Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...

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Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference
January 17, 2018

Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer
Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Safe Harbor Statement

      This presentation contains what the company believes are forward-looking
      statements related to future financial results and business operations for
      Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. Actual results may differ materially from
      current management forecasts and projections as a result of factors over which
      the company may have limited or no control. Information on certain of these risk
      factors and additional information on forward-looking statements are included in
      the company’s reports on file with the SEC and at the end of this presentation.

1
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Leading Global Tire Company

•    More than 100 years in the tire industry
•    5th largest tire manufacturer in North America and 12th largest
     worldwide based on revenues
•    Externally report two regions: Americas Tire Operations and
     International Tire Operations
•    Internally organized across four business segments: North America,
     Latin America, Europe and Asia
•    More than 10,000 employees across four continents
•    Focus on replacement Passenger Car Radial (PCR), Light Truck (LT),
     SUV and Truck and Bus Radial (TBR) Tires, as well as a growing OE
     business in Asia
•    Cooper is in the middle innings of a business transformation
      –   Drive Topline Profitable Growth  Mix Enhancement and Investing in R&D,
          Technology and New Products
      –   Build Competitive Cost Position  Investing in Automation, Reduction in
          procurement spend and other operating improvements.
      –   Build Capabilities & Enablers to Support Strategy  Key investments in
          Cooper Production System (CPS), OE, TBR, ERP and Technical & Business
          Development

2
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Business Overview
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Our Value Proposition

                               Be Our
                         Customers' Best
                       Service/Value Supplier

        Great                Great              Great
       Products             Service             Value

4
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
2016 – A Year of Continued Execution

                                                      2014*          2015    2016**

                             Net Sales                 $2.9B         $3.0B   $2.9B

                        Operating Margin               8.8%          11.9%   13.1%

                           EPS (diluted)               $2.53         $3.69   $4.51

* 2014 Excluding divested JV entity in China (CCT)
** GAAP—includes $12.3 million non-cash pension settlement charge.

5
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Three Months Ended September 30

     Q3 2017 operating margin increased due to $39 million benefit
     from lower product liability costs, but partially offset by higher
     raw material costs and lower unit volumes.
                                   Q3 2016    Q3 2017

                   Net Sales       $750.9M    $733.8M

                Operating Margin    10.4%      13.8%

                 EPS (diluted)      $0.90       $1.18

6
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Nine Months Ended September 30

 2017 performance reflects continued challenges in the tire industry, including
 raw material cost variability, weak trends in retail sell‐out to consumers,
 elevated channel inventory and a fluid promotional landscape. Full year 2017
 operating margin expected to be near the high end of our previously
 announced 8 to 10 percent range.
                                   9 Months      9 Months
                                    Ended         Ended
                                  September     September
                                   30, 2016      30, 2017

                    Net Sales      $2,141M       $2,098M
                    Operating
                     Margin
                                    13.0%         10.7%
                  EPS (diluted)     $3.23         $2.59
  Tax Reform:
  • Lower statutory tax rates will benefit Cooper beginning in 2018
  • Impact of tax reform on 2017 not yet quantified
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Macro-Economic Environment
Deutsche Bank Global Auto Industry Conference - January 17, 2018 Ginger Jones, Senior VP & Chief Financial Officer Tom Lause, VP & Treasurer ...
Global Tire Demand Continues Positive Trajectory
          China Leads Overall Market Growth
                        China                            U.S. & Canada                        Western Europe                                  Latin America
          500
                                     438
                                                                       1.0%
          400             7.3%
                                                                               365                            1.4%
                                    36%                         348                                                  339
                           308                         310                                    319      317
                                                                              20%
M units

          300                                                   20%                                                  22%
                                                       15%                                    22%      22%
                 234       40%
                                                                                                                                                               4.2%
          200                                                                                                                                                            168
                 42%
                                                                              80%                                                                         137            26%
                                    64%                85%      80%                                                  78%                   121
                                                                                              78%      78%                                                25%
          100              60%                                                                                                             29%
                 58%                                                                                                                                                     74%
                                                                                                                                           71%            75%
           0
                 2010     2015      2020E              2010     2015          2020E           2010     2015          2020E                 2010          2015           2020E

