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Coalition Against Rampant Corruption
(CARC) Programme
PROGRAMME PROPOSAL
Submitted:
October 2015
Contact details: 96 Central Avenue, 8TH Street, Harare, Zimbabwe
Telephone: +263 4 793 246
Fax: +263 4 793 247
Email: tiz@transparency.org.zw
Website: http://www.transparency.org.zw/
Transparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme
PROGRAMME SUMMARY
PROGRAMME TITLE COALITION AGAINST RAMPANT CORRUPTION (CARC)
PROGRAMME
PROGRAMME CODE CARC 2015-18
COUNTRY ZIMBABWE
TARGET GROUPS Parliamentarians, Local Government, CBOs, Private Sector,
Communities and Citizens (men, women, youths and special groups)
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF 40,000 directly and 4 million indirectly
BENEFICIARIES
COST PER BENEFICIARY US$0.24 per annum and US$0.72 over 3 years
PROGRAM DURATION 3 years
EXPECT START & END DATES July 2015 to June 2018
PROGRAMME BUDGET US$2, 105,740.81
COST OF TRANSFER $0.16 per $1 benefit of outcomes
PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS ZACC, Parliament, NANGO and Local CBOs to be identified
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PROGRAMME SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................I
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 5
2 STRATEGIC CONTEXT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 8
2.1 SITUATION ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1 External environment........................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.1.1 Political..................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1.2 Economy .................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1.3 Social ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1.4 Technological ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1.5 Environment .......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1.6 Legal ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Internal environment....................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.3 Stakeholders view on TIZ Past Performance .................................................................................. 13
3 COALITION AGAINST RAMPANT CORRUPTION (CARC) PROGRAMME ............................. 13
3.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 THEORY OF CHANGE.................................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.5 TARGETING ............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.6 KEY RESULT AREAS ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.6.1 KRA 1: Increased political will and responsiveness by duty bearers to address corruption at
individual, private and public sector levels .................................................................................................. 23
3.6.1.1 Strategic activity 1: Conduct 6 gender balanced policy dialogue ethics and accountability forums with
men and women in Mutare, Harare and Bulawayo per annum on topical corruption national issues, at least one of
which concerns gender and corruption..................................................................................................................... 23
3.6.1.2 Strategic activity 2: Conduct one lobbying and consultative workshop in Harare with women and men
working in anti-corruption activism for development of a gender aware comprehensive anti-corruption strategy 23
3.6.1.3 Strategic activity.3: Implement Four ALAC working group meetings for 15 lawyers per annum in
Bulawayo, Mutare and Harare for PIL, at least half of whom are women ................................................................ 24
3.6.1.4 Strategic activity 4: One Public Interest Litigation Seminar (15 participants over 2 days facilitated by a
regional consultant in year 1 (Harare) and year 3 (Bulawayo) .................................................................................. 24
3.6.1.5 Strategic activity 5: Continuous drafting of pleadings and case filings in Mutare, Bulawayo and Harare
as they arise .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
3.6.1.6 Strategic activity 6: Annual update of case law, statues and practicing licences ................................... 25
3.6.1.7 KRA 1: Key performance indicators........................................................................................................ 25
• % of women and men satisfied with case handling mechanisms in Zimbabwe............................................... 25
• Extent of prosecution of grand corruption disaggregated by sex .................................................................... 25
• Number of corruption cases prosecuted disaggregated by sex of the accuser and the accused .................... 25
• Number of gender aware regulations drafted to amend the Anti-corruption act ........................................... 25
3.6.1.8 KRA 1: Assumption ................................................................................................................................. 25
• State and non-state actors are willing to engage and collaborate in fighting corruption ............................... 25
• Women and men are equally forthcoming; and if not this is facilitated ......................................................... 25
3.6.2 KRA 2 Strengthened capacity and participation of stakeholders (women and men) in anti –
corruption activism ...................................................................................................................................... 26
3.6.2.1 Strategic activity 1: Conduct 5 capacity building workshops for 40 participants including local
government and informal traders in Mutare, Bulawayo and Harare, at least half of whom are women on anti-
corruption advocacy initiatives ................................................................................................................................. 26
3.6.2.2 Strategic activity 2: Support 3 CBOs (TBD) at least one of which is a women’s organization and CSOs to
collaborate with CMA unit in anti – corruption activities in Year 1 and 2 ................................................................. 26
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3.6.2.3 Strategic activity 3: Conduct 2 UNCAC advocacy workshops (30 participants), 2 day workshop per
annum 27
3.6.2.4 Strategic activity 4: Conduct 2 UNCAC Regional and International Review Conferences ..................... 27
3.6.2.5 Strategic activity 5: 6 Joint national campaigns with like-minded partners at least one of which is a
women’s rights organisation through MLACs, at least one of which concerns gender and corruption in Mutare,
Bulawayo and Harare ................................................................................................................................................ 27
3.6.2.6 Strategic activity 6: Conduct 9 Mutual Accountability Meetings through AMCs partnering with 1 CBO
and 1 local authority per region ................................................................................................................................ 28
3.6.2.7 Strategic activity 7: Conduct 6 Joint National Campaigns with like - minded partners through AMCs
