City-regional governance and planning in France: the "métropole" as answer to territorial fragmentation?
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City-regional governance and planning
in France: the “métropole” as answer to
territorial fragmentation?
National reforms and zoom on the case of Lyon
Seminar Governance of metropolitan areas in Europe,
23. October 2020
DR. PATRICIA FEIERTAG
TU DORTMUND, GERMANY
FACULTY OF SPATIAL PLANNING
EUROPEAN PLANNING CULTURES
Outline 1. Metropolitan reforms in France 2. The Métropole de Lyon 3. The French experience of metropolitan governance and planning
METROPOLITAN REFORMS IN FRANCE
French multi-level system • Unitary state – laws • Levels of local self-government: o 13 Régions – since1982 (decentralisation) o 101 Départements o 35,000 Municipalities • About ¾ municipalities
Territorial reforms since 2010 • Redistribution of functions • Strengthening of régions and municipal groupings • Larger units • Legal form for large city-regions: métropole • Département not abolished • Driving ideas: efficiency and competitiveness
The 22 French Métropoles
• Type of municipal grouping
• Members: Municipalities
• Own taxes and allocations
• First in 2012 (Nice)
+ 15 in 2015/16
+ 7 in 2018
• Inhabitants
Min 207.000 (Brest)
Max 6.968.000 (Paris)
Municipal groupings in 2020
Four types of EPCI:
Métropole 21 + Lyon (no EPCI)
Communauté urbaine 14
Communauté d'agglomeration 222
Communauté de communes 997
Each municipality is part of an EPCI
Area depends on voluntary choice
-> some CU and CU bigger than
métropoles
Source: DGCL
Enlarged régions
Since 1.1.2016
13 Régions
instead of 22
Larger than city-
regionsMétropoles in the enlarged régions
Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Source: Beyer 2017, p. 39Rescaling of planning perimeters
DTA for 6 regions
New binding
instrument
City- region, several EPCI
From municipal to
inter-municipal
Desjardin, Geppert 2020Soft spaces: the Pôles Métropolitains
• Association, legal form
by national law
• Members: EPCI
• City-network or
continous
• Self-definded tasks
(common interests)
• Budget from members
Bariol-Mathais (Ed.) 2017, 39THE MÉTROPOLE DE LYON
Métropole 59 municipalities 533,7 km² 1,4 million inhabitants Planning association SCoT 74 municipalities 756 km² + 65,000 inhabitants
Special case among French métropoles • Functions and status of département since 2015 • Only métropole with status of jurisdiction • Direct election of the council (First in june 2020) • Talor-made status by national law MAPTAM • Due to local initiative, consensus of métropole and département
Strong institution • Functions: – Town planning, urban development, public space – Public transport and roads – Energy, water, waste – Economic development, marketing and tourism – Social services – Fire and rescue services – Environmental protection • Staff: about 8,700 employees • Budget: 3.34 billion € (2018)
Continuity of inter-municipal cooperation • Métropole since January 2015 • Communauté urbaine since 1969 • Transformation of exisiting municipal grouping • Had already many functions, including planning and economic development • New: social aid
Legitimacy: President, council and consultative bodies • Council (Conseil métropolitain) 150 councilors Directly elected in 14 constituencies • President and 23 Vice-presidents Elected by the council • Consultative bodies Conférence métropolitaine – mayors Conseil de développement – members of civil society
Frozen perimeter of core city and
métropole
• Almost stable since 1969
• Much smaller than functional region
• Minor enlargement before
Métropole (+4 municipalities)
• Future voluntary enlargement unlikelyStrategic planning and knowledge production for the city-region • Strategic plans in the 1960s • Région urbaine de Lyon (RUL) • DTA by the state • InterScoT by local level • Agence d‘urbanisme
City-network pôle métropolitain • Since 2012 • Cooperation of largest cities and their EPCI (6 members) • Dialogue and voluntary action • Small headquarter and membership fees • Topics: economy, culture, transport and spatial development • Joint actions regarding tourism, marketing, regional food cycles and development around airport
THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING
Merits • Step by step evolution of municipal groupings with national incentives • Local initiatives and adapted solutions despite national frame • Reduced fragmentation in the core of the metro regions • Métropoles have high capacity to act • Strategic planning and „projet territorial“
Unsolved issues/ still in motion
• Indirect representation and the future role of mayors
• Enlargement to what point?
• Soft cooperation in functional metro region
• Urban-rural partnerships / balancing inequity
• New hierarchy of planning instruments: role of SRADDET
and DTAThank you for listening
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