          • Robust overall market growth         • Conservative market growth           • Moderate overall market growth         • Solid overall market growth
                                                   estimate                                                                      • Replacement makes up 75% of
          • OE makes up 40% of total demand                                             • Replacement makes up 78% of
                                                 • Replacement makes up 80% of            volume                                   volume
          • Replacement growing faster
                                                   volume                                                                        • OE growing faster than
                                                 • OE and Replacement growing at                                                   Replacement due to increase in
                                                   similar rate                                                                    new vehicle sales

                                              Projected Market Growth                 Original Equipment                     Replacement
                           OE
                           Replacement        China                                          5%                                    9%
                                              U.S. & Canada                                  1%                                    1%
                        PCR, LT, and TBR      Western Europe                                 2%                                    1%
                                              Latin America                                  5%                                    4%
                                                                                                                             Source: LMC Data (Mar, 2017), RMA (Mar, 2017), TRAC (Mar, 2017)

 9
US Industry Trend Toward Larger Rim Diameters
Historical US OE Tires fitted to New Cars by Size                              Projected US Replacement Tire Demand by Size Forecast
100%                                                                           100%
                                                                22%
 80%                                          34%                              80%                                                              39%
                                                                                                                                      51%
                             59%
                                                                                                                           69%
 60%                                                                           60%                          84%
           94%                                                         < 17"                 99%                                                       < 17"
 40%                                                            78%    ≥ 17"   40%                                                                     ≥ 17"
                                              66%                                                                                               61%
                                                                                                                                      49%
 20%                         41%                                               20%
                                                                                                                           31%
                                                                                               1%           16%
  0%        6%                                                                  0%
           2000             2005             2010               2015                         2000           2005          2010        2015     2020E

Examples of tires fitted to top 5 US passenger & light truck                   2017* USTMA Industry vs Cooper
models                                                                         100%

                                                                               80%                44%                      46%
                                                                                                                                             56%
                                                                               60%
                                                                                                                                                       < 17"
                                                                               40%                                                                     ≥ 17"
                                                                                                  56%                      54%
                                                                               20%                                                           44%

                                                                                0%
                                                                                                Industry               Cooper Brand      Cooper Tire
                                                                                      * YTD as of September 30, 2017

       Source: USTMA, IHS, Equity Research, Internal Analysis

 10
Global P/LT HVA Tire Supply & Demand to Remain Balanced
 Through 2020, Supporting Stable Pricing Environment
 Units in Millions

                     Capacity      Demand
                                                                                                                                             Capacity       Demand
                     Additions    Increases
                                                                                                                                             Additions     Increases
     HVA             41           13
                                                                                                                             HVA            18             39

                                                                                                                                             Capacity       Demand
                             Capacity      Demand
                                                                                                                                             Additions     Increases
                             Additions    Increases
                                                                                                                             HVA            51             46
            HVA             6             10

 Within our estimates we take into account known                                   Total Capacity    Total Demand
 capacity conversions from low‐value add (LVA) tires                                 Additions         Increases
 to high‐value add (HVA) tires, which we believe
 convert at roughly two‐thirds previous capacity.             HVA                  115              108

                     ‐ Goldman Sachs Research, May 2015

 We find no material change in our view that HVA tire supply/demand will                       With this report, we conclude: net additional capacity stays under
 remain balanced in the near term and sustain above‐90% capacity utilization                   control and plants‘ Capacity Utilization Rate (CUR) should stay at a
 rates. That said, there are some regional differences. However, we do not                     high level during the next few years.
 expect to see material impact to pricing so long as demand continues to grow.
                                                                                               ‐ Deutsche Bank Research, September 2016
                                          ‐ Goldman Sachs Research, January 2016

     • Global HVA capacity still below global HVA demand
     • Continued trend toward HVA consumes some existing production capacity
     • Capacity still well-balanced globally, although capacity is shifting between regions (more additions in NA)

        Source: Goldman Sachs Equity Research
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Cooper’s Raw Material Price Index

