 bearing, ultrapotassic melts . . . . . . . . . . 5
CFD modeling of ascending strombolian gas slugs through a constricted volcanic conduit
considering a non-linear rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Characterization of a hot “fumarolic mofette” at Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande/S. Miguel,
Acores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Critical fluid volumes to start self-sustaining fracture ascent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Determining long-term volcanic gas emissions of SO2 and BrO with DOAS . . . . . . . . 7
Employment of tiltmeter arrays to investigate deformations related to recent volcanic and
magmatic activity in the Eifel Volcanic Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Evaluating a particle path of an eruption at Volcán de Colima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Extremely low frequency detection of electrical discharges at Minamidake crater (Sakura-
jima volcano, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
FMCW Radar for High Velocity Targets: Volcanic Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Forcasting vent location by probabilistic inversion of volcanic edifice stresses . . . . . . 10
iiiFrom Yellowstone to Australia: Identifying mechanisms for generating low-δ18O silicic
magmas on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
High-Temperature Chemistry of Volcanic Gases in Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Imaging active magmatic systems at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano (Tanzania) via earthquake
distribution and seismic scattering and absorption mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Luminescence dating of young volcanic eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
MORB Rheology: Experimental Insights on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Mind the gap: refined acoustic characterisation of explosions at Stromboli volcano using
drone-deployed sensors and near-field arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Modelling the evolution of the bromine chemistry in the plume of Mount Etna during the
Christmas 2018 eruption using WRF-Chem Volcano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Morphological changes at Stromboli volcano, Italy, between September 2017 and September
2019 revealed by UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Multi-spectral analyses (LIBS, Raman and VIS/NIR) of planetary analog material on vol-
canic deposits (Vulcano Island, Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Numerical investigation of multi-phase flow in saline submarine hydrothermal systems . 18
PoV2021 @ ⁇? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Prebiotic synthesis in volcanic discharges: exposing porous ash to volcanic gas atmospheres
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Precursors and processes culminating in the Anak Krakatau December 2018 sector collapse
and tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Preeruptive deformation at Anak Krakatoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced
by multiparametric data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Publishing in a Nature Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Reliable Measurement of Ozone in Volcanic Plumes by Gas-Phase Chemiluminescence . 21
Seismological and geophysical signatures of the deep crustal magma systems of volcanic
fields beneath the Eifel, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Six years of BrO/SO2 molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Masaya . . . . . . . . . . 22
Spatial distribution of bromine monoxide in the plume of Mount Etna during the Christmas
2018 eruption derived from S5-P/TROPOMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Studies inside Newly Formed Glacier & Firn Caves in the Crater of Mount Saint Helens
(Washington, USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Temperature below the July 2015 pyroclastic density currents at Volcán de Colima (Mexico)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The DEEP-TEE Seismological Experiment: Monitoring the Ochtendung Fault Zone and the Laacher See Volcano Micro-Earthquakes in the East Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany . . 25 The Effects of Hydrologically-Related Processes on Long Valley Caldera and Adjacent Sierra Nevada at Different Temporal and Spatial Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The July/August 2019 eruption phase at Stromboli – analyzed by multi-sensor infrared satel- lite imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The benefit of unmanned aerial vehicles for volcano monitoring and emergency manage- ment - a case study for the 2019 paroxysms at Stromboli volcano, Italy . . . . . . . . 27 The effect of pulsing of volcanic eruptions on eruption column height . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The role of a pre-eruptive fluid phase for the volatile budget and atmospheric influence of large explosive eruptions in Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 UAS-based tracking of the Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Virtual Transient Electromagnetics at Stromboli Volcano, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Welcome to Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 17
3D Geodynamic Models of the Present-Day Altiplano-Puna Mag-
matic System
Author: Arne Spang1
Co-authors: Tobias S. Baumann 1 ; Boris J.P. Kaus 1
1
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Corresponding Author: arspang@uni-mainz.de
For the past decades, several numerical studies have successfully reproduced the concentric uplift
pattern observed above the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB) in the central Andes. However,
the temperature- and strain rate-dependent viscoelastoplastic rheology of rocks, the buoyancy of
magma, the effects of modelling in 3D as well as the shape of the magma body have often been
simplified or neglected.
Here, we use a joint interpretation of seismic imaging and gravity anomalies to constrain location,
3D shape and density of the magma body. With the help of the thermo-mechanical finite difference
code LaMEM, we then model the surface deformation and test our results against observations made
by Interferometric Synthetic-Aperture Radar (InSAR) missions. This way, we gain insights into the
dynamics and rheology of the present-day magmatic system and can test how a change to the current
conditions (e.g., magma influx) could impact it.
We find that only an APMB with a maximum thickness of 14 to 18 km and a corresponding density
contrast to the surrounding host rock of 100 to 175 kg/m3 satisfies both tomography and Bouguer
data. Based on that and the chemistry of eruption products, we estimate the melt content of the
APMB to be on the order of 20 - 25%. We also find that the observed uplift can be reproduced
by magma-induced buoyancy forces without the need for an additional pressure source or magma
injection within the mush, and that the geometry of the top of the magma body exerts a major
control on the deformation pattern at the surface.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 25
A Monte Carlo Markov Chain Approach to Stress Inversion and
Forecasting of Eruptive Vent Locations
Author: Lorenzo Mantiloni1
Co-authors: Timothy Davis 1 ; Ayleen Barbara Gaete Rojas 1 ; Eleonora Rivalta 1
1
GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam
Corresponding Author: lorenzo@gfz-potsdam.de
Current approaches to vent opening forecast produce probabilistic maps on the base of the spa-
tial density of past eruptive vents, as well as the surface distribution of structural features such as
faults and fractures. One of the main challenges in forecasting future vent locations in the case of
distributed volcanism is that we usually deal with scarce, spatially scattered data to support these
approaches. As sophisticated as our statistical analysis can be, such data are difficult to interpo-
late between and extrapolate from, resulting in spatially coarse forecasts and large uncertainties.
