BOOKLET LUMAT PROJECT - MAY 2016 JULY 2019 - Interreg Central Europe
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Cooperation in land management for more livable places
MAY 2016 LUMAT PROJECT
BOOKLET
JULY 2019
www.interreg-central.eu/LUMAT.html
IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE LAND USE
IN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
OF FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS
Editors
LINKS Foundation (Matteo Tabasso, Cristina Marietta, Giulia Melis)
INDEX pp.4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The booklet collects the contributions of the project partners
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU) | Poland ......................... LEAD PARTNER
Ruda Śląska City Hall | Poland
Saxon State Office for Environment, Agricolture and Geology | Germany..... WORK PACKAGE 2 LEADER pp.5 INTRODUCTION
LINKS Foundation | Italy ............................................................... COMMUNICATION LEADER
1
Metropolitan City of Turin | Italy
Energy Center Lipizzanerheimat LDT | Austria ..................................... WORK PACKAGE 3 LEADER
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STUBA) | Slovak Republic ...... WORK PACKAGE 1 LEADER
City of Trnava | Slovak Republic
Institute for Sustainable Development of Settlements (IURS) | Czech Republic pp.6 THE LUMAT PROJECT
Moravia-Silesian Investment and Developement, A.S. (MSID) | Czech Republic
2
Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia (UIRS) | Slovenia
Ministry f the Environment and Spatial Planning | Slovenia
City of Kranj | Slovenia
Layout and Graphic design pp.14 METHODOLOGY
LINKS Foundation
3
Printing
Edizioni Langhe Roero Monferrato - Casa Editrice FROM CONCEPT
Photo Credit
pp.36 TO ACTION
4
In the cover and chapter pages, photos from the LUMAT photocontest.
Front Cover: Lucio Beltrami | Dotted line
Chapter 1: Matteo Tabasso | Memories PILOT ACTIONS AND
Chapter 2: Miroslav Beňák | “X” Roof in the train depot pp.96 INVESTMENTS
Chapter 3: Miroslav Beňák | Windows in the main hall
5
Chapter 4: Marta Fudala | Towards urban green areas
Chapter 5: Marta Fudala | Focused on citizenz
Chapter 6: Lucio Beltrami | Peekaboo
pp.116 PHOTOCONTEST
ISBN 978-88-941765-5-1
6
This work is published in the framework of the INTERREG CENTRAL EUROPE project “LUMAT -
Implementation of Sustainable Land Use in Integrated Environmental Management of Functional Urban
Areas” (Project No: CE89 LUMAT)
pp.126 CONCLUSIONS
The sole responsibility for the content of the publication lies with the authors.
It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union.
4 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION
The LUMAT project objective is the more liveable places) starting with Central European urban regions are to make them more liveable places.
implementation of Sustainable Land the pilots in all regions (successful challenged by urban sprawl and
Use and pilot projects in Integrated brownfield redevelopment, green suburbanization as well as by the More details of the presented results and
Environmental Management in 7 infrastructure, sustainable land use on reluctance of investors to take on other project products are available on
Central European Functional Urban contaminated land). urban brownfield locations. Poorly the project web: www.lumatproject.eu.
Areas. integrated and unsystematic land
The LUMAT project relies on the use, development policies and
The LUMAT partnership of cities and interplay between strategies and environmental management regulations Dr. Anna Starzewska-Sikorska - IETU
regions, environmental agencies and instruments beyond existing practice, increase land–related conflicts and LUMAT project Coordinator
research institutions develop integrated and on a suitably comprehensive handicap economic development.
“Functional Areas Integrated deployment of tools in these areas,
Environmental Management Strategies including terms of reference, The transnational exchange of
(FAIEMS)” with shared transnational cooperation, organization and experiences and cooperation
territorial and scientific competence. management by Action Plans, specifically with regard to land and
investment and pilot actions. soil as widely neglected environmental
FAIEMS include planning strategies with media is strongly needed.
innovative technology supported by
citizen participation. Local stakeholders The LUMAT Booklet includes in a
have initiated pilot projects by using short form the description of the
new interactive information tools most important results of the three
from the Urban Atlas and citizen years’ work performed by the project
observatories. consortium in the field of integrated
environmental management of land
The ecosystem service concept has resources in functional urban areas.
supported the assessment and decision-
making process. The implementation is The complete and rich contents of the
based on agreed Action Plans and pilot/ LUMAT project obviously cannot be
demonstration projects for land and presented in a full framework. Several
soil including information database and dozens of deliverables and outputs
tool for the management of urban/peri- have been produced by the consortium
urban relationships. Action plans include of representatives of 13 scientific,
financial instruments and institutional consulting institutions but also regional
solutions, e.g. land management and local authorities of cities creating
agencies or permanent inter-municipal functional urban areas.
working groups.