                          Raw Material Price Index – The Americas 2002-2017
     300

     250

     200

     150

     100
                                                                                      Q3 2017 Average = 150.2
      50

      0

           Raw materials began increasing in second half of 2016:
               • Cooper’s global operational structure centered around succeeding within an increasingly
                 competitive environment
               • Cooper’s pricing posture market-facing to remain competitive

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Transformation
In the Middle Innings of a Strategic Transformation

            Phase I (Progress to date)                          Phase II (Medium-term)               Phase III (Long-term)

Improve Manufacturing Cost Base and Footprint:      Drive mix and margin enhancement:                $5-6B in net sales
    • Opened, acquired and grew plants in Mexico,       • Continue transition to HVA/premium brand
      China and Serbia                                     products in North America
    • Invested in automation                            • New product launches
    • Reduced product complexity                    Achieve 8% – 10% OP Margin

Enhance Technical Capabilities:                     Continue global expansion in key target          10+% operating
    • Relocated and expanded Asia Technical         markets through established footprint:           margin on a
      Center                                            • Leverage LATAM footprint to grow in region consistent basis
    • Established Global Technical Center               • Organic and inorganic growth in China
    • Reduced product development cycle time            • Continue to grow China OE
    • Penetrate OE, TBR and premium PCR                 • Leverage Serbia for growth in Europe
      segments

                                                    • Continued focus on plant optimization and cost management across
                                                      the global footprint

14
Strong and Expanding Global Manufacturing Footprint

     • January, 2016
       signed
       agreement to
       acquire 65%
       ownership of
       GRT
     • Adds TBR
       capacity in
       China for global
       markets
     • Site will
       ultimately
       produce
       approximately
       2.0 million TBR
       tires annually
     • Transaction
       closed Dec. 1,
       2016

15
Investment in R&D and Technology
 New Product Launches

                                                           •    Reduced product development cycle time to launch new products at a faster
     Emphasis on Investing in R&D and                           pace
       Technology = Award Winning                          •    Relocated and expanded Asia technical center and refocused R&D agenda
     Products and Increased Technical                           on market needs
               Capabilities                                •    Built technical capabilities to penetrate and win in OE, TBR, and premium
                                                                PCR segments

                                                                                                                      The Cooper Zeon RS3‐G1 is an exciting new all‐
                                                                                                                      season passenger car tire for high performance
The Cooper Discoverer SRX and                              The Cooper Zeon ECO C1 was                                 vehicles and drivers. Alongside a sleek race‐
Discoverer A/TW received                                   awarded the “Best Energy Saving Tire                       inspired sidewall, the tire’s tread compound
                                                           for 2016” at the Auto Magazine and
“recommended buy” from                                     A Car awards ceremony.                                     and design deliver a host of leading innovative
Consumer Reports                                           December 2015                                              features to create grip, stability and durability.
April 2015                                                                                                            The product has been given the name G1
                         Recommended                                                                                  because it holds up to 1g on corners! The G1
                         by another                                                                                   was named a 2016 GOOD DESIGN™ Award
                         leading                                                                                      winner December 2016.
                         consumer
                         magazine                                                                                             The Cooper Discoverer STT Pro &
                                                                                                                              Cooper Discoverer SRX tires won the
                                                                                                                              2015 GOOD DESIGN™ Award from the
                                                                                                                              Chicago Museum of Architecture and
                                         The Discoverer A/TW                                                                  Design and the European Centre for
                                         received Innovator of the                                                            Architecture Art Design and Urban
                                         Year award from Canadian                                                             Studies.
 Cooper Zeon RS3‐A a                     Tire.                                                                                December 2015
 Consumers Digest Best                   September 2015
 Buy … again!
 January 2015

 Cooper Zeon 4XS Sport
 received ADAC top rating as
                                       Vendor Innovation                  The Cooper Discoverer UTS & Cooper
 with exceptional wet and dry
                                            Award                         Weather Master Ice 100 tires won the 2015
 performance
                                                                          GOOD DESIGN™ Award December 2015
 February 2017