More recently, Rivalta et al. (2019) proposed a forecasting strategy to predict future vent locations,
combining the physics of magma transport at depth (where magma trajectories are assumed to be
driven entirely by stress) with a Monte Carlo inversion technique for key stress parameters. This
method has been first tested on the Campi Flegrei caldera; however, further validations and devel-
opment are needed. Here we validate the strategy of Rivalta et al. with data from analog models (air
injection in gelatine). We stress a gelatine block in controlled conditions (extension/compression,
surface loading/unloading, layering) and observe air-filled crack trajectories. With these data, we
Page 1Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
test a flavour of the strategy that combines boundary element magma trajectory calculations with a
Monte Carlo Markov chain approach. We find the scheme is able to retrieve the parameters of the
stress imposed on the gelatine and forecast subsequent vents in the same experimental setups. We
also discuss how it may be applicable to natural cases, and what data are necessary for the approach
to be feasible.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 44
A new development of drop-sondes for the measurement of CO2-
concentrations at extended volcanic areas
Authors: Konradin Weber1 ; Christian Fischer1 ; Detlef Amend1
1
Duesseldorf University of Applied Sciences
Corresponding Author: konradin.weber@hs-duesseldorf.de
One of the main compounds emitted by volcanoes or volcanic fields is CO2 . This is not only emitted
from localized craters, but can emerge as distributed and fugitive emissions on extended volcanic ar-
eas. In this situation it is of interest to explore the distribution and horizontal concentration profiles
of the CO2 -emissions.
For this purpose new drop-sondes for sensor measurements of CO2 emissions are under development
at the Duesseldorf University of Applied Sciences. These drop-sondes are designed to be dropped
from aircraft or drones over volcanic areas in order to map the distributed CO2 concentrations over
longer times in an unattended way. They are very lightweight and cheap, so that a large number of
drop-sondes might be deployed even over remote areas or regions with difficult access. The data are
transmitted with GSM broadcasting and can be visualized on a geographical map.
The drop-sondes use an NDIR CO2 sensor as a base for the measurement unit. Additionally to CO2
the atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity are measured. The sensor unit is mounted in
a special shock absorbing housing, which is designed to absorb impacts from the touch down after
dropping of the sensor and is able to resist even adverse weather conditions.
First measurement results and more details of the design of the sensor unit will be presented in this
contribution.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 7
A novel technique to investigate volcanic sulphur dioxide emis-
sions – First measurement results with imaging Fabry-Perot in-
terferometer correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Christopher Fuchs1 ; Jonas Kuhn1 ; Nicole Bobrowski1 ; Ulrich Platt1
1
Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany
Corresponding Author: cfuchs@iup.uni-heidelberg.de
The observation of volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) emissions enables to monitor volcanic activity
by quantifying degassing fluxes of volcanic plumes. Recently applied imaging techniques based on
non-dispersive optical remote sensing (SO2 cameras) reach a high spatial and temporal resolution.
However, due to the limited spectral information, this technique lacks sensitivity, and selectivity
and hence it is limited to high volcanic trace gas emissions and favourable measurement conditions.
We present the first measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions with an imaging Fabry-Perot interfer-
ometer correlation spectroscopy (IFPICS) prototype in the UV spectral range.
The principle of IFPICS is to employ a Fabry Perot interferometer (FPI), replacing interference filters
as wavelength selective elements. The FPI’s periodic transmission profile correlates with the peri-
odic structure of the SO2 spectral absorbance, significantly increasing the spectral information for
Page 2Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
its detection. This reduces cross sensitivities (e.g. ozone interference, aerosols, clouds), allowing to
use IFPICS also for weaker volcanic SO2 emitters, increasing the range of possible atmospheric mea-
surement conditions, and applying the technique to other trace gas species e.g. bromine monoxide
or chlorine dioxide. Furthermore, IFPICS does not require calibration with gas cells since calibration
with literature cross section is feasible.
The volcanic SO2 column density distributions obtained at Mt. Etna, Sicily were recorded with 0.2
Hz and 400 x 400 pixels reaching a sensitivity of 1 × 10−19 cm2 molec−1 at a detection limit of
3 × 1017 molec cm−2 s−1/2 , which is comparable to existing filter-based SO2 cameras.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 4
Advances in seismic tomographic imaging of magmatic systems
Author: Luca De Siena1
1
Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz
Corresponding Author: ldesiena@uni-mainz.de
Seismic tomography is the state-of-the-art technique for imaging the Earth. When applied to mag-
matic systems, phase-dependent imaging (e.g. travel-time tomography or noise interferometry) has
shown the potential to broadly resolve magmatic anomalies. Here, I show recent advances in to-
mographic imaging of collisional continental structures at the upper mantle scale in SE Asia, with
their influence on the distribution of magmatic systems. Then, I focus on the latest results of seis-
mic attenuation (amplitude) tomography applied to crustal magmatic systems using both coherent
waves and the stochastic signature of heterogeneities on seismic wavefields. The development of
sensitivity kernels modeled using a multiple scattering description of seismic wavefields provides
improved models of heterogeneous structures and better connections with alternative volcanological
observations. The examples provided will span the Cascadian Arc (Mount St. Helens), Campi Flegrei
caldera (Southern Italy) and Deception Island (Antarctica). Advanced imaging techniques, as full-
waveform inversions and amplitude interferometry, remain biased in magmatic systems, without an
improved understanding of the physics underlying anisotropy, multiple-scattering propagation and
shallow-heterogeneity interaction, even if coverage substantially improves.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 21
Analysis of volume changes at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala,
using TanDEM-X data
Author: Ann-Kathrin Edrich1
Co-authors: Julia Kubanek 2 ; Andreas Rietbrock 1 ; Ellen Gottschämmer 1 ; Alexandra Heck 1 ; Bettina Raible 1 ;
Malte Westerhaus 1 ; Hansjörg Kutterer 1
1
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
2
European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)
Corresponding Author: a.edrich@web.de
The Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala, has been continuously active since its forma-
tion in 1922 at the flank of Santa Maria’s eruption crater. Over time, four volcanic domes formed of
which only the oldest one, Caliente, is still active today. Santiaguito’s, or more precisely Caliente’s,
eruptive behavior is characterized by several eruptions a day with varying frequency and rockfalls,
pyroclastic flows and lava flows are common. The lava is blocky and the length of the lava flows
varies between tens of meters and almost 4km. Santiaguito volcano has been focus of scientific stud-
ies for years and the work presented here follows in the footsteps of Ebmeier et. al (2012) who used
Page 3Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) to estimate, amongst other things, lava thickness
and flow shape between 2000 and 2009.