This Booklet is presenting the results
Tools on FAIEMS methodology and of the integration of scientific
participation constitute an integrative experience and management practice
part of FAIEMS (minimize threats and in order to provide solutions which are
environmental compensation to get transferable to other regions and cities
LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #1
1
THE LUMAT PROJECT
1.1 OBJECTIVE AND CONCEPT
1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 PARTNERSHIP
8 | CHAPTER #1 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #1 | 9
1.1 OBJECTIVE AND CONCEPT STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT 1.2
The basic premises of the LUMAT project and municipalities, and to achieve The creation of the common strategy The common methodology constituted See
initiative were concerning the existing sustainable land use through a proper and methodology was the first step of a basis for further considerations chapter 2
and lasting negative phenomena in urban environmental management. the project implementation. resulting in a concept of Action Plans
land management appearing in form of: strengthening the environmental
The project has indicated that there is The LUMAT concept of a common management of land and soil resources
• Growing land use pressure leading a need to find ideas for interregional strategy for integrated environmental in FUAs. According to the idea of LUMAT,
to users conflicts, landscape cooperation, tools and instruments to management in Functional Urban Areas the Action Plans have used methods
fragmentation, biodiversity loss and resolve the conundrum while respecting (from here on FUAs) with the focus on and tools that are offered by the
soil sealing. territorial sovereignty and reflecting the the component of land and soil created environmental management field.
problem of fuzziness of the territorial a framework for the development of
• Increasing unbalanced urban units. An integrated approach is needed locally based strategies in the respective These methods included in particular
developments and declining urban in all partner regions where multiple FUAs in the LUMAT project partners’ ecosystem services approach to
areas with vacant and brownfield actors can participate and cooperate countries. decision making, but also others like
land. in territorial and environmental compensation measures in relation
management to develop their territories. The conceptual approach is based to management of brownfields and
• Jurisdiction of the respective on integrated urban environmental degraded areas or industrial symbiosis
municipalities’ management ending Two assumptions have been stated management in the FUAs as a tool with environmental criteria in business
at its borders which results in an presenting the idea of the project: for the optimization of land-use and co-operation.
ineffective management related to soil management and its synergy with
the fuzzy character of its borders and • First, the urban land is a valuable the concept of ecosystem services, as For the needs of the project, seven
the fuzzy interrelation of governance and limited environmental resource well as management of cooperation of regions have been selected presenting
systems. (as it is reflected in the European the city core and its suburban areas various types of FUAs which are
documents). including institutional framework. A representative of other regions in
In all regions, poorly integrated and multilevel poly-centric governance Central Europe. The project results
unsystematic environmental and spatial • Second, land management and was chosen as a core concept for therefore will be useful and applicable
policies increase land-related conflict planning are closely connected efficient institutional framework in the in other central European countries not
undermining social cohesion and with all development activities: field of sustainable land use and soil included in the project.
competitiveness in the urban context, economic, social and environmental management.
and new concepts of ecosystem services ones by locating them in space. The main land use conflicts and threats See
are not sufficiently applied. The LUMAT concept of a common have been identified and placed at the chapter 3
Therefore, we assume that since the strategy for integrated environmental core for formulating solutions in form
In the partner regions, one of the most land is an environmental resource, management works with FUAs as the of Action Plans and pilot actions. These
challenging topics of environmental then the land management should functional territorial units defined on threats included brownfields, urban
management of land resources is be supported with environmental natural ties of interdependences and sprawl and soil sealing (partly the result
represented by the disparity in the management methods and tools applied collaboration between the city core of urban sprawl, but not only).
territorial governance. The common in relation to land. and peri-urban municipalities, or on The project answer to these issues was
objective for LUMAT partners was collaboration agreements framing, or developing ideas and concepts of Action
to strengthen the functionalities, practical implementation of multilevel Plans that could support the integrated
to integrate and support mutual governance principle in land management in FUAs. These
cooperation between the core city the decision making. concepts were based on the common
10 | CHAPTER #1 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #1 | 11
structure developed by the partnership contribution to metropolitan strategic and Poland. These two investments INVESTMENT IN SLOVAKIA See
including: planning and metropolitan general are pilot actions of the project. The chapter 4
The investment in Slovakia involves
spatial planning. remaining pilot actions in the other 5 the restoration of a neglected natural
• Diagnosis of main specific issues/ countries will constitute parts of Action park for sport and recreation zone in
threats in the FUA Organizational actions were connected Plans showing how to implement the location Štrky in Trnava, aiming at
with public involvement by using tools proposed actions. securing the overall rehabilitation of
• Technical, financial and developed in LUMAT and management a currently abandoned area of Štrky,
organizational actions structures which had to be established suffering from many burdens, for which
as units responsible in the future for the it could be considered as a “green
• Tools supporting the actions implementation of the Action Plans. In brownfield”. On the one hand, through
addition, trainings of environmental and this restoration an original natural value
• Pilot actions as examples of the planning professionals were included, will be brought back to this bio-centre
Action Plans implementation. concerning ecosystem services approach, of local importance,as achieving a
FUA identity, land use conflicts strengthened and increased ecological
The technical actions concerned: reduction and use of innovative tools for stability in this area. On the other hand,
public involvement. overall rehabilitation will open up this
• Concepts of green and blue area for the broad public of Trnava City
infrastructure strengthening and The Action Plans have been presented and Trnava FUA offering possibilities for
development at local public meetings, with the sport, leisure and relax activities in the
participation of various groups of natural environment.
• Program of brownfields revitalization stakeholders and using tools in form of
application available in mobile phones.