and YTIs in Bulawayo, Mutare and Harare. ............................................................................................................... 28
3.6.2.8 Strategic activity 8: Gender aware institutional support and capacity building initiatives of TIZ staff,
management and board ............................................................................................................................................ 28
3.6.2.9 Strategic activity 9: Conduct 4 quarterly meetings Board Committee meetings in support of
programme implementation (CMA, ALAC, PLIM & Research& Communications) .................................................... 29
3.6.2.10 KRA 2: Key performance indicators........................................................................................................ 29
3.6.2.11 KRA 2: Assumptions ............................................................................................................................... 29
3.6.3 KRA 3: Increased awareness, resistance and reporting of corruption by citizens ........................... 29
3.6.3.1 Strategic activity: Conduct 5 x community awareness meetings for 100 participants per annum at
least half of whom are women in Mutare, Bulawayo and Harare............................................................................. 29
3.6.3.2 Strategic activity 2: Conduct 1 annual national gender aware corruption barometer research per
annum 30
3.6.3.3 Strategic activity 3: Launch 1 NCB production and launch..................................................................... 30
3.6.3.4 Strategic activity 4: Transport provision targeting victims and witnesses of corruption (ALAC clients) –
women and men in Mutare, Bulawayo and Harare. ................................................................................................. 30
3.6.3.5 Strategic activity 5: Run 18 mobile legal aid clinics targeting equal numbers of women and men in
Mutare, Harare and Bulawayo .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.6.3.6 Strategic activity 6: Gender Aware information dissemination and publicity materials (press releases)
for support for all advocacy actions reaching approximately 100,000 readers ........................................................ 31
3.6.3.7 Strategic activity 7: Print Newspaper Subscriptions.............................................................................. 31
3.6.3.8 Strategic activity 8: Social Media and Website enhancement .............................................................. 31
3.6.3.9 Strategic activity 9: Production of IEC materials .................................................................................... 31
3.6.3.10 KRA 3: Key performance indicators........................................................................................................ 32
3.6.3.11 KRA 3: Assumptions ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.6.4 KRA 4: Improved transparency, accountability and integrity (TAI) in public and private sectors ... 32
3.6.4.1 Strategic activity 1: Conduct 1 Annual state of corruption research series - annual consultative
workshop (25 participants in Mutare, Bulawayo or Harare) ..................................................................................... 32
3.6.4.2 Strategic activity 2: Data collection and literature review on ASCRS .................................................... 33
3.6.4.3 Strategic activity 3: ASCR development of chapters and data validation and launch ............................ 33
3.6.4.4 Strategic activity 4: Conduct annual gender aware state of corruption report advocacy activities in
Bulawayo, Mutare and Harare .................................................................................................................................. 33
3.6.4.5 Strategic activity 5: Review and analysis of implementation of economic blueprints ........................... 34
3.6.4.6 Strategic activity 6: Conduct stakeholder consultations on economic blueprints ................................. 34
3.6.4.7 KRA 4: Key performance indicators: ...................................................................................................... 34
3.6.4.8 KRA 4: Risk and assumptions ................................................................................................................. 34
4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .............................................................................................. 35
5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................ 35
5.1 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................................. 35
5.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN ......................................................................................................... 37
5.2.1 Results Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.2 Activity Plan .................................................................................................................................... 47
6 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 56
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6.1 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE........................................................................................................................ 56
7 SUSTAINABILITY.............................................................................................................................. 58
8 BUDGET .............................................................................................................................................. 59
8.1 TOTAL PROGRAM COSTS ............................................................................................................................ 59
8.2 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 59
8.3 BUDGET SUMMARY BY KRAS ...................................................................................................................... 59
8.4 DETAILED BUDGET NOTES........................................................................................................................... 60
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1 INTRODUCTION
TI-Z is the Zimbabwean national chapter of TI, a worldwide movement dedicated to the fight against
corruption, with a presence in over 100 countries. TI-Z established as a chapter in 1996, is one of six
such chapters in Southern Africa, and one of the most active (together with its counterparts in
Mozambique and Zambia). National TI chapters are independent non-governmental organisations in
their own right, with their own governance structures and funding sources. They are supervised by
an international board, which reviews each chapter every three years (TI-Z was last reviewed by the
Membership Accreditation Committee in November 2012). The TI Secretariat (TI-S), in Berlin,
provides assistance and coordination in the form of research and advocacy methodologies, thematic
expertise, cross-border programmes and institutional development support. TI-S also has a rapid
response unit to help chapters address urgent issues, security, advocacy, etc.