In the present work, we use TanDEM-X satellite data, between September 2011 and April 2019, to
generate digital elevation models of Santiaguito to determine elevation changes and perform asso-
ciated volume estimates of lava flows. The digital elevation models are created using the software
DORIS (Delft Object-oriented Radar Interferometric Software) and have a high spatial resolution of
approximately 6m in azimuth and 4-6m in range direction. TanDEM-X is very well suited for vol-
canic areas, as both satellites acquire data simultaneously and therefore atmospheric and ionospheric
disturbances, temporal decorrelation and decorrelation due to deformation are negligible. Here, we
focus on the southern flank of the volcano as well as its crater. Comparing the elevation from dif-
ferent years shows that significant elevation changes of up to several tens of meters occur both on
the flank and crater during the observation period, even only within a few months. The biggest ob-
served elevation changes took place between September 2011 and January 2016. Between January
2016 and April 2019, there has hardly been any change in elevation at the southern flank of the vol-
cano. Between 2013 and 2016, a decrease in elevation of the crater of approximately 20m is observed,
followed by a strong increase of up to 36m between 2016 and 2019. Our elevation measurements are
well aligned with ground-based instrumental and visual observations and we are now focusing on
determining flow shape and volume changes of lava flows within our observation period.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 29
Analytical and numerical optimization of gravimetric networks:
case study Mount Etna, Italy
Authors: Mehdi Nikkhoo1 ; Eleonora Rivalta1 ; Daniele Carbone2 ; Flavio Cannavo’2
1
GFZ Potsdam
2
INGV Catania, Italy
Corresponding Author: mehdi.nikkhoo@gfz-potsdam.de
The transport of magma and magmatic fluids is often the key process having the main control on
the occurrence, duration and intensity of various volcanic crises. Volcano gravimetry allows for an
unequivocal inference of the location and associated mass of accumulated or removed magmatic
fluids at volcanoes. This task is best accomplished through collecting gravity time series at multiple
stations simultaneously. The performance of individual gravimeters and the configuration of the
gravimetric array, however, determine the threshold of detectable mass change and the ability of
the array in minimizing the effect of random observation errors on the inferred quantities.
We utilize numerical optimization techniques to design a network of one absolute quantum gravime-
ter (AQG), two superconducting gravimeters and multiple microelectromechanical system (MEMS)
gravimeters at Mount Etna. We also develop analytical solutions for simple design problems. We
show that the analytical solutions are essential for validating the numerical optimization procedure.
We provide practical details and caveats that must be considered in similar gravimetric network opti-
mizations. These include 1) specifying the target zone of the network by using the eruption history,
2) calibrating the objective functions associated with various optimizations, 3) accounting for logistic
and instrumental constraints in the optimizations and 4) incorporating probabilities associated with
different parts of the target zone, 5) analyzing the network sensitivities to different target sources in
the presence of constraints and 6) calculating the optimal number of gravimeters as a function of the
sensor sensitivity and accuracies. We show that due to the existing constraints, surface topography
and sensor sensitivities our optimal solution for Mount Etna provides a nonuniform detection power
across the target zone. This optimal solution however, provides a minimum level of monitoring for
most parts of the target zone and at the same time minimizes the impact of random observation
errors on the inferred quantities.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 26
Automatic Detection of Volcanic Eruptions at Turrialba Volcano,
Page 4Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
Costa Rica, using a Neural Network Approach
Author: Fabio Venegas1
Co-authors: Daniel Uhle 2 ; Matthias Hort 1 ; Jan Walda 1
1
Universität Hamburg
2
now at Massey University, New Zealand
Corresponding Author: fabiovenlue@yahoo.de
Considering the hazards of volcanic eruptions, especially the influence of volcanic ash on human
health and infrastructure incl. aviation, good monitoring systems are important in order to warn
the population of dangers at an early stage. Using radar systems it is possible to detect small particles
like rain drops or volcanic ash during most weather conditions. To increase the speed and reliability
of an eruption notification we implemented a supervised neural network for the automatic detection
of eruptions in Doppler radar data recorded at Turrialba volcano in Costa Rica.
We demonstrate that the automatic classification of eruptions, rain and noise in the data is possible
with an accuracy of 98 %. For supervised learning, manually labeled radar data from July 2017 to
February 2019 is used. Problems arise in the classification of light rain and the precise determina-
tion of the beginning and end of an eruption due to ambiguities. Therefore, a high reliability of
the monitoring system is only ensured with additional information such as meteorological data or
webcam images. In addition to the eruptions reported by national Costa Rican authorities, at least
40 additional eruptions could be found by the neural network between August 2017 and August
2018.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 47
Bubble nucleation and growth in H2O-CO2 bearing, ultrapotassic
melts
Authors: Maximilian SchanofskiNone ; S. Fanara1 ; B.C. Schmidt1
1
Department of Mineralogy, Georg-August University, Göttingen
Corresponding Author: max.schanofski@stud.uni-goettingen.de
Rising magmas are subjected to volatile exsolution due to decompression, which induces bubble
nucleation, growth and coalescence. Although degassing strongly depends on melt and volatile
composition, similar magmas can feed eruptions with different degree of explosivity, which in turn
appears to be well-correlated with decompression rate. A better knowledge of volatile degassing
mechanisms holds the key to improve the understanding and forecasting of hazardous events re-
lated to explosive volcanism.
Solubility and decompression experiments were performed on a synthetic, leucititic composition
from the Pozzolane Rosse eruption of the Colli Albani Volcanic District.
Solubility experiments were conducted in an internally heated pressure vessel at 1250℃, at intrinsic
redox conditions (log fO2 = NNO+3) and pressures of up to 300 MPa with molar fractions of water of
0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1. Results show that the solubility of water is increasing with pressure from
3.74 wt% at 100 MPa to 7.29 wt% at 300 MPa, whilst CO2 solubility varies from 2940 ppm at 100 MPa
to 8460 ppm at 300 MPa.
Decompression experiments were performed at 1250℃ using an internal heated pressure vessel
equipped with a continuous decompression system. In a first step, H2 O-CO2 saturated melts with
XfH2O
l
of 1, 0.5, 0 were synthesized at 200 MPa for approx. 4 days. The quenched glasses were crystal
and bubble free. They were cut into smaller sections and again encapsulated under vacuum into
Au75 Pd25 capsules for the decompression experiments. Prior to the decompression, the samples
were maintained at an initial pressure of 200 MPa and 1250 ℃ for approx. 4 days for re-equilibration.