• Program of integrated site Establishing management structures INVESTMENT IN POLAND
compensation is one of the most important visible The investment in Poland is consisting
project results. in the rehabilitation of the brownfield
• Program of business development site located in the middle of the
on degraded areas as inner city They should guarantee further Ruda Śląska city. The place is a post-
development implementation of the Action Plans, zinc wastes dumping site of 6,5 ha,
especially in the aspect of applying for surrounded by dwelling houses areas.
• Program of re-using post-mining sites financial means. Therefore, at first, to make the place
safe the phytostabilization technology
• Integrated, sustainable management Pilot actions have been developed in 7 has been used. The investment will
of functional city area in the project countries as parts of the Action create an available open space of a
process of spatial planning with an Plans, showing the practical ways of natural, “half-wild” character; due to
emphasis on integrated management Action Plans implementation. the progressive greening it will achieve
of environmental protection and the character of a sub-regional park.
integrated land use The physically visible results of the The place will become the walking and
project are pilot actions in form of biking route connection of two districts
• FUAs’ environmental and territorial two investments financed by the as a key element of the peri-urban
issues management model as project. They are located in Slovakia infrastructure.
12 | CHAPTER #1 | LUMAT PROJECT POLAND LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER # | 13
IETU - INSTITUTE FOR ECOLOGY
OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS
RUDA ŚLĄSKA CITY HALL
1.3 PARTNERSHIP
CZECH REPUBLIC
IURS - INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE
The LUMAT partnership consists of cities DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENTS
and regions representing FUAs and GERMANY
research and consulting institutions. REGIONAL DEVELOPEMENT AGENCY LTD
LFULG - SAXON STATE OFFICE FOR
ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE, GEOLOGY
13 partners from 7 countries have
been working in close cooperation
exchanging both the knowledge and the
practical experience in land and soil
resources management in urban areas.
A transnational approach has helped the
project partners to go pass traditional
national/local concepts and raise
awareness by developing innovative and
integrated solutions supporting peri-
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
urban development.
STUBA - SLOVAK UNIVERSITY
As a consequence, the LUMAT partners OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA
have worked on a transnational CITY OF TRNAVA
framework in coherence with new
implementation instruments and pilot
actions through the transnational sharing AUSTRIA
of specific topics. EC - ENERGY CENTER LIPIZZANERHEIMAT LTD
The qualification and competences of
the partners are complementary to each
other, and represent different national
approaches as well as planning and
environmental management approaches. SLOVENIA
Transnational cooperation has created
synergies between actors with different UIRS - URBAN PLANNING INSTITUTE OF THE
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
experience of land use management,
as influenced by different local/ CITY OF KRANJ
regional and national frameworks and MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND
government strategies. SPATIAL PLANNING
This co-operation has fruited in methods
ITALY
and tools developed in environmental
management related to land and soil METROPOLITAN CITY OF TURIN
which are incorporated to land use LINKS FOUNDATION - LEADING
planning and management in FUAs. INNOVATION & KNOWLEDGE FOR SOCIETY
LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2
2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.2 TRAININGS
2.2.1. FUA identity
2.2.2. Ecosystem services
2.2.3. Land use conflicts
2.2.4. Interactive tool for citizens
involvement – InViTo
16 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 17
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The LUMAT concept of integrated environmental management is based on the • Metropolitan areas, with population dependent on the urban core. The
concept of FUAs as the functional territorial units defined on the basis of natural between 500,000 and 1.5 million most common–and easiest-way to
ties, interdependencies and collaboration between the city core and surrounding Large metropolitan areas,with understand this interpretation is the
municipalities. These can be of various type, as formal institutional relations, or population above 1.5 million. travel-to-work area, which would
based on national policies implementation (including the adoption of the OECD include all communities with more than
methodology) - top-down approach -, or based on collaboration agreements framing, The FUA includes cities, towns and a substantial percentage (e.g.: 20%)
in addition to horizontal cooperation, or practical implementation of multilevel villages that are often physically of resident workers employed in the
governance principle in the decision making. separated by unbuilt land from the core city. It is a very formal normative
built-up city, but are at the same concept not reflecting the complexity of
time economically and socially highly urban/peri-urban interrelations.
Functional Urban Area
The FUA is defined as a spatially identification of core municipalities.
continuous settlement system consisting Guiding principles
of units separate in administrative The cores are defined using the The joint concept of integrated FUAs processes are the real improvements Five
terms. An urban functional area covers population grid from the global dataset environmental management builds in the FUAs. guiding
a compact urban area (core) with a Landscan, referred to circa year 2000. on project cycle creating the core of principles
functionally linked urbanized zone. Poly-centric cores and the hinterlands of integrated environmental management 4. The basic principle of integrated
the functional areas were identified on process framed by 5 guiding principles: FUAs’ environment management
Sustainable Land Use in FUAs covers the basis of commuting data (travel from is the broad involvement of all
all activities concerned with the home–to-work) referred around the 2000 1. The main feature of integrated stakeholders into the decision
management of land as a resource census year. FUAs’ environmental management making and implementation activities
both from an environmental and from is its strategic character. It means reflecting their different capacities.
an economic perspective. Integrated The urban hinterland was identified as the complexity of the process
Environmental Management in FUAs worker catchment area, including all starting with diagnosis, via visioning, 5. Integrated FUAs’ environment
aims to improve the environmental settlements from where at least 15% of planning, programming and ending management follows the logic
performance of FUA, thus contributing the workers commute to any of the core with implementing and monitoring. of gradual development with
to a better quality of life. settlement(s). (OECD,2012) synergy effects between different
2. Integrated FUAs’ environment interventions coordinated in the
OECD The OECD made special efforts to make The OECD methodology makes it possible management is the platform for time and space. In the same time it
Organisation the concept of “Functional Urban to compare FUAs of similar size across integration of different interests, creates preconditions for flexible use
for Economic
Co-operation
Area” more precise, allowing to collect countries. A classification of FUAs into aspects, potentials, limits in the and reacting to internal and external
and comparable data across European four types according to population size is space/territory of the FUAs across shocks.