TIZ would like to use this document to apply for funding to SIDA for a three year anti-corruption
program. The programme is termed Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme
which is intended to be implemented over a three year program covering the period July 2015 to
July 2018. CARC programme is derived from TIZs current five year strategy 2015-2020 anchored on 7
Strategic Options (SOs). The seven SOs are shown in the table below:
Table 1: TIZ Strategic Options 2015-2020
Number Strategic Option
SO.1 Partner and capacitate the media in the anti-corruption drive
SO.2 Leverage IEC and ICT in the fight against corruption
SO.3 Build coalitions and partnerships with key stakeholders
SO.4 Lobby for the development of a comprehensive national Anti-Corruption Strategy
SO.5 Widening funding base
• Diversify
• Monitoring and Evaluation
• Results Based Management
SO.6 Capacitate state institution(s) on national socio-economic blueprints
SO7 To ensure TIZ programs are inclusive of disadvantaged groups and gender sensitive
In line with recommendations from the End of Term Evaluation of the previous program (2012-2014)
and the current strategic plan, the CARC programme is expected to contribute to achieving 4
outcomes out of the nine in TIZ strategy document. The key result areas (KRA) also defined as
outcomes which CARC will contribute to are as follows:
• Outcome (KRA) 1: Increased political will and responsiveness by duty bearers to address
corruption at individual, private and public sectors levels.
• Outcome (KRA) 2: Strengthened capacity and participation of stakeholders (women and
men) in anti – corruption activism.
• Outcome 3: Increased awareness, resistance and reporting of corruption by citizens.
• Outcome 4: Improved transparency, accountability and integrity (TAI) in public and private
sectors.
Transparency International global movement mandate is: “To combat corruption and prevent
criminal activities arising from corruption so as to help build a world in which government, politics,
business, civil society and the daily lives of women and men are free of corruption, because of the
historic tendency and potential of corruption to undermine economic development; - exacerbate
inequality and poverty; broaden the gender divide foster political conflict and create global
instability”.
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TIZ implements its activities through five units namely i. Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre (ALAC) ii.
Community Mobilization and Advocacy (CMA), iii. Research; iv. Policy Legislation and Institutional
Monitoring (PLIM) and Communications.
• Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre (ALAC), provides legal aid support to – women and men
(victims and witnesses of corruption) with corruption related complaints for
documentation, advocacy and litigious redress.
• Community Mobilization and Advocacy (CMA), supports citizens’ groups and local
government stakeholders to fight corruption, specifically through mobilization of women,
men and youth for coalition building at local, community level and public debates;
• Research– assesses the extent corruption impacts on social and economic national
development, its modalities and gender dimensions in Zimbabwe. It contributes to the
agenda of policy and decision makers in the country, as well as disseminates information to
different stakeholders to create more anti-corruption aware citizens. Finally it contributes
evidence for international advocacy and data collection.
• Policy Legislation and Institutional Monitoring (PLIM), monitors and proposes evidence-
based, gender aware reform measures to the government frameworks to take action
against corruption, with a view to influencing it in accordance with relevant international
standards, for example through dialogue with parliamentarians and work, where possible,
with relevant institutions.
• Communications – addresses all internal and external information sharing demands made
by – women and men on the organization. It is also a vehicle for encouraging knowledge
driven community activism. As such TI Z invests considerable time monitoring corruption
and anti – corruption initiatives in the country and its impact on social, economic
development, gender and governance issues.
In the nineteen years (19) of its existence TI Zimbabwe has spent at least as many millions in
resources in order to grab and direct attention of the entire nation to the devastating effects of
corruption. TI Z was singularly instrumental in demystifying and removing the psychological taboo on
all discussions of corruption. Up to that point corruption was largely treated as an intellectual
discussion. By bringing it to a national level of discourse that included everyone and every sector in
society the responsibility of the state was confirmed. Using lobby and advocacy tools the
organization brought the issue to the national policy platforms of parliament, the executive and law
enforcement. Today the fact that the role of setting the national agenda or policy in the fight against
corruption is constitutionally the role of government is common cause. Concerted advocacy, public
awareness and education efforts led to the formulation of the Prevention of Corruption Act, Anti-
Corruption Commission Act the Money Laundering and Banks Use Act as well as the amendment of
the Criminal Law and Codification Act, among other important pieces of legislation.
The instrumentality of TI’s role in encouraging the state to create and then fulfil a constitutional
mandate to fight corruption also has its footprints in the state’s ratification of regional and
international anti- corruption instruments.