Then, a relatively fast decompression rate (1 MPa/s) was applied to bring the system to a final pres-
sure of 150, 100, 50 or 30 MPa and immediately drop quenched to a glass. The 2D structure of the
experimental products was investigated with SEM, whilst the volatile content of the glass/melts was
Page 5Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy.
First results show that CO2 is the first volatile to exolve with a supersaturation pressure below
100 MPa. Comparing our solubility data with the volatile contents of the decompressed glasses,
we suggest that the degassing happens at disequilibrium conditions, with water being trapped in a
metastable state in the melt.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 19
CFD modeling of ascending strombolian gas slugs through a con-
stricted volcanic conduit considering a non-linear rheology
Author: Nils Steinau1
Co-authors: Matthias Hort 1 ; Jost v.d. Lieth 1
1
University of Hamburg
Corresponding Author: nils.steinau@gmail.com
The Strombolian eruption style, named after Stromboli volcano (Italy), can be attributed to large
gas slugs that coalesce from exsolved gas bubbles during their ascent inside the volcanic conduit.
Moreover, field observations at the vent reveal that eruptions consist of pulses on the order of a few
seconds. One possible explanation for this behaviour is a constricted conduit through which the
slug has to squeeze, at which point smaller bubbles separate from the main slug. In this study, a
commercial CFD software is used, and a custom non-linear viscosity model is implemented, to shed
more light onto this hypothesis. We carry out systematic, cylinder symmetric model calculations
to explore the conditions of gas slug disintegration in the case of a non-newtonian rheology. In
a conduit of 3 m diameter and 150 m length we found that a numerical resolution of 3 cm or less
is necessary to achieve a meaningful solution. We find that a gas slug of 100 kg water vapor will
be disintegrated into 18 separate smaller slugs. Further results will be discussed and because this
problem is highly non-linear, numerical solutions are sometimes difficult to attain. The numerical
problems encountered during this work will also be discussed.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 3
Characterization of a hot “fumarolic mofette” at Caldeiras da Ribeira
Grande/S. Miguel, Acores
Authors: Hardy Pfanz1 ; Fátima Viveiros2
Co-authors: Catarina PP Silva 3 ; Annika Thomalla 4
1
Lehrstuhl für Vulkanbiologie Universität Duisburg-Essen
2
IVAR- Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos,University of the Azores, Portugal
3
CIVISA – Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores, University of the Azores
4
Institute of Applied Botany and Volcano Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Corresponding Author: hardy.pfanz@uni-due.de
A 10 x 10m subarea of a hot and heavily CO2 emitting mofette on a hilly grassland at Caldeiras da
Ribeira Grande, located on the north flank of Fogo Volcano, was studied. A 1 x 1m grid was laid on
top of the area and at each intersection, soil gas measurements were performed at three different
depths. CO2 , CO and O2 were measured. In addition, soil CO2 flux using the accumulation chamber
method was measured and soil cores were taken at each grid intersection at a depth of 7-13cm as
this depth was thought to reflect the main rooting horizon of grasses and herbaceous plants in that
area. Soil water content, soil pH, conductivity and organic matter were determined. Quantitative
vegetation analysis was carried out and total number of plant species as well as species total and
Page 6Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
individual coverage were estimated in each square.
Carbon dioxide was emitted in 4/5 of the total area and only 20m2 showed no or a low CO2 emis-
sion. Only the upper horizontal part of the mofette showed CO2 background values in the upper soil
horizon. The lower part of the area was strongly CO2 emitting, with CO2 concentrations reaching
90-100% at the left lower part of the area. Oxygen values inversely corresponded to the CO2 concen-
trations. Overall, CO2 values increased with depth, whereas O2 decreased. Soil CO2 fluxes mirrored
the CO2 concentrations to a large extent.
In addition, soil temperature mirrored CO2 concentrations. Temperatures were close to ambient in
the upper one-third of the area where CO2 was low; temperature increased even in the upper soil
horizon in the lower 2/3 of the area, where CO2 emission was high. Also, temperature increased
with soil depth but was 70℃ even at only 20cm soil depth. Two dominant high temperature spots
were found at the lower part of the mofette; a lower temperature “channel” divided the spots.
Total plant coverage showed a “Y” shape in the lower 5m of the area. Plant coverage was close to
100% all over the area except at those parts where soil temperature, soil CO and soil CO2 concentra-
tions were high (40-70℃). Interestingly, plant species number was lowest on low CO2 emitting soils;
between one and four species grew at these sites (2-12% CO2 ). On higher emitting and warmer soils,
species number slightly increased. Up to 13 different species were counted.
Two grasses, namely Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and Holcus lanatus (meadow soft grass)
grew only on cooler, low-CO2 -emitting sites; they thus reflect thermophobic and mofettophobic
plant species (Pfanz et al. 2004, 2019). Cyperus esculentus (earth almond), Kyllingia brevifolia (short-
leaf spike sedge), and Oxalis corniculata (creeping wood sorrel) proved to be highly thermophilic .
These species also proved to be mofettophilic as they also tolerate quite high CO2 concentrations in
their rooting horizon.
As in other places with CO2 emissions at ambient temperatures, also in hot and CO2 emitting sites,
plants can be found that indicate high CO2 emission (mofettophiles) or high temperatures (ther-
mophiles). In our case also thermo-mofettophiles were found.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 24
Critical fluid volumes to start self-sustaining fracture ascent
Authors: Timothy Davis1 ; Eleonora Rivalta1
1
GFZ
Corresponding Author: tdavis@uni-potsdam.de
In theory, pockets of fluid in brittle media can be transported large distances, provided that both the
fluid volume is large enough, such that fluid pressures can fracture the rock, and that stress gradients
exist causing asymmetric growth of the fracture’s front. Currently, industrial injections are deemed
safe based on empirical observations of volumes, rates and pressures from closed-access industrial
data. Existing theoretical models are difficult to use a priori to predict the critical volume of fluid that
will cause unhindered fracture ascent, as they are expressed in terms of the fracture’s length, which
is hard to predict a priori and difficult to measure. Here we constrain scale-independent critical
volumes as a function of only rock and fluid properties by supplementing simple analytical models
with numerical simulations in three dimensions. We apply our model to laboratory and natural
settings, showing that the volumes we estimate match well with laboratory data and can be used as
a conservative estimate in geological applications.