Development cities. Each FUA is an economic unit proposed: different hierarchical territorial
characterised by densely inhabited levels, sectors of policies,
“urban cores” and “hinterlands”whose • Small urban areas, with population stakeholders.
labour market is highly integrated with between 50,000 and 200,000.
the cores. 3. Integrated FUAs’ environment
• Medium-sized urban areas, with management is action oriented, it
The OECD developed a calculation population between 200,000 and means the outputs from the planning,
process which started with the 500,000. decision making and executing18 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 19
required quality of the decision making feedback allows the combination with
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
- independently from its character - flexibility of strategies reflecting directly
depends on the availability/accessibility the success assessment in which quality
INTEGRATIVE PARTICIPATIVE / to proper information, involvement as perceived by the public plays an
ACTION
STRATEGIC SPATIALLY AND MULTI-ACTORS INCREMENTAL
SECTORAL
ORIENTED
BASED of relevant stakeholders and their important role in addition to objective
capacities. In this context, the inherent progress indicators.
INTEGRATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS part of the common integrated FUAs
management is the process of building The basic consolidation phase is the
TOOLS: TOOLS:
up the capacities of stakeholders for process of permanent adjustment
FEEDBACK - BASIC
- CONSOLIDATION
APPRAISAL - active participation in its execution. of the strategy to changing external
- - preconditions as well as reflecting
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES The project cycle is an iterative process feedbacks from the progress monitoring
PERFORMANCE in which permanent monitoring and of the strategy implementation.
ACTION/
AS THE ENGAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATION
PRECONDITION
FOR SUSTAINABLE Integration
QUALITY OF LIFE
TOOLS: INDIVIDUAL AND TOOLS: The quality of life in the FUAs and achieve complexity and in the same The core
JOINT principle of
- COLLECTIVE
STRATEGY
- quality of urban environment as the time efficiency of measures based
- DECISION MAKING -
precondition for the quality of life of on the comparison of the outputs/ the LUMAT
concept for
FUAs’ citizens are synergic qualities, to effects/improvements and inputs/
integrated
a huge extent subjectively perceived. used resources. Integrated FUAs’’ FUAs’
Fig.1 The concept for integrative FUA environmental management
There are substantial and processual environmental management includes environment
dimensions of the integration in the parallel and serial processual management
Project cycle the integrated FUAs’ environmental integration.
The core quality followed by the project and involvement of the relevant management.
cycle which creates the backbone stakeholders for respective issue, being Parallel processual integration is focused
of integrated FUAs’ environmental it a problem or a challenge. Important The substantial integration is based on on coordination and harmonisation
management is the quality of life in the is to analyse natural and institutional contextual understanding of particular of the parallel processes in the FUAs
FUAs with the special focus on whole responsibilities, capacities (decision problems and challenges for the looking for their independences,
range of ecosystem services as the making, implementation) as well as strategy development, decision making contradictions, synergies etc. (e.g. the
precondition for sustainability of the opportunities for collaboration, and and implementation as well as the changes of the quality of public spaces
quality of life. based on this to identify the most proper integration of different aspects, factors, in the core areas, the development
hierarchical level for the development views, policies (sectorial approaches). of transport infrastructure and the
The project cycle includes the of the strategy, decision making, processes of urban sprawl).
appraisal phase with the identification strategy implementation, actions This integration has different levels of
of the problems, their system ties, in the harmony with the concept of integration,also understood as levels of The sense of serial processual integration
casualties and synergies, the hierarchy, poly-centric multilevel governance. The abstraction or level of aggregation. is the optimisation of interlinks between
spatial extent and affecting the development of strategy is understood the actions in their logic time sequence.
different stakeholders. The appraisal as the participatory process involving The processual dimension of integration The main time axis is determined by
phase is followed by the phase of the stakeholder, following their is based on integration of different the flow of activities starting with
engagement focused on identification individual engagement and capacity. The particular processes in order to the diagnosis with identification of20 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 21
potentials, problems and challenges the available resources. The planning
via visioning, planning, programming process identifies the goals or objectives BIODIVERSITY
up to the implementation. Serial to be achieved, formulates strategies
ECOSYSTEM
processual integration safeguards the to achieve them, arranges or creates
coherence among the prospective the means required, and implements,
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
activities represented by the complex directs, and monitors all steps in their
of FUAs integrative planning and proper sequence.
executive activities represented by own VALUES
development activities (among them In the core of the concept for integrated
implementation activities of plans and FUAs’ environmental management
programs) and their management - creates optimized integrative land-
executive management. use management and management HUMAN
of cooperation (including proper WELL-BEING
Planning is understood as basic institutional framework) of the city core
management function, involving and its suburban areas seems to be the
formulation of plans to achieve optimum core instrument to face the threats in
balance of needs or demands with current urban/peri-urban development. GOODS
Concept of ecosystem services
Within LUMAT As an attempt to express the benefits cultural landscape.
