Effect of Covid-19 related Stress on Marital Quality during Covid-19 Pandemic
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Psychological Research and Intervention, 4(1), 2021, 9-18
Available online at: http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/pri
Effect of Covid-19 related Stress on Marital Quality during
Covid-19 Pandemic
Ni Nyoman Budiartini
Department of Psychology, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta;
Jl. Colombo No.1 Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55281
itsdiartini@gmail.com
Abstract
This research aimed to understand the effect of stress during the pandemic on marital quality in
Bali. This research used a quantitative approach. Subjects involved in this research were 242 people
who had been married for at least five years, with intact family conditions, and lived in Denpasar
City, Bali. The instruments in this research were the COVID Stress Scale from Taylor (2020) and
the Marital Quality scale arranged by Nurhayati (2017). The validity of this research used content
validity by expert judgment. Reliability in the scale of this research used the Cronbach Alpha
reliability coefficient. The COVID stress variable has a reliability of 0.934, while the variable of
marital quality has a reliability of 0.889. As for the data analysis, descriptive analysis and simple
linear regression analysis were used. Based on the data analysis, the regression coefficient was 0.028
and sig. 0.307, with the value of R square = 0.004. The results showed that COVID stress does not
affect the marital quality in Bali.
Keywords: marital quality, stress, COVID-19 pandemic
______________________________________________________________________
Introduction
According to Indonesian statute no. 1 partner, such as (workplace or family
1974, marriage is a bond between a man and environment) if not appropriately resolved,
a woman as husband and wife to form a can cause stress. High levels of stress in a
happy and eternal family (household) based marital relationship and the absence of
on the One God. Getting married and then problem-solving sources of stress can affect
building a happy and whole family and an individual’s evaluation of the marriage
having healthy children is the dream of itself.
many people. The quality of marriage is a subjective
Marriage means uniting two evaluation of the relationship between
individuals with different characters, both husband and wife, high quality of marriage
of whom must accept all the good and bad is related to smooth communication, good
sides. They also have to be ready to go adjustment of the couple, a high level of
through the hardships and joys of life happiness and a high level of marital
together until the end of life (Oktarina, satisfaction with the husband and wife
Wijaya, & Demartoto, 2015). Domestic life household relationship (Herlanda, 2017).
does not always run smoothly because The quality of marriage is essential. The
sometimes there are conflicts that must be poor quality of a marriage not only gives
faced. Conflicts within the couple’s unhappiness to the partner or the closest
relationship or conflicts from outside the people involved in the marriage but can also
Copyright © 2021, The Author(s)
Psychological Research and Intervention
ISSN 2614-7041 (online) | ISSN 2614-0403 (printed)Effect of Covid-19 related Stress on Marital Quality
Ni Nyoman Budiartini
lead to decreased productivity, satisfaction (Randall & Bondenmann, 2009;
psychological disorders, interpersonal Randall & Bodenmann, 2017). The
conflicts or even divorce (Rahmah, pandemic is one of the external stressors for
Rahman, & Fitriah, 2017). couples and families, especially for those
Based on data summarized from the directly affected and get fatal consequences
Denpasar Population and Civil Registry (for example, those who contract the
Office and the Denpasar City Religious COVID-19 disease, become unemployed
Court, it was recorded that from 2015 to or experience financial losses). According
2019, the divorce rate in Denpasar City to Setiawan & Rahmat (2011), there is a
continued to increase. In 2015, the number significant relationship between
of legal divorce cases was 705 cases. Then socioeconomic status and stress levels in
in 2016, the number increased to 740 cases. young couples.