Atmospheric Processes / 14
Determining long-term volcanic gas emissions of SO2 and BrO
with DOAS
Author: Timo Kleinbek1
Co-authors: Florian Dinger 2 ; Ulrich Platt 3 ; Udo Frieß
Page 7Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
1
Universität Heidelberg
2
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
3
Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany
Corresponding Author: kleinbek@stud.uni-heidelberg.de
Volcanic activity is usually connected to volcanic gas emissions. Observations of volcanic gas plumes
could thus provide important information for studying the magmatic system and for risk assessment.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), being directly emitted by volcanoes, and bromine monoxide (BrO), which is a
secondary product from volcanic emissions of hydrogen bromine (HBr), are constituents of volcanic
plumes and are good tracers to quantify volcanic degassing fluxes and degassing parameters. The
network for observation of volcanic and atmospheric change (NOVAC) provides data for remote sens-
ing of SO2 and BrO slant column densities (SCD) via differential absorption spectroscopy (DOAS).
We here present recent advances in the Heidelberg evaluation algorithm for BrO/SO2 molar ratios
in volcanic gas plumes.
The spectroscopes of NOVAC scan the sky from horizon to horizon by recording a spectrum every
3.6°. We apply a DOAS fit to each spectrum of the scan to retrieve SO2 SCDs. The SO2 SCDs within
the plume follow roughly a gaussian distribution. We co-add the spectra within its 1-sigma range
to a mean plume spectrum. Similarly, we add the 10 spectra with the lowest SO2 SCDs to a mean
reference spectrum. Subsequently, more robust SO2 and BrO SCDs are retrieved from these spectra
by another DOAS fit. By using the new python based software HEIDOAS, the runtime of the re-
trieval algorithm is significantly shorter compared to the traditional DOASIS software. This allows
to retrieve wavelength dependent instrument line functions from the NOVAC data. Using these data,
we can further improve the BrO and SO2 SCD retrieval. Furthermore, the convolution of high reso-
lution trace-gas absorption cross-sections with the instrument line function can be executed as part
of the DOAS fit, thus making approximations unnecessary, which are usually made in traditional
DOAS with the software DOASIS. We evaluate data of Masaya and compare the results of HEIDOAS
with traditional DOAS results.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 32
Employment of tiltmeter arrays to investigate deformations re-
lated to recent volcanic and magmatic activity in the Eifel Vol-
canic Region
Author: Dorothee Rebscher1
1
BGR
Corresponding Author: dorothee.rebscher@bgr.de
Geodetic measurements have been employed to investigate surface deformations related to volcanic
activities in many locations worldwide. As part of these endeavours, for now more than 100 years,
tiltmeters have been successfully applied. As recent studies document that relatively small but sig-
nificant, deep seismic signals can be detected in the East Eifel Volcanic Field, we suggest the em-
ployment of small tiltmeter arrays at selected points, embedded in multiparameter stations. It is
envisioned to record quasi-continuous tilt data over the period of a few years to obtain adequate
coverage in time in regard to define baselines, map the current situation, as well as to recognise and
to interpret potential changes and to potentially detect long-term deformation. Based on the planned
measurements with high resolutions of μrad to nrad, it is expected to observe the adjacent, slightly
overlapping frequency range of surface deformation in reference to seismic signals. Tiltmeter in-
vestigations can therefore act as a link between seismic findings and further scientific endeavours,
namely (a) studies operating on much longer wavelengths, e.g., gravity and gas monitoring, and (b)
techniques covering larger spatial dimensions, e.g., GNSS and InSAR. The presentation will include
new tilt data obtained in an underground laboratory backing the feasibility of the aforementioned
concept, which can be part of a permanent monitoring programme in the volcanic fields of the
Eifel.
Page 8Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
Atmospheric Processes / 48
Evaluating a particle path of an eruption at Volcán de Colima
Author: Tabea Kilchling1
Co-author: Lea Scharff 2
1
IfG, Universität Hamburg
2
Institut für Geophysik, CEN, Universität Hamburg
Corresponding Author: tabea.kilchling@gmail.com
During its flight a volcanic particle experiences huge ranges of temperatures and chemical environ-
ments. To constrain the chemical and physical processes acting on this particle, we need to know
its flight path.
I studied 30 events measured by Doppler radar at Volcán de Colima, Mexico. From these I investi-
gated the particle path of one event on 7th February 2015 at 15.15 UTC using additional wind data,
photos and videos. Creating a model, assuming a strong plume and an inclined settling path, I es-
timated plume heights from the radar data. From wind data I used the wind velocity towards the
radar beam and with video data I assume an approximately realistic ascent velocity. The calculation
results in up to 3470 m. This maximum height fits quite well to a photo of this event (made by M.
Rietze) with a plume height of 3760 m. Comparing these results to Bursik et al. (1992), who defined
four particle classes, this model would fit to their second particle class, ranging from 2-10 cm. Those
particles fall out at the side of the plume column, so the maximum height value is a hint for the real
plume height. Additionally, assuming terminal settling velocity as the downward particle velocity
component, I calculated the radius of the particles (i.e. “impact law” of Dellino et al., 2005). Assum-
ing a drag coefficient of Cd = 1.2 (calculated out of a table from Dioguardi and Mele, 2015) gives
particle radii of up to 1.6 cm, which is of the same magnitude as the particles in class 2.
This shows the possibility of inferring a particle path from radar data. However, there are more
studies needed, because out of 30 events, I have only one event with visual verification (one photo).
Atmospheric Processes / 23
Extremely low frequency detection of electrical discharges at Mi-
namidake crater (Sakurajima volcano, Japan)
Author: Caron Vossen1
Co-authors: Corrado Cimarelli 1 ; Alec Bennett 2 ; André Geisler 3 ; Damien Gaudin 1 ; Daisuke Miki 4 ; Masato Iguchi
4
; Donald Bruce Dingwell 1
1
Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
2
Biral Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom
3
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
4
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Corresponding Author: caronvossen@gmail.com
Volcanoes are increasingly better monitored around the world. Nonetheless, the detection and moni-
toring of volcanic ash plumes remains difficult, especially in remote areas. Intense electrical activity
and lightning in volcanic plumes suggests that electrical monitoring of active volcanoes can aid the
detection of ash emissions in near real-time. Current very low frequency and wide-band thunder-
storm networks have proven to be able to detect plumes of large magnitude. However, the time
Page 9Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
delay and the relatively high number of non-detected explosive episodes show that the applicabil-
ity of these systems to the detection of smaller (and often more frequent) ash-rich explosive events
is limited. Here we use a different type of thunderstorm detector to observe electrical discharges
generated by the persistent Vulcanian activity of Minamidake crater at Sakurajima volcano in Japan.