Project from ecosystems for human well-being
ecosystem
services is the
by economic means, the concept of Ecosystems are rather complex dynamic
conceptual basis ecosystem services offers a common functional units consisting of all plants
for integrated denominator for the harmonization of and animals (biodiversity) in an area, Fig.2 Biodiversity, Ecosystems, Ecosystems services and Human Well-Being
environmental
different interests in the urban/peri- together with the non-living, physical
management
including the urban areas and threats based on the components of the environment (water,
land and soil dichotomy between core and periphery soil and air) with which they interact. The confrontation of the demand are fundamental to attaining quality of The value of
management as well as seeming dichotomy between (represented by the needs) and offer life of the citizens as main integrative ecosystem
economic and social on one hand and The cities and FUAs represent the socio- (represented by the availability of development goal. There is no single services
environmental development on the ecosystems as they include ecosystem services and their ability to satisfy the way to implement an Ecosystem Services
other hand. and man as a social being. needs) represents the value of services. Approach.
We need to consider not only mitigation
In the past, environmental dimension Ecosystem services are the services and protection although within a broader FUAs represent very complex, dynamic
in the decision making in spatial provided by the natural environment approach, but the fact, that the people socio-ecological systems of biophysical
development management was which benefit people addressing their in their daily lives depend on a range and social factors defined at several
represented by issues as mitigating the well-being, satisfying their needs of services that ecosystems provide and spatial, temporal and organizational
impact of development activities or existential security, social and economic our role is not only to protect but to hierarchically linked scales. The
establishing areas to protect wildlife and prosperity. develop them in parallel. These services ecosystems are significant with different22 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 23
levels of self-organisational and For the LUMAT concept of the harmonisation can be understood the elements - food, clean air, fuel, timber
adaptive abilities. The social factors are common FUAs integrated development concept of ecosystem services- services (provisioning ecosystem services) via
represented by social units consisting of management is important the provided by the natural environment creating proper framework for their
citizens, visitors, local economy players, conceptualized knowledge resulting from which benefit people. Understanding existence by influencing climate, floods
and other subjects of social life in the the research of the teams around Elinor of ecosystem services is ‘challenging etc. (regulating ecosystem services),
FUA, their mutual interactions as well as Ostrom, that the management processes the misconception that we must choose safeguarding sustainability of the
interactions with the subjects of society in such complex systems as cities and between the natural environment and processes framing the existence of
they are embedded in. FUAs can be improved only by making economic growth’ (Natural Environment humans - water cycling, soil formation Maslow’s
them adaptive and flexible, able to deal White Paper Consultation, Sept. 2010). (supporting ecosystem services) up to Pyramid
The main task of the FUA development with uncertainty and surprise, and by human needs at the top of Maslow’s
management is to safeguard that building capacity to adapt to change. The ecosystem services reach from pyramid - aesthetic and cognitive inputs,
they regularly interact in a resilient, providing the products satisfying health, recreation and tourism (cultural
sustainable manner, especially in the The object of the integrated FUA basic needs of humans as biological ecosystem services).
context of the presence of critical development management are the
resources whose flow and use is processes in both - social systems and The values/benefits/function of ecosystem
GLOBAL
regulated in the interaction between ecosystems and especially their mutual REGIONAL
services as the basis for their position in
natural and societal processes. interaction where the biggest challenge integrative development management/
LOCAL integration of 5 components of well-being/
represents the question of harmonisation quality of life:
This concept of the cities and their peri- of different demands of different
urban areas as socio-ecological systems INDIRECT Basic material for a good life
elements of social systems as well as HUMAN (Adequate livelihood, food, shelter, other
DRIVERS OF
is crucial in the integrated concept ecosystems in the confrontation with the WELL-BEING goods)
CHANGE
of FUAs sustainable development limitation of the available resources and Health
management as it stress the fact that preferences in the access to them and (Strength, feeling well, access to clean air
the delineation between social systems function of sustainability. and water)
and ecological systems is artificial and Good social relations
DIRECT DRIVERS (Social cohesion,mutual respect, ability to
arbitrary. There is a whole scale of different ECOSYSTEM
OF CHANGE help others)
SERVICES
conceptual frameworks for addressing
Security
It also draws heavily on systems ecology this tasks of harmonisation of social (Personal safety, access to resources, safety
and complexity theory incorporating systems and ecosystems development from disasters)
ideas from theories relating to the (e.g. circular economy), but the Freedom of choice and action
(Ability to control personal
study of sustainability, vulnerability, complexity of the tasks of integrated
circumstances)
resilience and robustness, which makes FUA development management is not in
this theoretical framework much every time properly covered by them, Fig.3 Ecosystem services as an object of integrative FUA environment management
more relevant for the common FUAs as they mostly use to focus on particular Based on: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis (PDF),
2014. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-59726-040-1
integrated development management human activities and are not fitting to
in the context of challenges resulting the complexity of FUA functioning and
from climate change and growing development processes. One of the crucial connected questions fragmentation on ecosystem services
uncertainties, and from the growing role for FUAs’ integrated environment which is one of main features especially
of multi-actors of FUAs development and As proper interface between social management is the problem of multi- in urban and peri-urban areas.