In 2017, divorce cases in Denpasar had In addition to having an impact on
recorded as many as 717 cases, and in 2018, financial stress, COVID-19 also impacts the
divorce cases in Denpasar again increased, psychological side. In their research, Zhang
which was recorded as many as 884 cases. & Ma (2020) stated that 52.1% of study
Meanwhile, from January to December 6 participants felt horrified and anxious
2019, the number of divorce cases recorded because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
at the Denpasar City Religious Court was Participants’ overall scores indicated the
504 (Widyaswara, 2019). impact of mild stress. One possible reason
Stress caused by financial conditions for this finding is that disease outbreaks
and stress, in general, can be associated with were not considered severe when the study
poor marital quality (Ellison, Henderson, was conducted. In addition, participants
Glenn, & Harkrider, 2011). Clayson & Frost may still be uninformed about the severity
(1984) found that low-stress blue-collar of the virus.
workers had significantly higher marital Research shows that significant life
satisfaction than high-stressed workers. In events cause psychological stress, notable
addition, the stress in everyday relationships events (such as a significant life change or
such as division of household tasks, death of a family member) are closely
different goals and annoying habits of related to illness (Kangxing et al., 2020).
spouses tend to affect marital COVID-19 has become a pandemic
communication and marital quality of disease, and now more than 6.66 million
couples (Ledermann, Bodenmann, Rudaz, patients are confirmed infected and have
& Bradbury, 2010) 402,855 deaths worldwide.
Randall & Bondenmann (2009) Both men and women who
divide stress into external stress and internal experienced changes in income due to
stress. Bondenmann (1995, 2005 in Randall disasters and had health complaints were
& Bondenmann 2009) and Story & associated with psychological stress.
Bradbury (2004, in Randall & Bondenmann Household income from sources other than
2009) state that external stress is the salary and rarely leaving home is associated
pressure outside the couple’s relationship. with psychological stress in women. In
This mainly includes interactions between contrast, young age, unemployment or job
partners and their social environment, seeker status, and no informational support
which can indirectly affect the relationship, are associated with psychological stress in
widespread stress between partners, and men (Ishiguro et al., 2019).
stresses on partners, such as arguments and The COVID-19 pandemic as an
conflicts. external stressor can be a threat to family
High levels of external stress are resilience. Walsh (1996 in Uyun 2020)
associated with low levels of relationship defines family resilience as the ability of the
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family to adapt and survive dynamically Aspects of psychological resilience
changing conditions and have a positive include the ability to overcome non-
attitude towards existing challenges. physical problems, control emotions
Uyun (2020) states three aspects of positively, positive self-concept, and
family resilience: physical resilience, social concern among family members (Uyun,
resilience, and psychological resilience. The 2020). Uncontrolled changes such as
aspect of physical resilience is related to the decreased income can affect individual
fulfilment of human physical needs such as emotional control. Individuals who have
food, clothing, housing and health. Losing low emotional control tend to vent their
a job or decreasing income during the anger on their partners in the form of verbal
pandemic will significantly affect the and physical violence. Conditions like this
fulfilment of basic needs and family health. can cause stress to children and partners
In addition, it can cause family stability to (Safitri, 2020).
be disturbed. Losing a job can be The non-fulfilment of the three
emotionally exhausting, especially when aspects of family resilience during the
things are full of uncertainty that can cause pandemic can be a burden that causes stress
stress (Uyun, 2020). According to Child and to family members and possibly causes the
Family Psychologist Anna Surti Ariani, it quality of marriages to be low. The
will affect all other family members when pandemic causes many changes in people’s
one family member is sick during this lives in various aspects that also affect
pandemic. The impact can be stress that family life. This study was conducted to find
results in anger in a spouse or child. Such out the effect of stress on marriage quality
circumstances can make the family situation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
uncomfortable (Kurniawan, 2020).
Aspects of social resilience are related Methods
to relationships between individuals
oriented to religious values, effective Participants
communication and high commitment in This study took a sample of 242
the family (Uyun, 2020). Pusparini (in married people in Denpasar, consisting of
Safitri, 2020) stated that during the 115 men and 127 women. With age
COVID-19 pandemic, there was an distribution as follows: 21-30 years old = 32
increase in domestic violence (KDRT). One people (13%); 31-40 years old = 79 people
reason is that family members meet too (33%); 41-50 years old = 72 people (30%);
often, and the lack of positive 51-60 years old = 55 people (23 %); 60+
communication between family members, years = 4 people (2%). Distribution based
making them vulnerable to conflict. on the age of marriage as follows: 5-10 years
Takariawan (in Husna, 2020) said that the = 83 people (34%); 11-20 years = 70 people
family had maintained a balance with time (29%); 21-30 = 67 people (28%); 31-40
of togetherness and time of separateness so years = 22 people (9%).
far. These two times form harmony in the
family, but the pandemic makes family Data Collection and Instruments
members spend more time at home to The data collection technique chosen
reduce separation (separateness). Pusparini to find data in this study is a questionnaire.
said that many families encounter conflict Data collection uses the Marriage Quality
when they are together too often, even Scale, consisting of 32 statements and the
though, ideally, quarantine can strengthen COVID Stress Scale, which consists of 38
relations between family members (Safitri, statements.
