COURS D'ANALYSE DU CYCLE DE VIE SUR LA THÉMATIQUE DE L'ALIMENTATION - Sebastien Humbert Consultant en développement durable Quantis ...
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COURS D’ANALYSE DU
CYCLE DE VIE
SUR LA THÉMATIQUE
DE L’ALIMENTATION
15 FEVRIER 2018
Sebastien Humbert
Consultant en développement durable
Quantis
sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com
1
+41 79 754 75 66
Programme
• Introduction
• Pensée “cycle de vie”: jeu
• Principes de l’analyse du cycle de vie
• Exemples
• Discussion
2
Introduction
• Tour de table
Sebastien Humbert
Consultant en développement durable
Quantis
sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com
+41 79 754 75 66
• Pourquoi ce cours?
3
Avant que vous ne décédiez!
- 50%
- 80%
1 milliard - 30%
t plastiques
dans les oceans
4
Pourquoi ce cours?
Le monde change : les consommateurs s’intéressent
5
L’alimentation est clé!
L’alimentation contribue a environ 30%
des impacts sur l’environnement!
6
Gestion des risques au niveau entreprise
24 octobre 2006 :
« Peter Brabeck, directeur général
du groupe Nestlé, l’a avoué ce dimanche
22 octobre dans les colonnes du
Sonntagsblick. Brabeck mentionne une
baisse des ventes de 30%, une perte de
50 millions de francs (la réalité va
probablement bien au-delà) et un retour
au Cailler d’avant février 2006 début
2007. »
7
Gestion des risques au niveau entreprise
8
Pourquoi ce cours?
Notre mode de vie n’est pas durable!
Ceci, tout le monde le sait.
Les technologies pour réduire significativement nos impacts existent aussi.
Le problème est que notre société ne peut pas se permettre de tout faire
en même temps. Il nous faut donc une méthode pour identifier les
priorités en termes de réduction d’impact.
L’analyse du cycle de vie.
Ce cours est l’occasion de présenter la méthode de l’analyse du cycle de vie
en utilisant l’alimentation comme cas d’étude.
• Apprendre comment utiliser la méthode de l’analyse du cycle de vie et
la compréhension et l’utilisation de ses résultats.
• Sortir du cours en ayant appris certaines informations utiles sur
comment réduire les impacts associés à l’alimentation.
9
PENSEE DU CYCLE DE VIE JOUONS!
PRINCIPES DE L’ANALYSE DU CYCLE DE VIE
Eviter les fausses bonnes idees
12Comprendre les différents impacts
Zéro émissions ? Émissions « ailleurs » !
• D’une étape du cycle de vie à une autre
Pour éviter
des déplacements • D’une région géographique à une autre
des problèmes • D’un milieu à un autre
environnementaux • D’une génération à l’autre
• A travers différents impacts
13Analyse du cycle de vie
Objectifs et définition du
système
Inventaire des extractions
et des émissions Interprétation
Documents!
Analyse des impacts
14Exécution d’une étude
15Analyse du cycle de vie
16Catégories d’impact évaluées
17EXEMPLES DE CATEGORIES D‘IMPACT
Climate change
Increase in radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gases emission
IPCC 2007 GWP100
Also called “global warming” or “carbon footprint”
Global warming
19Ozone depletion
Since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total
volume of ozone in the earth stratosphere (ozone layer)
Due to man-made refrigerants (halons, CFCs)
Increased human health risk for cancer, catarac, etc.
« the ozone layer hole »
(it’s a concept )
20Human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer)
Covers all toxicity effects on human health
Effects from respiratory inorganics, ionizing radiation, ozone layer depletion
and photochemical oxidation are considered separately
USEtox
Multimedia fate & multipathway exposure and effects model
Models risks and potential impacts per emission for several thousand chemicals
21Particulate matter / Respiratory inorganics (effects caused by
inorganics)
Effects from particulate matter < 2.5 µm, causes irritation to the
respiratory system, astma, reduced lung capacity, …
22Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation causes damages to living tissue, resulting in mutation,
cancer and dead
23Photochemical ozone formation
Also named respiratory effects from organics, tropospheric ozone
formation, summer smog or Los Angeles smog
Causes irritation to the respiratory system, astma, reduced lung capacity, etc.