their individual decisions. aspects and ecological aspects of this dimensional impacts of landscape24 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 25
At this scale one of the main challenges implications for ecosystem services (see: acknowledgement of diversity, as making the best use of resources)
is how to optimise the allocation and Rodriguez, et al, 2006). crucial mean to improve well-being
management of different land uses and of FUA citizens • security and safety of individuals
their sprawl and how to minimise the and their living environment
• accessibility and equity (equal access (crime and conflict prevention and
to the participation on decision disaster preparedness);diffusion
Multilevel poly-centric governance making, to the services, work…) of information and learning, self-
Integrated Territorial governance is mainly contrast with the nature of FUAs and learning, knowledge affordability
environment understood as “the manner in which processes there, as they are related • accountability/transparency of (iterative process of monitoring and
management
of the FUA
territories of a national state are to different, only partially overlapping decision makers across different target readjustment, networks, etc.)
development administered and policies implemented spaces and it is no more possible to levels of territorial government
has to be with particular reference to the define exactly the borders of functional involved, in the private sector and • diffusion of understanding of
understood
distribution of roles and responsibilities space of a city or of a region. in the civil society organisations complexity of FUA development
as a task of
the system among the different levels of should be accountable to the among decision makers
of territorial government (supranational, national The administrative borders lose its public as well as to institutional
governance. and sub-national) and the underlying importance for spatial organization of stakeholders (publicizing planning • rising awareness about necessity
processes of negotiation and consensus citizens’ activities. We can speak about and programmes, performances), etc. of strategic thinking and long term
building” (COM 2007). soft spaces and their fuzzy borders, perspective thinking
about poly-centric governance, fuzzy • sustainability in all dimensions of FUA
The FUAs belong to such spatial and soft governance modes. development • comprehensive and innovative
structures including the territory of management
several municipalities but only seldom The multilevel poly-centric governance • efficiency and effectiveness, (in the
creating institutionalised territorial model creates the basis for: delivery of public services, promoting • flexibility of strategies and tools and
unit with adequate governmental or FUA economic development, capacity of adjustment using soft
self-governmental bodies. Such open • inclusion and participation, production that meet needs, while tools.
systems allow high level of individual broad participation of public and
freedom (e.g. decision-making freedom, private actors (self-governmental
individual mobility), allowing and bodies, NGO, firms, individuals, Public participation
initiating not only changes in individual association) directly or through The implementation of the Action all relevant subject of FUA development The public
and collective behaviour and attitudes legitimate intermediate institutions, plans for FUA is directly depending on (especially from the point of view of participation
(e.g. new definition of belonging, strengthening of collaborative the participation of the whole scale of environment) continuous consultation is crucial for
integrated
territorial responsibility, shift from decision-making stakeholders. The analysis of relevant in various stages of environmental
environmental
local to regional and global thinking, subject for public participation has to management plan production to be the management
social control), but even the changes of • subsidiary by decentralising most use both a multi-criteria and multi- most appropriate since this approach in the fuzzy
territorial systems themselves. of the decisions concerning the factor approach, which includes, as also respects to the highest degree the soft spaces
particular issues to the decision- its main objectives, involvement, requirements of the Aarhus Convention as FUAs
The definition of “hard” borders and making level consistent with efficient mediation and facilitation of information on Access to Information, Public
institutionalisation of the FUA as and cost-effective delivery of outputs and participation. The integrated FUA Participation and Access to Justice,
governmental or self-governmental non-hierarchical modes of guidance, environmental management plans and the Convention on Biodiversity (the
territorial units would be even in the such as persuasion and negotiation frames integrative approach considering management of land and water and26 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 27
COLLABORATIVE BEHAVIOUR
living resources as a social choice). process to an active one. The whole
WILLINGNESS OPENNESS VALIDATION HUMILITY MUTUALITY
process of participation is a process
PARTNERSHIP
Stakeholders should be involved when all of trust building between the decision EMPOWERMENT
CONTINUOUS EVALUATION FACILITATION
PARTNERSHIP
COOPERATION
HIGH
options are still open and engagement maker and stakeholders, inherently
DEALING WITH CONFLICTS MEDIA RELATIONS EFFECTIVE LISTENING
ST ST
ACTIVE
should continue throughout the a two-way process. It is crucial to ENGAGEMENT
VOTING
planning process. make stakeholders feel listened to and ST
ST ST
appreciated in practice, not only in INTERMEDIATE ST
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
There are different tools for involvement theory for the whole duration of the DM ST
LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION
OPINION TRANSACTION SERVICES
ST
of different groups of stakeholders, process. Following Figure describes the ST
COLLECTION OF INFO
nevertheless, the logic remains the phases of the procedure and its internal (consultation)
DM ST
same, to achieve collective decision logics and Table 2 provides a sheet of
DIALOG
ST
ST
making in form of partnership main phases with brief explanation SPREAD OF INFO
(passive)
empowerment. of each phase which is to be used by
COLLABORATIVE SKILLS
DM ST
ST
practitioners as a tool for running the
EFFECTIVE SPEAKING
EDUCATION
ST
The objective of the procedure of procedure in the projects.