16
Exciting New Product Developments

The Start of an Evolution…New Evolution Product Line
• Recently launched Tour, H/T and Winter tires
• New mid‐range line complements top‐tier Discoverer
  products in the Cooper portfolio
• Offers consumers choice in the Cooper brand

                                 Cooper Zeon CS8 Selected as OE Fitment for
                                 Volkswagen T‐Roc in Europe
                                 • Cooper’s first OE fitment for VW
                                 • Tire designed by Cooper’s global OE
                                    development team, in collaboration with
                                    VW, for this new compact SUV

 Discoverer True North
 • Includes our latest technology and premium features that can only be
    found in the Discoverer line
 • Developed with the input and insight of experienced winter drivers
 • Doesn’t give up touring tire responsiveness for great winter grip
Financial Strength and
Returning Value to Shareholders
Strong Balance Sheet Provides Financial Flexibility

                                                                                                     Ample Financing Flexibility

                            Healthy Balance Sheet

        Cash and cash equivalents ($M)                                                                         $400M
                                                                                                            Cash flow facility

       400
                                                +11%
                                                                                                               $150M
                                                                                                           Accounts receivable
                                                                        258                               securitization program
                                233
       200
                              Q1 '09                                  Q3 '17                              Credit lines at Global
                                                                                                              Operations
        Debt/ EBITDA1
       2.0
                    1.5
       1.5                                                                                 -0.9

       1.0                                                                                        Recent Credit Rating Upgrades
                                                                       0.6
       0.5
       0.0
                              2009                                   2016                                    Moody’s to Ba3
        1. Debt is short-term debt, current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt
                                                                                                               S&P to BB

19
Balanced Approach to Capital Allocation

       ROIC1                                  Weighted Average ROIC = 16%                                                                     CapEx            M&A        Share Repurchases   Dividend

      25%

                                                                                                                                                                                                  $23
      20%                                                                                                                                                          $26
                                                                                                                                                                                    $24           $108
      15%
                                                                                                                                                                   $200            $109
                                                                                                                                                                                                  $86
      10%
                                                                       22%                                                               $27
                                                                                                       18%     19%
                      16%             17%
                                                       12%                                    13%
         5%                                                                            11%                                              $180                                       $183           $175
                                                                                                                                                                   $145
         0%
                      2009            2010             2011             2012           2013   2014     2015    2016                     2013                       2014            2015           2016
                                                                                                                                Numbers in graph in millions
    1.Return on Invested Capital, including non-controlling equity.
      Non-GAAP Measure: refer to appendix for definition and reconciliation to GAAP.

                       Investing for Growth                                                                     Dividend                                                     Share Repurchases
                                                                                                                                                               •   Completed $487 million in share
•     Capital to support organic growth and
                                                                                                                                                                   repurchases from August 2014 through
      margin improvement - plant optimization and                                             •   Announced 183rd consecutive dividend
                                                                                                                                                                   September, 30 2017 (approximately 22% of
      operational efficiency                                                                      payable on December 29, 2017
                                                                                                                                                                   outstanding).
•     Track record of efficiently deploying capital                                           •   Continued commitment to quarterly dividend
                                                                                                                                                               •   Authorized for $300 million through
      to return value to shareholders
                                                                                                                                                                   December 31, 2019

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Why Invest in Cooper?

                                       •   Nearly 200 years of combined auto/tire industry experience
     Experienced Management Team
                                       •   Generating strong total shareholder returns relative to peers
       with Proven Track Record

                                       •   Positive outlook for global tire demand – CAGR approximately 3.5%
                                       •   Majority of Cooper’s growth led by emerging markets, particularly China and
     Macro Environment Supportive          Latin America
     of Strategic Growth Objectives    •   Continued demand shift to higher value/higher margin products
                                       •   Balanced supply and demand, with stable pricing in NA market in recent
                                           years

                                       •   Focus on replacement tires in the U.S.
                                       •   Capacity additions and manufacturing upgrades make for strong
       Middle Innings of Exciting
                                           manufacturing footprint that Cooper is able to leverage globally
            Transformation
                                       •   New product development, shift to premium/HVA products in key
                                           markets enhance topline performance