24Acidification
Reduction of terrestrial or aquatic species because of acidification (mainly
from SO2 emissions)
25Terrestrial eutrophication
Reduction of terrestrial biodiversity
Eutrophying emissions
Reduction of target plant
species from
terrestrial eutrophication
26Aquatic eutrophication (freshwater)
Reduction of aquatic species because of eutrophication of water (mainly
PO43-)
O2 reduction due to PO43- increase – leads to reduction of the most
sensitive fishes
27Aquatic eutrophication (marine water)
Reduction of aquatic species because of eutrophication of water (mainly
NO3-)
O2 reduction due to NO3- increase – leads to reduction of the most sensitive
fishes
28Ecotoxicity (aquatic, freshwater, seawater, terrestrial)
Reduction of aquatic biodiversity
IMPACT 2002, USEtox
Emissions in compartment m
Fate Fraction transferred to n
factor
Time integrated concentration in n
Species
exposure - intake
Effect
factor Potentially affected
fraction of species
Time and space
integrated
damage on
ecosystems
29Resource depletion - water
Biodiverstiy loss and impacts on humans from water consumption
Reduction in biodiversity caused by reduction of available freshwater
Impacts on human health caused by reduction of available freshwater
Loss of
biodiversity
30Resource depletion – Mineral
Scarcity issue
31Resource depletion – Fossil (+ uranium)
Loss of primary non-renewable energy (MJ)
32Land use (occupation and transformation)
Land use and land use change
Change in quality of the soil, associated biodiversity
33Water stream use and management
Reduction in biodiversity caused by dams
Maendly and Humbert (2012)
Current banks/limits
dam
Downstream zone
Original river
= Surface considered affected
in the computation of the CF Upstream zone
34Plastic footprint
Mass-based probability of plastic ending up into the water (streams, lake or
ocean)
35Exemple de catégories d’impact évaluées lors d’une analyse du
cycle de vie: IMPACT 2002+ vQ 2.2
Midpoint categories Damage categories
Human toxicity
NOx Respiratory effects
Ionizing radiation Human health
Ozone layer depletion
Crude oil Photochemical oxidation
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Iron ore Aquatic acidification
Aquatic eutrophication Ecosystem quality
Terrestrial acid/nutrification
Phosphates Land occupation
Water turbined
CO2
Mineral extraction Resource consumption
Non-renewable energy
Irrigation water
Climate change Climate change
Dams water
And hundreds more… Water withdrawal Midpoint indicator not included
in a damage category
36Impact assessment methodology:
“PEF/OEF LCIA” (“updated ILCD”)
Carbon footprint (kg CO2-eq)
Inputs Resource use – mineral & metals (kg Sb-eq)
Water well Resource use – energy carriers (MJ)
Arable Ozone depletion (kg CFC11-eq)
land Human toxicity – cancer (CTUh = cases)
Crude oil
Human toxicity – non-cancer (CTUh = cases)
Iron ore
… Ionizing radition HH (kBq U235-eq) Single value
Respiratory inorganics (deaths)
Photochemical ozone format. (kg NMVOC-eq)
Outputs
Pesticide Land use (-)
Terrestrial eutrophication (mole N-eq)
PM2.5
Marine eutrophication (kg N-eq)
Cu
Freshwater eutrophication (kg P-eq)
CO2
Freshwater ecotoxicity (CTUe = PAF.m3.day)
Phosphate Acidification (mole H+-eq)
…
Water scarcity (m3-eq)
And hundreds
more…
37PEF/OEF LCIA
Classes of performance
3839
Farm to port
1’500 km by truck
4041
Production volume in Type of Production volume in 2014 Production volume in Deforestatio Ship Irrigation
Country Yield
2014 coffee for Arabica 2014 for Robusta n rate transport rate
m2 forest
Fraction of Fraction of km harbour
t Fraction of lost/ha-a,
t produced/ the total t produced/ the total to European m3/t green
- produced/y the total world - (kg/ha-a) ENVIFOOD
year world year world harbour coffee
ear production protocol
production production distance
approach
Mixed (70%
Brazil 2’550’720 34% arabica/30% 1'785'504 40% 765’216 26% 1248 0 7’800 1104
robusta)
Vietnam 900’000 12% Robusta 0 0% 900’000 30% 2197 0 16’600 1088
Colombia 696’000 9% Arabica 696'000 16% 0 0% 645 0 8’400 1420
Indonesia 411’000 6% Mixed 237'076 5% 173’924 6% 523 192 16’000 2108
Ethiopia 390’000 5% Arabica 390'000 9% 0 0% 693 218 8’400 1220
Mixed (30%
arabica/70%
India 300’300 4% robusta: 90'090 2% 210’210 7% 800 0 12’000 2204
FAOstat
2010)
1200 100 (average 12’600
Others 2’151’664 29% Mixed 1'241'140 28% 910’524 31% (weighted between min (weighted 1300
average) & max) average
1200 12’600
Mixed (= 51 (weighted
7’329’684 - (weighted (weighted 1104
total) average)
average) average)
World
Robusta
average 2’959’874 -
(40% )
Assumed same as above as simplification
Arabica 42
4’439’810 -
(60%)LCA
LCA/LCIA tries to model reality Better be imprecisely accurate than
precisely inaccurate…
Imprecise Precise
Inaccurate
Accurate
43EXEMPLES
Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
metrics boost of a cup of coffee
decision-making COFFEE CULTIVATION
& DELIVERY
PACKAGING
(INCL. COFFEE
DISPOSAL) PACKAGING PROD.