Throughout its existence TI Z has managed almost US$ 15 million with efficiency and effectiveness to
build capacity of oversight bodies, regulatory bodies, policy implementers in all sectors, state and
non –state and society at large of all age groups and social persuasions to respond to the corruption
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Transparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme crisis in Zimbabwe. Annually the organization is also increasingly managing larger amounts ranging from US$700,000 to US$1, million. Funds managed in this period have included funds from USAID both the Zimbabwe country office and Regional office, European Commission both country mission and Brussels office, Norad, Danida, DFID and British Embassy, Swedish Embassy, Netherlands Embassy and Ausaid, UNDP among others. Throughout this period TI Z has worked through strategic coalitions, collaborations and partnerships with government units and departments, civil society, community based organizations, faith based organizations, businesses and private sector, financial services and regulatory bodies such as the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe the Parliament of Zimbabwe Judicial Services Commission, Electoral Commission, and the Anti –Corruption Commission, the media and lately directly with communities through TI Z initiated platforms such as the Accountability Monitoring Committees and Youth for Transparency and Integrity. TI Z’s collaborative and coalition work has been both regional and international through partnerships with other TI chapters as well as like-minded regional civil society in activities such as REDD+, Mining, Research in Youth and Corruption, Land and Corruption, National Integrity Systems and many other themes of advocacy. Over the years TI Z has participated in important fora locally and internationally identified as a credible civil society anti-corruption advocacy group influencing through knowledge and evidence based advocacy good governance and democratic processes based on accountability, transparency and integrity participating in international platforms such as the World Bank Land and Poverty Conference (March 2015). Today, locally TI Z sits on the Congress of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) Ethics Committee, chairs the Publish What You Pay Zimbabwean chapter and is represented in many other coalitions and networks. In the region TI Z sits on the SADC Congress – NGOs Anti-Corruption Steering Committee that is set up to promote the implementation of the SADC Protocol Against Corruption . Globally TI Z is part of the UN Convention Against Corruption Civil Society Coalition and has also gained status of trainer on the Convention. As part of the TI global movement of anti- corruption fighters TI Z has also distinguished itself in community work, gender and corruption, land and corruption; mining and corruption, among other areas critical for national development For this recognition TI Z is participating in national regional and international platforms including the World Bank Land and Poverty Conference and the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in New York as a result of being part of a global movement. Currently financially and programmatically TI Z has in the last three Annual Members Meetings of the global movement proved to be one of the stronger and more effective chapters in Africa in both financial management and programming. This is testimony to the organization’s investment in improved and comprehensive administrative and governance policies and systems. TI Z has used all the pre-grant assessment recommendations and end of programme evaluation recommendations to improve its systems financial and other arrangements for managing personnel, implementing programmes, conducting monitoring and evaluation and finally improving institutional governance and board oversight. Institutional governance has equally grown stronger with the resuscitation of the Board of Trustees, as the pinnacle of institutional governance under which is the membership, Executive Board and finally the secretariat. Due to the demands of the society the focus areas have demanded more specialised team skillsets and competencies. The implementation team is more diversified than 7|Page SIDA Programme Proposal
Transparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme before when the organization was represented largely by legally trained personnel. As a team all these structures have worked diligently to ensure programming is more efficient, effective and sustainable. As a consequence of better compliance with grant agreements and improved financial management, the organization has had clean audit reports that have been commended by the TI Secretariat and other partners. This makes TI Z a competitive partner in the fight against corruption in Zimbabwe, the region and globally. 2 STRATEGIC CONTEXT ANALYSIS 2.1 Situation Analysis 2.1.1 External environment 2.1.1.1 Political The political environment in Zimbabwe can be described as relatively calm. However the State’s ability to act impartially on corruption cases remains debatable. There have been instances where the State has not convincingly taken action against public and private officials implicated in corruption. Consequent to that, there are perceptions of selective application of the law as far as dealing with corruption and administrative malpractices are concerned. Whilst there have been positive exposure of low ranking public figures, at both the local authority and government levels, the suspected “big actors” have not been openly been investigated and exposed. Therefore the political will to effectively deal with the corruption scourge has been limited at the very top of the pyramid as far as the management of the country’s affairs is concerned. There has also been increasing polarisation in the operating environment. Most government units as well as the citizens have increasingly come to perceive CSOs and NGO’s to be agents of the opposition parties or the “West”. This has largely been driven by political socialisation through State propaganda largely in the State owned public media. This has consequently come to derail some of the initiatives such as the MoUs that TIZ has to establish with public sector stakeholders and its general operations especially in the rural areas. Hence the operational space and influence of TIZ programmes becomes quite limited. In addition, Zimbabwe has undergone a process of state capture of all institutions including corruption-fighting institutions such as the ZACC, police, judiciary, as well as regulatory and oversight bodies and the media. The consequence has been the politicization of the corruption issue. This made it particularly difficult – and important – for TI-Z to address corruption, including in public comments, in an objective and impartial way. We have also witnessed the splintering and weakening of opposition political parties in recent years and especially after the 2013 elections. This has resulted in limited capacities for effective implementation of checks and balance initiatives against corruption. The recent initiatives by some of the opposition parties for form some coalitions, coupled with the expelling of some political heavy weights from the ruling party present some window of opportunity for revival of opposition politics. It however remains to be seen if the expelled politicians will stand up to fight against corruption given their tainted backgrounds with regards to pre-existing allegations of corruption levelled against many of them. The constitution Amendment no. 20 of 2013, and which is generally perceived to be modern and progressive present an opportunity to usher in an environment of transparency and accountability. 8|Page SIDA Programme Proposal
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For example the Constitution has far reaching provisions on gender equality, including a quota for
women in parliament that resulted in the proportion of women increasing from 18% to 35% in the
2013 elections although this did not extend to local government. Several accountability
commissions– the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, The Human Rights Commission, The
Gender Commission, The Reconciliation Commission – that have been established to act as checks
and balances on the powers of the State. However, these commissions remain largely under
capacitated in terms of both human and financial resources. What is also revealing is that over the
years parliament has increasingly upped its voice and has become major beacon of anti-corruption
initiatives especially with regards to the work of some of its committees and individual MPs. The
challenge now will be for civil society and other stakeholders to ensure that the committees are well
resourced in terms of relevant information and other capacities to effectively present the public
interest against corruption and other administrative malpractices. The constitution has also brought
with it other avenues to fight corruption. These include the legalisation of petitioning and
demonstrations as means for the citizens and stakeholders to express displeasure on policies and
practices in the government and the private sector.