                                       •   Strong balance sheet, with $258 million in cash and cash equivalents as of
                                           September 30, 2017, and low debt profile provide financial flexibility to
     Financial Strength/Discipline &       pursue growth opportunities
        Commitment to Returning
                                       •   Disciplined management team is a good steward of capital - ROIC
         Value to Shareholders
                                           average 16% over past eight years
                                       •   Company committed to dividend and share repurchase

21
Financial Performance
 Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

     (millions USD, except EPS)

                                                                                                       Change
                                                                                                     from Prior
      Net Sales by Segment                               Q3 2017              Q3 2016                   Year
       Americas Tire                                   $      625           $      673                   (7.0%)
       International Tire                                     163                  113                    44.8%
       Eliminations                                           (55)                 (35)                 (59.1%)
         Total Company                                 $      734           $      751                   (2.3%)

      Operating Profit by Segment                                    OP %                 OP %
       Americas Tire                                   $      117    18.8   $      102    15.1   $          15
       International Tire                                        1    0.4             3    2.9              (2)
       Corporate                                              (16)                 (26)                     10
       Eliminations                                            (1)                  —                       (1)
         Total Company                                 $      101    13.8   $       78    10.4   $          23

      Earnings Per Share (diluted)                     $      1.18          $     0.90           $         0.28

      Cash and Cash Equivalents                        $      258           $      450           $        (192)
     Amounts are unaudited and may not add due to rounding.

22
Risk Factors
     It is possible that actual results may differ materially from projections or expectations due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to:
     •      volatility in raw material and energy prices, including those of rubber, steel, petroleum based products and natural gas or the unavailability of such raw materials or energy sources;
     •       the failure of the company’s suppliers to timely deliver products in accordance with contract specifications;
     •      changes to tariffs or the imposition of new tariffs or trade restrictions, including changes related to the anti-dumping and countervailing duties for passenger car and light truck tires
            imported into the United States from China; and any duties from the investigation into truck and bus tires imported into the United States from China
     •      changes in economic and business conditions in the world;
     •      increased competitive activity including actions by larger competitors or lower-cost producers;
     •      the failure to achieve expected sales levels;
     •      changes in the company’s customer relationships, including loss of particular business for competitive or other reasons;
     •      the ultimate outcome of litigation brought against the company, product liability claims, which could result in commitment of significant resources and time to defend and possible
            material damages against the company or other unfavorable outcomes;
     •      a disruption in, or failure of, the company’s information technology systems, including those related to cyber security, could adversely affect the company’s business operations and
            financial performance;
     •      changes in pension expense and/or funding resulting from investment performance of the company’s pension plan assets and changes in discount rate, and expected return on plan
            assets assumptions, or changes to related accounting regulations;
     •      government regulatory and legislative initiatives including environmental, healthcare and tax matters;
     •      volatility in the capital and financial markets or changes to the credit markets and/or access to those markets;
     •      a variety of factors, including market conditions, may affect the actual amount expended on stock repurchases; the company’s ability to consummate stock repurchases; changes in
            the company’s results of operations or financial conditions or strategic priorities may lead to a modification, suspension or cancellation of stock repurchases, which may occur at any
            time;
     •      changes in interest or foreign exchange rates;
     •      an adverse change in the company’s credit ratings, which could increase borrowing costs and/or hamper access to the credit markets;
     •      failure to implement information technologies or related systems, including failure by the company to successfully implement an ERP system;
     •      the risks associated with doing business outside of the United States;
     •      the failure to develop technologies, processes or products needed to support consumer demand;
     •      technology advancements;
     •      the inability to recover the costs to develop and test new products or processes;
     •      the impact of labor problems, including labor disruptions at the company, its joint ventures, or at one or more of its large customers or suppliers;
     •      failure to attract or retain key personnel;
     •      consolidation among the company’s competitors or customers;
     •      inaccurate assumptions used in developing the company’s strategic plan or operating plans or the inability or failure to successfully implement such plans;
     •      risks relating to acquisitions including the failure to successfully integrate them into operations or their related financings may impact liquidity and capital resources;
     •      changes in the company’s relationship with its joint-venture partners or suppliers, including any changes with respect to its former CCT joint venture’s production of Cooper-branded
            products;
     •      the ability to find sufficient alternative sources for products supplied by CCT;
     •      the inability to obtain and maintain price increases to offset higher production or material costs;
     •      inability to adequately protect the company’s intellectual property rights; and
     •      inability to use deferred tax assets.