The sensors consist of two antennas that measure the induced current due to the change in electric
field with time. In comparison to the existing thunderstorm networks, these sensors measure within
the extremely low frequency range (1-45 Hz) and can detect lightning up to 35 kilometres distance.
Two detectors were installed at a distance of 3 and 4 kilometres from Minamidake crater and recorded
almost continuously since July 2018. Using a volcanic lightning detection algorithm and the cata-
logue of volcanic explosions compiled by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the number of
electrical discharges was determined for each individual explosive event. The JMA gives an approx-
imated time for the onset of the eruption, which was compared to the start of electrical discharges.
Preliminary results show that the detector closest to the crater had the highest detection efficiency.
It detected electrical discharges during 60% of the eruptions listed by the JMA. This is significantly
higher than for the sensors of the World Wide Lightning Location Network, which detected electrical
discharges within 20 kilometres of Sakurajima for less than 0.01% of the listed eruptions. Further-
more, for 40% of the detected eruptions, electrical discharges were detected before the estimated
time of onset given by the JMA. Hence, electrical discharges can mark the inception of the explosion
with a higher precision and are an indication of ash emission. This demonstrates the value of the
cost-effective sensors used here as a monitoring tool at active volcanoes.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 49
FMCW Radar for High Velocity Targets: Volcanic Eruptions
Author: Titus Casademont1
Co-authors: Matthias Hort 2 ; Lea Scharff 3
1
IfG, Universität Hamburg
2
Universität Hamburg
3
Institut für Geophysik, CEN, Universität Hamburg
Corresponding Author: titus.casademont@studium.uni-hamburg.de
Explosive volcanic eruptions and pyroclastic flows are characterized by a wide spectrum of particle
velocities and locations in the vicinity of the volcano. To measure these velocities and locations
we use Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar. This is a low power consuming,
remotely operable and low cost measurement technique, not affected by cloud coverage or darkness.
A 24 GHz electro-magnetic radar wave is reflected from the pyroclastic targets, resulting in a two-
tone signal, which is directly related to particle distance and velocities. However, FMCW radar is
traditionally only applied for near-field and low velocity targets such as car traffic.
In this work we expand the method to explosive volcanic targets in up to several km distance and
velocities of more than 100 m/s. Contrary to established near-field FMCW radar, the far-field targets
cause artificial dual targets to appear in the FMCW processing. To solve this challenge, we present
a spectral analysis based processing variation, which does not need external information about the
pyroclastic event. The method is tested on synthetic single channel data, showing its validity even
for most basic data acquisitions. It is part of the development of a volcano-radar prototype for the
University of Hamburg.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 31
Forcasting vent location by probabilistic inversion of volcanic ed-
ifice stresses
Page 10Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
Authors: Eleonora Rivalta1 ; Fabio Corbi2 ; Luigi Passarelli3 ; Valerio Acocella2 ; Timothy Davis4 ; di Vito Mauro5
1
GFZ Potsdam
2
University Roma Tre
3
KAUST (Saudi Arabia)
4
GFZ
5
INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano
Corresponding Author: eleonora.rivalta@gfz-potsdam.de
Volcanoes may erupt dominantly at their summit or on their flanks, depending on a number of
reasons including edifice shape, magma composition, tectonic setting. At calderas, which lack a
summit to focus ascending magma, eruptive vents are often scattered within or around the caldera
rim, distributed in patterns that may have shifted over the history of the volcanic complex. The
scattered nature of vent patterns means that volcanic hazards affect vast areas; forecasting the future
vent opening location are a necessary input to hazard models. Generally, forecasts are produced in
a data-driven way, based on the distribution of previous vents. However, the small number of vents
on which to rely on, their low spatial density and any shift of vent patterns in time make forecasting
of future vents difficult to asses.
Here we show that magma pathways, and thus future vent locations, may be forecasted based on
the physics of magma transport by dyking, whose propagation direction is controlled by stresses.
We combine stress-controlled trajectory simulations with a Monte Carlo inversion scheme for the
stress history of the volcano, constrained by the location of past vents, to define a probabilistic stress
model for the volcano. Trajectories and vent location for future eruptions can then be forecast based
on such probabilistic stress model.
We apply our new approach on Campi Flegrei (Italy). We find that observed shifts in vent patterns are
controlled by a delicate balance between regional/local stresses and the stresses induced by surface
loads (including topography and volcanic deposits), which at most volcanoes varies in time due to
eruptive activity. The resulting stress balance governs the curvature of the trajectories of ascending
dykes and thus the location of future vents. Our method offers a mechanical explanation for the vent
clustering and migration observed over the successive eruptive epochs at Campi Flegrei.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 13
From Yellowstone to Australia: Identifying mechanisms for gen-
erating low-δ18O silicic magmas on Earth
Author: Juliana Troch1
Co-authors: Ben Ellis 2 ; Chris Harris 3 ; Olivier Bachmann 2
1
Brown University
2
ETH Zurich
3
University of Cape Town
Corresponding Author: juliana_troch@brown.edu
Low-δ18O rhyolites have been a petrological conundrum as they reflect silicic magma generation
in the shallow and relatively cold upper crust (Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
likely produced by ˜30-40% assimilation of hydrothermally altered silicic rocks into a mantle-derived
magma. Experiments show no fractionation of oxygen isotopes during incipient melting, indicating
that partial melt inherits the bulk δ18O of the hydrothermally altered source material.
We apply these findings to other occurrences of low-δ18O silicic magmas (e.g. in Australia, Ice-
land, South Africa, Kamchatka, Nevada), in order to identify general mechanisms for the production
of low-δ18O silicic magmas on Earth. Low-δ18O settings can either be linked to assimilation of
pre-existing hydrothermally altered crust, or (more commonly) to assimilation of syn-magmatically
altered rocks. Assimilation of syn-magmatically altered rocks is promoted in shallow, large-scale,
long-lived caldera-forming silicic reservoirs that host extensive high-temperature hydrothermal sys-
tems, and produce hot (>800℃) and dry A-type magmas. The apparent scarcity of low-δ18O silicic
magmas on Earth suggests that coincidence of these factors is rare, and is most likely encountered
in Yellowstone-type systems. The large volumes of 18O-depleted rhyolite in early sections of the Yel-
lowstone hotspot track represent an exceptional case, where both syn-magmatic and pre-existing al-
teration concur, leading to assimilation of material that was extremely low in δ18O (< -5 ‰).