2.1.1.2 Economy
The economy of Zimbabwe has significantly lost weight since the end of the GNU. It shaded off more
than 50% of its size from 2000 to 2008 and another large chunk between 2012 and 2014. According
to latest statistics from the Government, over 4,000 companies have closed shop since 2011, peeling
away at least 50,000 permanent and semi-permanent existing employment opportunities. This has
resulted in low and declining disposable incomes and high unemployment rates estimated to be
above 85%. These developments have brought in their own challenges as far as the battles and war
against corruption is concerned. Firstly, as what has emerged from the discussions with
stakeholders, it is the poor economic performance of the country that has led to people succumbing
to corruption tendencies and practices. So individuals have had to engage in corrupt practices, in
very selfish manners, to sustain their own livelihoods regardless of the implications of the same on
the welfare of the ordinary citizen and the economy at large. This has resulted in dynamic cases of
unorthodox means of access to resources such abuse of office, bribery, extortion (including
sextortion) 1 and fraud among others as a way to survive.
As the economic environment continues to be in meltdown the result has been poor performance of
the macroeconomic environment resulting in company closures, de-industrialisation, liquidity
shortages, high unemployment mirrored by corresponding increases in corruption. Both domestic
and international investors are likely to remain on the side-lines or invest elsewhere in the region.
The state of the economy will therefore remain a major challenging factor for TIZ and partners in
light of the positive correlation between poor remuneration for private and public sector agents and
increasing economic, financial political and social corruption demands for bribes and related vices.
Attempts by the government to revive the economy through Zim-ASSET, which has several gender
dimensions 2 are yet to achieve the desired results. The Zim-ASSET has been hamstrung by lack of
1
Sextortion is the type of exploitation that uses sex, the threat of or demand for as a currency instead of
money favours from its victims. It is a type of corruption because it seeks to abuse an individual or situation in
which the individual is in for private gain.
2
The expected economy related outputs for gender in Zim-ASSET are:
• Women’s groups funded under the Women Development Fund;
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funding and stakeholder buy-in. In looking forward the easing of relations between the government
and the EU and the IMF presents opportunities for engagement and restoration of the economy. The
major challenges will remain those of recapitalising and modernising the manufacturing sector as
well as the restructuring and modernising of the country’s moribund agricultural substructure.
2.1.1.3 Social
TIZ has been operating under difficult socio-economic conditions and this is compounded by the
following factors:
There has been an increase in the poverty levels. In fact more than 1.5 million households in
Zimbabwe suffer from extreme poverty. This situation is likely to be compounded by poor
agricultural seasons that are dogged by lack of agricultural funding, poor agricultural
mechanisation and low rainfall due to adverse results of climate change. Poverty
contributing to societal moral degradation, ‘survival corruption’ on the increase
Approximately 3.5 million children live below the food poverty line in Zimbabwe. This
precipitates crimes and corruption being committed by both adults and young people.
The HIV epidemic is one of the key drivers of widespread poverty and thus vulnerability, and
thus has got its own severe implications of corruption. Young women constitute the vast
majority of those newly infected by HIV. Cross generational sex –or the ‘sugar daddy’
syndrome - is a major driver of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and the region. This is turn is
driven by the economic circumstances that many young women find themselves in.
Sextortion (Sexual favours as a currency) in return for cash, goods and services is also on the
rise especially in the universities and colleges.
The patriarchal nature of the Zimbabwean society and the ensuing gender dynamics also
need to be interrogated. In this regard, the net effect has been that by the nature and
demands of their family and other responsibilities, males are more involved as perpetrators
of corruption.
There is also a big element in terms of age profile. Currently youths in Zimbabwe are less
involved in anti-corruption activities and yet they are supposed to be the future leaders of
the country in both the public and private sectors.
There has also been a perception in Zimbabwe society that discussing corruption is ‘out of
the league’ of the ordinary person or corruption is a lifestyle and will never be reduced or
stopped. The rural-urban divide has also had its implications on corruption with most of it
confined to urban areas.
2.1.1.4 Technological
Information Technology developments, particularly internet and mobile phones, offer TIZ avenues
for innovation and the Communications Unit can be the one to lead in the adoption of creation of
new products. These provide TI Z with the opportunity to develop more platforms or applications
that enable communities to report corruption. This capability also presents a threat in that the
organisation has to increase its internet security. There is currently lack of real time reports as well
• Women groups linked to markets through exhibitions, fairs and expos;
• 50% of decision making positions held by women;
• Women accessing micro credit; Women participating in all levels of decision making; Women participating in key social,
economic and political sectors.