INFORMATION
public participation is to engage the DM ST
PASSIVE
INFORM
stakeholders in the processes of the FUA The executive management with the
LOW
LOW LEVEL OF INTERACTION HIGH
environmental management starting tool of Action plans focuses on efficient
with the planning and programming, implementation of planned interventions COMMUNICATION CONSULTATION PARTNERSHIP EMPOWERING
public displays, newsletters, press public meetings, workshop, open multi-actors, decision making,
via practical implementation up to (e.g. investments, regulations, releases, news, conference houses, urban walks voting, referendum
the monitoring. This needs to be done subsidies, etc.) and harmonisation of LISTENING ENGAGING
pools, surveys, community profiles, negotiations, arbitration, mediation
in gradual steps as it is continuous various activities driven by different briefs, written responses, public
hearings
process with its internal logics. The stakeholders of FUA development.
procedure has 5 main steps in which Fig.4 Phases and quality of the stakeholders involvement (Finka M., Ondrejicka, V. 2017)
the decision makers are engaging with The main reference quality related
the stakeholders with one initial phase to the executive management is
of stakeholder mapping which provides represented by the goals defined by the and external environment of FUA. Data collection tools, comparative The core
the essential early information about strategy of FUA development aimed on Important part of the diagnosis is the methods (e.g. benchmarking) generic issue are the
the stakeholders of the project. All achievement improvement of the quality identification of the drivers of these visioning techniques and other identification
of potentials
the steps need to be performed as one of life and its sustainability. changes. The drivers and issues can prospective methods are employed at
and definition
is related to another, from a passive be developed through the use of the this stage. Procedures such as strategic of problems
different scanning techniques. The environmental assessment may also start
diagnosis should be not limited to the at this stage in conjunction with the
Situation Analysis collection of background data concerned plan development process.
Following the principle to build management plans is the analytical with the FUA (GIS data, statistical
sustainable FUA development on use phase. data, analytical documents, photos) The definition of development strategy,
and capitalisation of local and supra/ but should include in-depth analyses in its goals, structures, instrument but as
local potentials, important part of the The diagnosis is an initial step to order to understand the processes in the well the definition of progress indicators
proposed algorithm of the development identify and monitor emerging issues FUA not only as state of art description can be formulated. These two elements
of integrated FUA environmental and signals of change in the internal but as development trends as well. form a reciprocal relationship:28 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 29
• problems and potentials will be used • the core indicators will be used as • the strategy implementation for the development of locally based
as the basis for a sub-set of issues part of a SWOT analysis in order to monitoring focused on strategies in the respective FUAs and
integrated in the developed indicator identify the problems and potentials investigation and assessment of executive part of the actions plans in the
set of the FUA. the implementation process and project LUMAT partners’ countries.
feed-back including strategic impact
assessment and ex-ante evaluation The conceptual approach to the
Formulation of a vision and strategy for the plan development of Action Plans is based
This phase is the most interactive stage The second part of the planning phase • permanent development monitoring on common understanding and common
of the FUA environmental management is focused on preparatory work for plan concentrated on sustainability strategy for integrated management of
process in terms of assessment and implementation. The main instruments development assessment FUAs as a tool for optimization of land-
devising a plan. are the Action Plan, programs and use and soil management and its synergy
projects, which are in detail described by • flexible adjustment of the strategies with the concept of ecosystem services
Goals, alternatives how to react to the programming/operational part of the in accordance with the monitoring as well as management of cooperation
the identified challenges, problems Action plan. The Action plan will involve results and dynamic development of of the city core and its suburban areas
and potentials of the FUA, expected a series of projects and sub-projects framework preconditions and new including institutional framework.
outcomes of the plan and the associated which will include diverse interventions requirements.
objectives and targets should be in the form of regulations, investments, In this context the methodology supports
developed and assessed from the point physical developments, socio-economic The LUMAT methodology of specific the implementation of the concept of
of their coherence, achievability, and and environmental measures. integrated FUA environmental multilevel poly-centric governance as a
responsibilities. Usually some scenarios The objectives of the plan should be management plans creates a framework leading managerial concept.
are generated, discussed and assessed. used as a benchmark against which the
The linked necessary interventions should performance of alternatives of actions in
be tested against policy options and the Action Plans should be appraised.
identified consequences.
Implementation
After the design of integrative plan, or flagship projects should be carried
assessment of alternative options and out in close collaboration with the
formulation of executive (programming/ stakeholders. Their involvement and
operational) part of the Action Plan/ division of responsibilities and work
plans including the definition of priority is crucial including the agreement
action areas based on socio-economic on organisation of responsibilities
and environmental goals for FUA to implement the plan as whole and
development the prioritisation of pilot particular projects.
Monitoring
Monitoring should be inherent part of environmental management plans. It
the core strategy of the integrative FUA includes:30 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 31
2.2 TRAININGS
The concept of local training for professionals of environmental management and • FUAs definitions FUAs Identity (interactive exercise Focus of
interactive
land use planning has been prepared and implemented in the training seminars of the based on FUAs presented in the
sessions
LUMAT partnership and in national training sessions in the partner countries of the • FUAs typology Project)
LUMAT project. The aim of the internal training seminars of LUMAT partnership was to
discuss the knowledge needed to prepare and organise national training sessions in • FUAs delimitation and criteria for • Conclusions on further steps in
FUAs and implement also country-specific national policies and conditions. FUAs identity building FUAs identity.