Atmospheric Processes / 38
High-Temperature Chemistry of Volcanic Gases in Air
Authors: Tjarda Roberts1 ; Guillaume Dayma2 ; Clive Oppenheimer3
1
CNRS
2
University of Orléans
3
University of Cambridge
Corresponding Author: tjarda.roberts@cnrs-orleans.fr
When volcanic gases enter the atmosphere, they encounter a drastically different chemical and
physical environment, triggering a range of rapid processes including photochemistry, oxidation,
and aerosol formation. These processes are critical to understanding the reactivity and evolution
of volcanic emissions in the atmosphere yet are typically challenging to observe directly due to
the nature of volcanic activity. Inferences are instead drawn largely from observations of volcanic
plumes as they drift across a crater’s edge and further downwind, and the application of thermo-
dynamic models that neglect reaction kinetics as gas and air mix and thermally equilibrate. Here,
we foreground chemical kinetics in simulating this critical zone. Volcanic gases are injected into a
chain-of-reactors model that simulates time-resolved high-temperature chemistry in the dispersing
plume. Boundary conditions of decreasing temperature and increasing proportion of air interact-
ing with volcanic gases are specified with time according to an offline plume dynamics model. In
contrast to equilibrium calculations, our chemical kinetics model predicts that CO is only partially
oxidized, consistent with observed CO in volcanic plumes downwind from source. Formation of
sulfate precursor SO3 at SO3 /SO2 = 10−3 mol/mol is consistent with the range of reported sulfate
aerosol to SO2 ratios observed close to crater rims. High temperature chemistry also forms oxi-
dants OH, HO2 , and H2 O2 . The H2 O2 will likely augment volcanic sulfate yields by reacting with
SO2 (aq) in the cooled-condensed plume. Calculations show that high-temperature OH will react
with volcanic halogen halides (HBr and HCl) to yield reactive halogens (Br and Cl) in the young
plume. Strikingly, high-temperature production of radical oxidants (including HOx) is enhanced
by volcanic emissions of reduced gases (CO, H2 , and H2 S) due to chemical feedback mechanisms,
although the kinetics of some reactions are uncertain, especially regarding sulfur. Our findings ar-
gue strongly that the chemistry of the hot near-source plume cannot be captured by equilibrium
model assumptions, and highlight the need for development of more sophisticated, kinetics-based,
high-temperature CHONS-halogen reaction models.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 8
Imaging active magmatic systems at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano (Tan-
zania) via earthquake distribution and seismic scattering and ab-
Page 12Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
sorption mapping
Authors: Miriam Christina Reiss1 ; Luca De Siena2 ; Georg Rümpker1 ; Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto3
1
Goethe University Frankfurt
2
Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz
3
University of Dar es Salaam
Corresponding Author: reiss@geophysik.uni-frankfurt.de
Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, located in the Natron Basin (Tanzania), is the only active natrocarbonatite
volcano world-wide. As such, it presents an important endmember magmatic system, which occurs
in a young rift segment (˜3 Ma) of the East African Rift System. At this volcano, effusive episodes of
long-duration are interrupted by short-duration explosive eruptions. At the end of February 2019,
we installed a dense seismic network and four infrasound stations as part of the SEISVOL - Seismic
and Infrasound Networks to Study the Volcano Oldoinyo Lengai - project. The seismic network
spans an area of 30 x 30 km and encompasses Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, the extinct 1 Ma-old Gelai
shield volcano, the active Naibor Soito monogenetic cone field and surrounding fault population.
Here, we present temporal earthquake distributions combined with 2D absorption and scattering
imaging.
On average, we report up to 34 earthquakes per day within and in the vicinity of our network. Given
the dense station spacing, we are able to lower the detection threshold to -1.0 ML with a MC of -0.3.
During the first months of data acquisition, the seismicity is clustered in distinct areas as background
seismicity and in intermittent seismic swarms:
1. Most of the events are located beneath the eastern and southern flank of Gelai shield volcano.
These events are shallow and close to the dike intrusion that preceded the last explosive eruption of
Oldoinyo Lengai in 2007-2008.
2. In April 2019, a seismic swarm of ˜262 earthquakes in three days forms a pipe-like structure
beneath the north western flank of Gelai.
3. Deeper events cluster beneath the monogenetic cone field located just NE of Oldoinyo Lengai. A
distinct gap in seismicity can be traced down to 10 km depth between the monogenetic cone field
and Gelai volcano.
4. While there seems to be little seismicity directly beneath Oldoinyo Lengai in the upper 5 km of
the crust, we observe a number of different, recurring seismic and infrasound signals at the crater,
which are indicative of magmatic activity.
To image the magmatic plumbing system, we map scattering and absorption of the seismic dataset
using the MuRAT (Multi-Resolution Attenuation Tomography) code. Our preliminary results show
two well-resolved high-absorption and high-scattering anomalies below Oldoinyo Lengai and the
Gelai intrusion in 2007 at all frequencies. With decreasing frequency (increasing depth) the anoma-
lies converge, suggesting a link of the plumbing systems at depth.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 12
Luminescence dating of young volcanic eruptions
Author: Christoph SchmidtNone
Co-authors: Maria Schaarschmidt 1 ; Thomas Kolb 2 ; Daniel Richter 3 ; Jean Pierre Tchouankoue 4 ; Ludwig Zöller
5
1
University of Wollongong
2
JLU Gießen
3
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig
4
University of Yaounde I
5
University of Bayreuth
Page 13Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
Corresponding Author: christoph.schmidt@uni-bayreuth.de
Reliable chronologies of volcanic eruptions are vital for hazard analysis, but da-ting of Holocene and
Late Pleistocene volcanism poses a major challenge. Estab-lished techniques such as 40Ar/39Ar are
often problematic due to the long half-life of 40K or the absence of datable materials. In this context,
luminescence dating is a promising alternative.
Luminescence signal resetting during volcanic activity can be caused by heat (lava, contact to lava),
light (disintegration of ejecta) or (temperature-assisted) pres-sure in the course of phreatomagmatic
explosions. While volcanogenic minerals forming volcanic rocks are less suitable for luminescence
dating due to anomalous fading, the signal of volcanogenically heated or fragmented country rock
also relates to the time of eruption and further provides more accurate results, due to the pres-ence
of minerals like quartz.