2020). The validity test used in this study is
content validity by expert judgment. A trial
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was conducted on 242 married people in normality test of the data used the
Denpasar. Based on the item selection Kolmogorov-Sminorv formula with the
results, there were no items that needed to help of SPSS 24.0. The data can be said to
be dropped, so 38 items on the COVID be normally distributed if the significance
Stress Scale were obtained consisting of 5 value is greater than 0.05 (Setiawati, 2017).
dimensions, namely: danger and
contamination, Socioeconomic Linearity Test
consequences, xenophobia, compulsive A linearity test is used to determine
checking and reassurance-seeking, and the linearity of the data, namely, whether
traumatic stress symptoms about COVID- two variables have a linear relationship or
19. The Marriage Quality Scale consists of 2 not. The linearity test in this study uses the
dimensions, namely relations and welfare. help of IBM Statistics SPSS 24.0. Two
Sugiyono (2015) states that research variables can have a linear relationship if the
instruments can be reliable if the significance (Deviation for Linearity) is
instruments used to measure the same more than 0.05 (Purnomo, 2016).
object can produce the same data when Hypothesis testing
done repeatedly. Reliability test using Hypothesis testing in this study uses
Cronbach’s alpha formula. The results simple linear regression analysis. A simple
obtained for the reliability of the COVID linear regression analysis test aims to predict
Stress Scale of 0.934 and the Marriage the effect of one variable on another
Quality Scale of 0.899. variable (Setiawati, 2017).
Data Analysis Findings
The data were analyzed through 3-
steps: descriptive analysis, assumption The following are the results of the
check, and hypothesis testing. descriptive analysis in the form of
Descriptive Analysis categorization of COVID stress variables
Descriptive analysis is a data analysis and marital quality variables:
technique that aims to describe or describe
data (Setiawati, 2017). The categories of 1. COVID Stress Variables
data that have been collected will be Table 2. Categorization of COVID-19
converted into interval data using the Stress
formula: Categoy Frequency Percentage
Table 1. Categorization
Categoy Formula Very High 0 0%
Very High X > μ + 1,5σ High 130 54%
High μ + 0,5σ < X ≤ μ + 1,5σ
Medium 76 31%
Medium μ - 0,5σ < X ≤ μ + 0,5σ
Low μ - 1,5σ < X ≤ μ - 0,5σ Low 29 12%
Very Low X ≤ μ - 1,5σ Very Low 7 3%
μ: hypothetical mean
σ: standard deviation
Normality test
According to Setiawati (2017), the
normality test is a test of the data to be
analyzed, related to the distribution (spread)
in the form of a normal curve. The
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socioeconomic consequences do not
2. Marital Quality Variables affect the quality of marriage.
Table 3. Categorization of Marriage 3. The significance value of the
Quality xenophobia dimension is 0.755 (p >
Categoy Frequency Percentage 0.05). It can be concluded that
xenophobia does not affect the quality
Very High 241 99,6% of marriage.
High 1 0,4% 4. The significance value of the traumatic
stress symptoms dimension is 0.273 (p
Medium 0 0% > 0.05). It can be concluded that
Low 0 0% traumatic stress symptoms do not
affect the quality of marriage.