The concept is based on four modules that cover the most important issues for • Discussion on criteria selection
professionals of environmental management and land use planning in FUAs:
Four 1. FUAs – FUA Identity 3. Interactive tools for citizen
modules 2.2.2 Ecosystem Services
involvement
2. Ecosystem services The incorporation of the ecosystem services in the concept of integrated FUAs
4. Reduction of land-use conflicts. development management allows to take the value of the natural environment into
account in cost benefit analysis and to solve the problem of the imbalance between
The concept has been prepared by PP7 STUBA in two formats: the lectures and the
beneficiaries and losers. The training was composed of an introductory lecture and an
workshop format. The partners could choose which format is suitable to be used in
interactive session, both led by Prof Maros Finka (STUBA).
the partner countries for national trainings.
The introduction focused on:
All four modules have been elaborated as presentations of the topic in power point as
.PPT files and support to the trainers of national trainings has been prepared in the • ecosystem services approaches a • urban landscape quality and Introductory
lecture
form of the file Guidelines/Advice to the trainers that have been elaborated in the framework by which ecosystem ecosystem services as a phenomenon
proposed structure: services are integrated into public of urban life quality
and private decision making
• Tasks for self-study of the trainers should be reached • position and structure of ecosystem
• environmentally oriented land use services management instruments in
• Training methodology with • Training materials that should be used planning integrative planning systems.
explanation what training objectives for the chosen training format.
The interactive session discussed:
In addition to the logistics of training the Comment/advice to the trainers has been
added to each slide in the ppt file. The training materials have been translated into 6 • Factors of urban landscape quality. • Choosing the priorities from the Subjects of
interactive
national languages (CZ, DE, IT, PL, SI, SK) and provided to the participants of national point of view of different groups of
session
trainings on FUAs integrated environmental management. • What is the city of the best quality stakeholders.
about?
• What are ecosystem services about?
• Setting priorities of urban life quality
2.2.1 FUAs Identity factors.
The training materials have been prepared by dr. Justyna Gorgoń (IETU). The
training is composed of introductory lecture and interactive session. The aim was 2.2.3 Land use conflicts
to define FUAs identity with respect of its characteristics and with reference to the
methodology (OECD/national). Interactive session was focused on: The reduction of conflicts in spatial development begins already at the stage of32 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 33
elaborating land use plans. Techniques and methods of solving conflicts are based the processes of policy and decision making, focusing on data sharing and information
on broadly understood principles of conflict management, but should take into visualisation as a vehicle for the public involvement in the planning processes.It
consideration the basic issues important in spatial planning and land use management, generates maps, where information and localisation are correlated so to provide an
i.e. public interest and the value of land related to the planned functions. essential instrument for the knowledge of urban dynamics in the definition of specific
policies (IBM, 2014; Ringenson, et al., 2018; Google LLC, 2018).
The aim of the training, prepared by Dr.JustynaGorgoń (IETU), was to explain how
to reduce land use conflicts in the FUAs with respect to different kind of possible This platform has a double function. First, it allows geo-data to be mapped and For more
conflicts and with reference to the proposed toolbox for conflict resolution. The filtered in order to monitor the present land uses, pointing out critical issues or details see
chapter 4.3
interactive session focused on the classification of land-use conflicts in the FUAs outlining opportunities. Second, it allows the production of maps which can be
according to: weighted on the basis of different parameters thus enabling the discussions among
the involved stakeholders.
Focus of • Framework for classification of • Toolbox proposed
interactive land-use conflicts The training materials were prepared by Elena Masala and Matteo Tabasso (LINKS
sessions
• Proposal of methods for conflicts Foundation).
• Conditions for existence of resolution
conflicts The scope of the training covers:
• Causes of conflicts • Functionalities of InViTo • Practical session – how to use and InViTo
training
adapt InViTo tool to the different
• Parties involved in the land-use • Opportunities offered by interactive FUAs.
conflict’s process visualization tool InViTo
The results of trainings have been be reflected in the participatory process of
Strategies and Action Plans in the LUMAT project pilot areas´ development and
implementation, since the knowledge and skills of stakeholders involved are crucial
for efficient achievements of strategic goals. There have been altogether 164
professionals of environmental management and land use planning trained in all
relevant target groups in the countries of the LUMAT project partnership.
2.2.4 Interactive tool for citizens involvement – InViTo
The methodology shared among LUMAT partners includes the use of spatial Decisions
Support Tools (sDSS) as instruments for facilitating the decision-making processes
in a complex environment such as the inter-municipal agglomeration. Italian team
proposed the use of the Interactive Visualisation Tool (InViTo), a web based
mapping tool developed by LINKS (Pensa & Masala, 2014; Pensa et al., 2014).
InViTo is conceived as a toolbox, which provides a visual support to the analysisand
communication of both georeferred spatial and non-spatial data. It aims at facilitating34 | CHAPTER #2 | LUMAT PROJECT LUMAT PROJECT | CHAPTER #2 | 35
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