Excerpt from the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim-ASSET) plan, 2013
10 | P a g e SIDA Programme ProposalTransparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme as interaction with the citizens, challenges that can be overcome through the effective use of the new technologies. There has also been very limited use of technology in public institutions despite the gains that are associated with its usage. This has increased levels of corruption, especially given that information is not properly stored and therefore cannot be tracked or traced so as to identify culprits who would have been involved in corruption. Technology has also had some adverse effects on the struggle for gender equality, through the increase in cyber stalking, trafficking and other cyber inspired sextortion. The lack of computer literacy or access to cheap internet services, which often has gender dimensions as men have greater access to ICTs, should be addressed especially to allow ALAC complaints to be easily channelled to TI Z. Constant technological changes can also be a threat against the corruption fight. Societies are often confronted with high levels of new innovations which calls for frequency of corrupt activities being accelerated due to the fact that technological advances may create gaps that permit corruption to occur. There is need for flexibility in the adoption of new technologies at all levels of society. TI Z should partner with relevant stakeholders, including Transparency International Global to ensure that technology is embraced through innovation. The establishment of a platform in the form of IT clinics for the public to use information technology resources could go a long way in effectively harnessing technology. 2.1.1.5 Environment Global warming is leading to dry weather conditions in Zimbabwe and thus increasing food insecurity. This is increasing the vulnerability of the poor, especially women and children, and creating opportunities for corruption in both the public and private sectors. This is because Zimbabwe is an agro-based economy and the vagaries of weather, particularly perennial drought in most parts of Zimbabwe, means rural people, the majority of whom are women, rely on subsistence farming and suffer from regular food deficits. The change in weather patterns means that, quite often, subsistence farmers are unable to plan effectively. This also impact negatively on the urban dwellers as they have to contend with high prices and supporting their rural extended families. Environmental degradation in mining, agriculture, manufacturing and other key sectors has been on the rise. Public and private enterprises are increasingly failing to account for their environmental obligations. This is being compounded by politicians and local authorities who are being complicit in the commitment of these environmental crimes. There is need for TI Z to corroborate with EMA on ways to ensure transparency and accountability in the conduct of environmental related measures. The exploitation of wetlands in urban areas has been another sad development as far as protecting the environment is concerned. Again, it is an area in which politicians and local authorities have tended to collude and disregard the existing regulations that protect the wetlands. Proper and effective engagement of council, government, residents associations and other stakeholders on the issue could go a long way in addressing these concerns. 2.1.1.6 Legal The major legal issue surrounding the operating environment for TI Z and other CSOs is the NGO Amendment Bill. An unfavourable NGO Bill can compromise TI Z’s existence by making the operating environment very difficult. TI Z should continue to keep abreast of the developments on this Bill in 11 | P a g e SIDA Programme Proposal
Transparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme
order to assess the extent to which the organisation is in compliance. TI Z also ought to consider
alternate forms of registration should the bill succeed.
The Zimbabwe Constitution Amendment 20 of 2013 also presents a lot of legal implications and
opportunities for TIZ and its key stakeholders. The practical adoption of the new constitution in the
country still presents a big hurdle to cross as it may take comprehensive time to grasp the concepts
of the new constitution. There is need for the organizations to embrace the new constitution and
grasp it in ways that will enable the making of strategic plans in advocating for a corruption free
society. This should start by the alignment of various legal instruments and regulations to the
constitution. If the laws are aligned, programming might could eventually become more efficient, for
example, through a repeal of POSA and AIPPA.
Other legal matters that have an implication of anti-corruption initiatives include the mechanisms
and logistics around the formation and composition of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission.
ZACC can only function after the President appoints key personnel. The effectiveness of the ZACC
would determine the extent to which anti-corruption stakeholders will be able to effectively
discharge their national obligations.
There are also issues related to labour law misalignments. The economic decline and high cost of
living has negatively impacted on salaries and wages of the country’s few remaining workers. This
has increased complaints to ALAC emanating from completed labour cases that unfortunately fail to
have the judgements enforced. In fact, ALAC has recorded a number of labour related cases and
because of lack of enforceable policies to compel employers to prioritise payment of wages and
salaries. Advocacy initiatives towards the employment sector both in private and public sectors need
to be scaled-up.
2.1.2 Internal environment
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
1. Competent, motivated, committed and skilled 1. Limited financial base (overdependence on a few
members (men and women)of staff and board donors)(Not many gender focused donors
(award winning employer); understand corruption and its different
2. Strong research and robust publications capacity; manifestations and implications for men and;
3. TI-Z is a well-run, effective and well-regarded women and the need to support men and women
chapter of the global TI movement that has separately)
observed gender equality in both its governance 2. Mandate limitations of TIZ not to process cases;
structures and secretariat. 3. The limited influence and impact of ZACC affects
4. Impartiality and neutrality of TIZ in carrying out TIZ effectiveness in the anti-corruption value
its mandate; chain;
5. Strong financial management (financial audits 4. Limited critical mass through partnerships and
conducted regularly); and coalitions to fight corruption; and
6. Positive perception of TIZ being an authority on 5. Visibility at community level is limited.
corruption in the country and the region.