This contribution aims to illustrate the potential of this latter approach by pre-senting two case stud-
ies. The first refers to two Late Pleistocene scoria cones in the Westeifel Volcanic Field (WEVF), Ger-
many, of which the Wartgesberg locality was dated by 40Ar/39Ar and 14C, while the closeby Facher
Höhe is chronologically poorly constrained [1]. The former locality allows testing the accuracy
of various lumines-cence techniques (TL, OSL, IRSL) applied to quartz and polymineral separates
against independent age control. The other study site is the monogenetic Lake Nyos Maar, which is
part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Previous dating efforts of the last explosive activity are
inconsistent and yielded age estimates ranging from 400 a (14C) to >350 ka (K-Ar) [2].
Our results demonstrate that multiple luminescence methods (TL, OSL) yield equally valid age esti-
mates averaging to 33.6 ± 2.4 ka for the Wartgesberg site, which is in good agreement with 40Ar/39Ar
and 14C results. The Facher Höhe, how-ever, is much younger than previously assumed with an av-
erage TL age of 15.5 ± 1.1 ka. This southeastern part of the WEVF thus hosts many of the most
recent eruption sites, which has important implications for modelling the causes and timing of Eifel
volcanism and assessment of future eruption locations. Luminescence stud-ies for the Nyos Maar
suggest that the phreatomagmatic explosion has completely reset the inherited TL signal and an
average maximum age of 12.3 ± 1.5 ka roughly fits with U-series age estimates [2], indicating that
TL is a viable tool for completing the fragmentary chronostratigraphic record of the CVL.
References
1. Mertz, D.F., Löhnertz. W., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Prelevic, D., Renne, P.R., 2015. Temporal–
spatial evolution of low-SiO2 volcanism in the Pleistocene West Eifel volcanic field (West Ger-
many) and relationship to upwelling asthenosphere. J. Geodyn. 88, 59-79.
2. Aka, F.T., Yokoyama, T., Kusakabe, M., Nakamura, E., Tanyileke, G., Ateba, B., Ngako, V., Nnange,
J., Hell, J., 2008. U-series dating of Lake Nyos maar basalts, Cameroon (West Afri-ca): Implications
for potential hazards on the Lake Nyos dam. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 176, 212-224.
Subsurface & Surface Processes / 35
MORB Rheology: Experimental Insights on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Arianna Soldati1 ; Jörg Hasenclever2 ; Thor Hansteen3 ; Donald Dingwell4
1
LMU
2
Universität Hamburg
3
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, DE
4
LMU Munich
Corresponding Author: arianna_soldati@hotmail.it
Mid Ocean Ridge Basalts (MORBs) represent the most abundant magmatic composition on Earth. Yet,
their rheology had not been extensively experimentally investigated so far, hindering our ability to
attain quantitative models of their emplacement processes. We thus obtained a series of detailed
Page 14Physics of Volcanoes 2020 / Book of Abstracts
measurements on the rheology of a mid-ocean ridge basalt representing the average composition of
MORB melts worldwide. The investigated sample was dredged from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge
during the 1998 RV Meteor cruise M41/2, and is catalogued as 139-KDS-2. In order to characterize
the sample rheology, we ran high temperature, controlled oxygen fugacity experiments in a concen-
tric cylinder rheometer mounted on a tube furnace. Reducing conditions compatible with natural
scenarios were imposed on all experiments. Liquid only experiments spanned the temperature range
comprised between 1530 ℃ and 1160 ℃, and revealed low viscosities of 2.2 Pa s to 58 Pa s. Addi-
tionally, three subliquidus experiments were conducted on samples crystallized at the equilibrium
temperatures of 1149 ℃, 1139 ℃, and 1129 ℃. Apparent viscosity values increase from 1206 Pa s
at 1149 ℃ to 1678 Pa s at 1129 ℃ for a constant strain rate of 0.52 s−1 . Likewise, apparent viscos-
ity values were determined for a range of strain rates. Crystal fraction increases with decreasing
temperature, driving the observed viscosity increase as well as prompting shear thinning behavior.
Quenched post-experimental samples were recovered for quantitative textural analyses.
Monitoring and Risk Assessment / 22
Mind the gap: refined acoustic characterisation of explosions at
Stromboli volcano using drone-deployed sensors and near-field
arrays
Authors: Ulrich Kueppers1 ; Johannes HuberNone ; Markus Schmid2 ; Bryan RosenblattNone ; Maurizio RipepeNone ;
Jacopo TaddeucciNone
1
LMU
2
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Corresponding Author: u.kueppers@lmu.de
Explosive volcanic eruptions are comparably short-lived events with potentially catastrophic conse-
quences and long-term impact. The paroxysmal eruption at Stromboli volcano, Italy, on 3 July 2019
has shown that sudden shifts in eruptive activity can to date not be forecasted. This shortcoming
impedes adequate volcanic hazard assessment.
In an attempt to increase our mechanistic understanding of the physical processes related to explo-
sive activity, we have registered acoustic and pressure signals with 2 sets of different sensors: 1.
Drone-deployed, custom-made sensors in the direct vicinity of the eruptive vents as well as next
to a temporarily installed infrasound array; 2. Permanently installed infrasound array. The drone-
deployed sensors recorded temperature, humidity, electric potential, pressure, and sound. As most
eruptions took place from the SW and central vents, the temporarily deployed infrasound sensors
were positioned on the Fortini ridge (150-250 m distance). The permanent infrasound array is located
at Roccette at approx. 550 m distance.
The displayed explosive activity ranged in intensity, duration, and ash content. Close observations
allowed for a complete correlation of time, duration, and source vent of >100 explosions. Selected
Strombolian explosions were analysed for the distance-dependent acoustic and pressure signals to
allow for 1) revealing the radial dissipation of signals from explosive eruptions, 2) better constrain-
ing conduit conditions (depth, open/closed), and 3) correlating these features to different types of
explosive events. We find substantial differences in the values recorded for a single explosive event
as a function of distance from the vent and pyroclast content. Laboratory experiments with instan-
taneous gas-particle jets at known source and path conditions allow for empirical relationships of
source and path conditions, ash content and monitoring signal. Enhanced understanding of the spa-
tial shift of the acoustic signal produced by explosive eruptions will increase the reliability of volcano
monitoring based on long(er) distance measurements.
Atmospheric Processes / 18
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