& DELIVERY
MACHINE
PROD. & USE
MANUFACTURING
CUP PROD. & DISTRIBUTION
DISHWASHING
See the whole picture | Focus on the right part | Get the facts right | Decide and act 45Lots of studies on coffee
46Examples of LCA (1/2)
Nespresso and
Scientific article PAC LCA Coffee PEFCR
alternatives
2009 2011 2015 2014-2017
Scientific article comparing the LCA of B2C cup of espresso made Study for Canadian Packaging Draft version of the Category
environmental impacts of an using a packaging and distribution association to compare single Rules developed for coffee in the
espresso with soluble and drip system from Nespresso Espresso serve coffee environmental context of EU Product
filter coffee. and three generic products. impacts with regular brewed Environmental Footprint (PEF)
https://documents.epfl.ch/groups https://www.nestle- coffee initiative. The document has not
/m/me/mediacomfiles/www/Hum nespresso.com/asset- http://www.pac.ca/assets/pac068 been finalized because the pilot
bert%20et%20al%202009%20- library/Documents/Quantis%20- 0-full-lca.pdf stopped but, even if draft, this is a
%20LCA%20Coffee.pdf %20Comparative%20LCA%20on% http://www.pac.ca/ePromos/pro good reference for LCA of coffee.
20Four%20Capsules%20Systems% mos/pac0680/ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/e
202011.pdf ussd/smgp/ef_pilots.htm
47Examples of LCA (2/2)
Nescafé Nespresso
Drip filter Coop capsules
Future of Coffee Second Life
2017 2017 2017 2017
Visualization of the Online tool to discover the Understanding the carbon Screening LCA of coop capsules
environmental impacts of a cup environmental impacts of footprint of a cup of coffee containing organic coffee
of Nescafé coffee. Tips for the drinking coffees prepared by prepared by drip filter http://www.coop.ch/content/act/
consumer about how to reduce Nespresso capsule. http://www.journaldemontreal.c fr/des-paroles-aux-actes/acte-no-
the impacts. https://second- om/2017/11/16/lenvironnement- 353.html
https://www.nescafe.com/the- life.nespresso.com/en/nnch#/ boit-la-tasse
future-of-coffee
48Key messages of the studies
IMPACTS CAPSULE
END-OF-LIFE
DRIVERS MATERIALS
Main impacts drivers are coffee production, A cup of coffee made with aluminum End-of-life solution has a significant
packaging and use stage (coffee serving and capsule has similar or lower impacts than a influence on final conclusions. Alu caps are
cup washing). Packaging production is cup made with plastics capsule. Plastics airtight, so no surpackaging is needed, which
dominated by the capsule, followed by capsules have decreased their weight in the compensates for the greater impact of alu
surpackaging and/or sleeves. years (and so their impacts) but need to have production. Plastics capsules are difficult to
additional surpackaging than aluminium be recycled and bio-based coffee capsules
capsules. Bio-based plastics capsule may not can rarely be composted. Coffee grounds
always be the right solution: bio-based significantly contribute to end-of-life impacts
capsules are very heavy, carbon stored in too.
bio-based plastics is released during
degradation.