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
1. Stable political environment 1. Risky institutional and policy laws governing the
2. New national constitution supporting anti- value chain (NGO bill; AIPA, POSA, Secrets
corruption drive; Act…)
3. Donor willingness to fund anti-corruption 2. Proposed amendment to the PVO bill by Civil
interventions; Society;
4. New technology providing a cost-effective reach 3. Change in policy on EDF (funds going through
platform (internet, mobile phones, etc.); government);
5. A wide range of actors (public and private) with 4. Increasing donor fatigue to support Zimbabwe;
12 | P a g e SIDA Programme ProposalTransparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme
influence and importance in the anti-corruption 5. Declining moral standards due to economic
value chain; decline
6. Available space for TIZ anti-corruption work 6. State capture of all institutions including
corruption-fighting institutions such as the ZACC,
police, judiciary, as well as regulatory and
oversight bodies and the media.
2.1.3 Stakeholders view on TIZ Past Performance 3
AREAS TIZ HAS DONE WELL AREAS TIZ NEEDS TO IMPROVE OR REDRESS
1. TIZ is viewed as an organization without a 1. TIZ has not been able to reach out to all corners
sinister agenda and well placed to achieve the of the country – especially the private sector ;
anti-corruption agenda; 2. Raising awareness is very crucial for sustained
2. Produces accurate information and is focused on fight against corruption. TIZ has done the best it
its mandate; could but has not been very effectiveness due to
3. TIZ has done well on publicity and legal advice; the harshness of the challenges. TIZ must rise to
4. TI-Z’s research and analytical expertise has the challenges;
helped improve the evidentiary foundation of the 3. Shortfalls have come in the inability to source
organization’s programmes; funding for enhanced programme delivery;
5. Advocacy has been fairly okay. Rural outreach 4. Visibility has not been adequate especially with
have been undertaken, but corruption is more in components such as ALAC. TIZ needs to reach
the cities and not rural areas and that is where the the same level of visibility like those of the ZLHR
focus should be; in all the dimensions.
6. Main achievements have been on mobilization 5. People report cases but TIZ does not have
and visibility - evidence based solutions; litigation powers. So until TIZ links up with
7. Has done well in raising public awareness on ZLHR or Legal Resources Foundation they would
corruption, they have been present for a long time, not be very effective. Even if TIZ was to have the
they are known; and legal mandate, it would lack capacity to handle all
8. The ALAC programme has been very successful; the cases. TIZ has failed to deal with corruption in
there is now a lot of understanding of corruption the councils and parastatals - service delivery has
issues. Lots of cases have been handled through continued to deteriorate. Capacity to create a
the clinics. These cases may not have seen critical mass is lacking - this could be done
successes in the courts, however, but it has through radio programmes - there is need to have
resulted in consciousness that the scourge of people speak freely against the problem.
corruption needs to be confronted.
3 COALITION AGAINST RAMPANT CORRUPTION (CARC) PROGRAMME
3.1 Project overview
The CARC program theory of change is focused on strengthening five (5) core functions of the anti-
corruption value chain. The core functions are research, education and awareness, policy, detection,
and combating which ultimately leads to the attainment of the project goal which is “to contribute
to the reduction of corruption in Zimbabwe and promote accountable governance that responds
equally and effectively to the needs of women and men”. In order to strengthen the core functions,
TIZ intervention logic under the CARC program will strengthen the 13 actors identified to the
influential and important in the anti-corruption value chain. The program will also lobby for policy
frameworks to create a conducive environment to fight corruption.
The CARC program is focused on addressing 4 outcomes out of the nine in TIZ strategy document.
The outcomes which CARC will contribute to are:
3
Evaluation Report and Key Informants
13 | P a g e SIDA Programme ProposalTransparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme
• Outcome 1: Increased political will and responsiveness by duty bearers to address
corruption at individual, private and public sectors levels.
• Outcome 2: Strengthened capacity and participation of stakeholders (women and men) in
anti – corruption activism
• Outcome 3:Increased awareness, resistance and reporting of corruption by citizens
• Outcome 4: Improved transparency, accountability and integrity (TAI) in public and private
sectors.
3.2 Problem statement
Corruption has been generally defined as abuse of power for private and or personal gain (TI).
Zimbabwe is ranked amongst some of the most corrupt countries in the world. According to the
2014 Corruption Perception Index, (CPI) Zimbabwe was ranked number 156 out of 175 countries
with a low CPI score of 21 out of a possible 100 which indicates high level of corruption in the public
sector. Other non TI research other reputable independent surveys have also confirmed that
corruption is a growing problem in Zimbabwe. The KPMG Fraud Barometer of 2013 noted that
Zimbabwe is one of the four countries in Africa that contributed the bulk of fraud cases valued at
US$2 billion.