23
Available Information

     You can find Cooper Tire on the web at coopertire.com. Our company webcasts earnings calls and presentations
     from certain events that we participate in or host on the investor relations portion of our website
     (http://coopertire.com/investors.aspx). In addition, we also make available a variety of other information for
     investors on the site. Our goal is to maintain the investor relations portion of the website as a portal through
     which investors can easily find or navigate to pertinent information about Cooper Tire, including:
             •  Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any
                amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material or
                furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”);
             •  Information on our business strategies, financial results and selected key performance indicators;
             •  Announcements of our participation at investor conferences and other events;
             •  Press releases on quarterly earnings, product and service announcements and legal developments;
             •  Corporate governance information; and,
             •  Other news and announcements that we may post from time to time that investors may find relevant.

     The content of our website is not intended to be incorporated by reference into this presentation or in any report
     or document we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any references to our website are intended to be inactive
     textual references only.

24
Appendix
Non-GAAP Measures

     Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for,
     net earnings, earnings per share, total debt or other financial measures prepared in
     accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The company’s
     methods of determining these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from the methods
     used by other companies for these or similar non-GAAP financial measures. Accordingly,
     these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to measures used by other
     companies.

     Pursuant to the requirements of SEC Regulation G, detailed reconciliations between the
     Company’s GAAP and non-GAAP financial results were posted by incorporation within the
     appendix to this presentation. Investors are advised to carefully review and consider this
     information as well as the GAAP financial results that are disclosed in the company’s
     earnings releases and annual and quarterly SEC filings.

26
Non-GAAP Measures

                                              Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
     Management is using non-GAAP financial measures in this document because it considers them to be important
     supplemental measures of the company’s performance. Management also believes that these non-GAAP financial
     measures provide additional insight for analysts and investors in evaluating the company’s financial and operating
     performance.

     The company defines ROIC as the trailing four quarters’ net income from continuing operations before interest, after
     tax, divided by the total invested capital, which is the average of ending debt and equity for the last five quarters. The
     company believes ROIC is a useful measure of how effectively the company uses capital to generate profits.

                             Calculation of Return on Invested Capital October 1, 2016 –
                                                 September 30, 2017

                             Operating profit                                    $ 330
                             Effective tax rate                                    31.6%

                             Income tax expense on operating profit                  104
                             Operating profit after taxes                        $ 226

                             Total invested capital                              $ 1,485

                             Return on invested capital                              15.2%

27
Non-GAAP Measures

                        Calculation of Trailing Four Quarter Income and Expense Inputs
      (millions USD)

                                            Operating             Provision for          Income before
                    Quarter-ended:           profit               income taxes            income taxes
                September 30, 2017    $             101 $                      32 $                   95
                     June 30, 2017    $               75 $                     22 $                   68
                    March 31, 2017                    49                       13                     42
                December 31, 2016                   105                        29                    100
                              Total    $            330 $                      97 $                  305

                                Trailing Four Quarter Effective Tax Rate

                                 Income before income taxes         $        305
                                   Provision for income taxes                 97

                                      Effective income tax rate              31.6%

28
Non-GAAP Measures

                          Calculation of Total Invested Capital Trailing Five Quarters

     (millions USD)                                            Current
                                                              Portion of           Short-term        Total
                                               Long-term      Long-term              Notes         Invested
                                 Equity          Debt           Debt                Payable         Capital
       September 30, 2017 $          1,232 $         296 $                 1   $            36 $        1,566
               June 30, 2017 $       1,193 $         296 $                 2   $            38 $        1,529
             March 31, 2017          1,156           297                   1                15          1,469
        December 31, 2016            1,130           297                   2                26          1,456
       September 30, 2016            1,097           296                   1                12          1,405
           Average Balance $         1,162 $         296 $                 1 $              26 $        1,485

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