49Carbon footprint of coffee from plastics capsule
COFFEE CULTIVATION & DELIVERY
ZOOM
CAPSULE
MANUFACTURING
SURPACKAGING
PACKAGING PRODUCTION & DELIVERY SLEEVE
3RD PACKAGING
DISTRIBUTION
MATERIALS TRANSPORT
CONSUMPTION
+
END OF LIFE
50
Source: Coop study http://www.coop.ch/content/act/fr/des-paroles-aux-actes/acte-no-353.htmlResults for Nespresso and alternatives study Key findings
End-of-life includes, by order of
importance, capsule, coffee grounds
and other packaging
Aluminum capsules are airtight, so no
surpackaging is needed, which
compensates for the greater impact of
aluminum production
End-of-life solution has a significant
influence on final conclusions
Aluminum capsule recycling allows a
significant benefit
Among all studied scenarios on French and Swiss markets, the Plastic emits carbon at end-of-life but
best option in terms of carbon footprint is the espresso made direct fuel substitution allows high
with the Nespresso capsule sent to recycling. When energy recovery that partly
comparing the scenarios where the capsule is put in the bin, a compensates for these emissions
Nespresso capsule is the best alternative.
While only carbon footprint is presented here, other Carbon stored in bio-based plastics is
environmental indicators have been assessed and corroborate released during degradation
these conclusions
Available on: https://quantis-intl.com/about/our-
51
work/case-studies/Influence of the capsule type and its end-of-life +
4.3 g BIO-PLASTICS CAPSULE
INCINERATION
COMPOSTING
1.5 g PLASTICS CAPSULE
INCINERATION
RECYCLING
RAW MATERIAL
1.1 g ALUMINIUM CAPSULE PRODUCTION
INCINERATION END-OF-LIFE
RECYCLING NET FOOTPRINT
52
Source: Coop study http://www.coop.ch/content/act/fr/des-paroles-aux-actes/acte-no-353.htmlCl
im
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(green coffee cultivation and delivery to producer)
53Capsule Coop
54Nescafé - Outil de communication de l’ACV
Reporting – Performance environnementale
d’une tasse de café selon l’Affichage
Environnemental Français
http://nescafe.lca-tool.com/
55Finalement: lequel?
56Emballages?
VS
Moins est souvent mieux, mais…
L’impact environnemental de 1 kg de courgettes est beaucoup plus
important que celui de l’emballage…
Si l’emballage permet de réduire les pertes de 5% ou plus, alors autant avoir
de l’emballage!
L’ACV peut aider à communiquer ceci de manière factuelle aux
consommateurs
57Bio vs PI (production intégrée) vs Conventionnel?
Avantages et désavantages de chacune?
58Lait pasteurisé vs UHT?
59Emballages (p.ex. sacs)?
papier
plastique
coton
bioplastique
60Alimentation durable?
61Empreinte environnementale d’un distributeur
10'000'000'000 10'000'000'000
Rental services
Real estate
Gasoline
Printing service products
9'000'000'000 Gas station products 9'000'000'000
Other goods
Other garden supplies
Flowers, plants and seeds
8'000'000'000 Batteries and power 8'000'000'000
Fuels, gases, lubricants and oils
Cleaning/hygiene products, cosmetics and toiletries
Cumulated carbon footprint (kg CO2 eq / yearly sales)
Healthcare
appliances
7'000'000'000 7'000'000'000
Electrical
Other cultural and recreational goods
Sporting equipment and gadgets
Music and videos
Books, newspapers and paper/paper supplies
6'000'000'000 6'000'000'000
Office machinery and supplies
Information and communication equipment
Kitchen merchandise
Electrical household appliances
5'000'000'000 5'000'000'000
Furniture, furnishings and decor
Home hardware supplies
Personal accessories
4'000'000'000 Footwear and leather goods 4'000'000'000
Clothing and textiles
Live animals
Pet food
3'000'000'000 Tobacco 3'000'000'000
Other beverages
Alcoholic beverages
Meat/Fish
Coffee and tea
2'000'000'000 Other foods 2'000'000'000
Confectionery
Prepared/processed meals
Oils and fats
1'000'000'000
Plastic bags
1'000'000'000 Grain products
Dairy products Energy consumption
Plastic bags
Meat and meat alternatives
0
Fruits and vegetables
0 (ofEnergy
retailer)
consumption
62DISCUSSION
Labels dans le monde alimentaire
64You can also read