Corruption levels in Zimbabwe have reached alarming levels and the ripple effect is largely felt by
the poor in both urban and rural communities. Increasingly it is also being felt by business and
government as both fail to implement sustainable development strategies as a direct consequence
of corruption. Corruption in Zimbabwe is thriving due to three major problems limiting the
effectiveness of the anti-corruption value chain. The major problems are:
i. Impunity that manifests as weak adherence to the rule of law
ii. Limited political will in the top political leadership to address corruption.
iii. Limited capacity and coordination amongst stakeholders such as the police, judiciary and
regulatory bodies to identify and reduce corruption.
iv. Gender and Corruption
v. Limited space and capacity for citizens to demand for transparency, accountability and
integrity.
vi. Weak governance structures to deal with the “resource curse” corruption in the extractives
and service delivery in the public sector.
Problem 1: Impunity that manifests as a weak adherence to the rule of law
NORAD (2008) state that since the 1990s, with the emergence of anti-corruption as a field, Rule of
Law is – in addition to the “Good Governance” perspective – also seen as an anti-corruption means:
clear rules of correct behavior in conjunction with deterring prospects of disclosure, criminal
investigation, prosecution and conviction (enforcement) are held to prevent corrupt behaviour in
the public sector.
Various corruption scandals that the country has witnessed since the Willowvale (gate) scandal of
1988 up to the more recent scandals such as the NIEE-gate scandal of 2012, Salary-gate scandal of
2013, ZBC salary benefits scandal of 2014, ZESA procurement scandal of 2014, ZINWA Dam
14 | P a g e SIDA Programme ProposalTransparency International Zimbabwe: Coalition Against Rampant Corruption (CARC) Programme construction scandal of 2014, ZINARA Snow-graders scandals of 2014 to mention just but a few point to widespread impunity in h political and grand corruption. Grand and political corruption refer demonstrate the impunity with which the powerful (heads of state, ministers, senior public officials and CEOs of state owned enterprises) for private and pecuniary gain (Ackerman 1994). It is important to note that the media and like-minded organizations have exposed most of the scandals in the anti-corruption value chain yet such cases have never been followed up by prosecution notwithstanding the amount of evidence. This shows institutional ineffectiveness especially on the part of the Police, Judicial sector and the Anti-Corruption Commission to act upon corruption issues. While this scourge continues, it is the poor citizens, primarily women and young people who continue to suffer the brunt of corrupt. For instance, since 2012, 14 senior managers at the Premier Services Medical Aid Society were awarding themselves more than USD 1.1 million per month. While the country was and remains facing a crisis of more than 350 000 people living with HIV and AIDS that might fail to access Anti- retroviral drugs as Zimbabwe could face a US227 million deficit by 2018. In another example massive looting was taking place at the Chiadzwa diamond field, leading to many disadvantaged children being unable to access school fees in order to enroll for their studies in 2014. There was high expectation for this money to boost the national Out of the 250 000 children that were targeted the state could only support 83 secondary school children. Meanwhile reports of politicians and those with power continuing to abuse state resources continue to flood the media. Problem 2: Limited Political will in the top political leadership to address corruption Zimbabwe’s governance is highly centralized suggesting that most decisions are made at the central government level where the ruling party has centralized control. This includes decisions on how to effect the fight against corruption. Without a nationally guiding anti- corruption policy or strategy and robust parliament the decisions of the executive are critical to determining who or what is investigated. While political will is required at all levels of governance including among citizens, the political will of the state in the centralized and highly politicized context of Zimbabwe becomes an important determinant to the success of the fight against corruption. The authorities have been given poor marks in its handling of the corruption conundrum. According to the MPOI/Afro Barometer, 2015 survey, up to 80 percent of Zimbabweans said government is doing ‘badly’ or ‘very badly’ in fighting corruption (see Figure 2). Only 17 percent gave the government good grades, saying it has performed ‘very well’ or ‘fairly well’ in combating the problem. The report by TIZ in 2014 concluded that 68.5 percent of respondents felt government was ineffective in fighting corruption. It is noted that “While senior government officials, the President included, have made various efforts to castigate acts of corruption, such actions rarely result in actual prosecution in a court of law,” (TIZ researcher Farai Mutondoro, June 2015) i. There is an underlying sense of impunity in almost all sectors. The junior policeman at the roadblock knows that if they are caught soliciting for a bribe they will likely bribe the person that has caught them. Those who demand huge kickbacks in higher office know that they can bribe the investigating officer, prosecutor, magistrate or judge and the matter will die a natural death (Nyoka, 2014). It is clear that the failure by government to take stern measures against its corrupt elements started breeding corruption within other government circles that would later spread to private institutions. Corrupt elements in the government and parastatals continue to enjoy protection. Quite a number of top government officials have been fingered in corrupt activities, but nothing has been done to bring them to account. The same situation has been prevailing to date where only the “elite” in top 15 | P a g e SIDA Programme Proposal
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