Very Low 0 0% 5. The significance value of the
compulsive checking and reassurance
seeking dimension was obtained at
Normality Test Results 0.102 (p > 0.05). It can be concluded
Based on the normality test results, that compulsive checking and
a significance value of 0.075 was obtained, reassurance seeking does not affect the
which was greater than 0.05. Following the quality of marriage.
decision-making basis for the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov normality test, it can be concluded Discussion
that the data in this study meet the
assumption of normality. The results of the descriptive
Linearity Test Results analysis showed that the stress felt by the
The significance value for the subject tended to be in the high category, as
COVID stress variable with the marital many as 130 people or 54%. During a
quality variable was 0.131, greater than 0.05 pandemic, many people exhibit fear and
or p > 0.05. Thus, it can be said that the anxiety-related stress responses, which
COVID stress variable and the quality of include: fear of infection, fear of coming
marriage have a linear relationship. into contact with objects or surfaces that
Hypothesis Test Results may be contaminated, fear of strangers who
The results of hypothesis testing may carry the infection, fear of the
using linear regression analysis showed a socioeconomic consequences of the
significance value (Sig.) of 0.307, greater pandemic, compulsive checking and seek
than 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that information about possible pandemic-
there is no effect of COVID stress (X) on related threats, and symptoms of pandemic-
marriage quality (Y). The results of the related traumatic stress (Taylor, 2020).
analysis of the COVID Stress dimension The results of the descriptive
with the quality of marriage are obtained as analysis showed that more than half of the
follows: population sample had stress levels in the
1. The significance value of the danger high category. These findings are similar to
and contamination fears dimension is studies from China showing nearly 35% of
0.758 (p > 0.05). It can be concluded the general population experienced
that danger and contamination fears do moderate to severe levels of stress or
not affect the quality of marriage. anxiety-related symptoms in response to
2. The significance value of the COVID-19 (Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al.,
dimension of fears about 2020). Another study in Italy showed that as
socioeconomic consequences is 0.401. many as 2012 (72.8%) respondents had
It can be concluded that fears about stress levels in the medium category, 404
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(14.6%) were in the high category, and 347 care. This teaching contains a philosophy so
(12.6%) were in the very high category that fellow humans can empathize with
(Mazza, 2020 ). other humans (Adhi, 2016). Tat Twam Asi
Subjects with high-stress levels tend teaches that as humans, we can love each
to feel worried about financial problems other or love other humans. This teaching
and worry if they or those closest to them implies that I am you and you are me, so
are infected with the virus. In line with treat others as you would like to be treated
Taylor’s research (2017), among various yourself. Couples who can empathize and
common causes of stress, financial love each other certainly have a high quality
difficulties are closely related to of marriage.
psychological stress in parents. The finding High levels of external stress are
of a high level of stress on the subject was associated with low levels of relationship
also caused by the weakening of the tourism satisfaction (Randall & Bondenmann, 2009;
sector due to decreased foreign tourist Randall & Bodenmann, 2017). Ellison et al.
arrivals, causing hotels and other tourist (2011) mention that financial conditions
attractions to lay off their employees. The and stress, in general, can be associated with
Bali Province Manpower and Mineral poor marital quality. However, there is an
Resources Office (Disnaker) said that until interesting finding in this study, namely that
April 19,124, people had been laid off, and although most of the respondents showed a
480 people had been laid off (Riza, 2020). high level of stress, it did not affect marriage
The descriptive analysis of marital quality. On the other hand, most of the
quality showed that almost all subjects had subjects’ marriage quality was in the very
a very high level of marital quality in the high category, 99.6%.
category of 239 people, or 99.6%. In their research, Yarber et al.
Meanwhile, in the high category, as many as (2020) found that although many
one people or 0.4%. Marriage quality is a individuals experienced stress due to the
subjective evaluation of a husband or wife pandemic, overall marital emotional
on the quality of their marriage, which can satisfaction remained the same. Most
be carried out on several aspects: closeness individuals report an increased sense of
and warmth of relationships, cooperation, teamwork and connection. Overall, more
respect, and welfare (Nurhayati, 2017). participants agreed that the pandemic had a
Referring to research conducted by positive impact on their marriage. 74% of
researchers, subjects who have very high participants agreed the pandemic
and high marital quality tend to have warm strengthened their marriage, and 82%
relationships, cooperate to face difficulties agreed it made them feel more committed
and respect each other. In addition, those to their marriage. 85% agree that the
who have a very high and high quality of pandemic helped them appreciate their
marriage also show gratitude for their partner more, helped them appreciate the
marriage, and they feel peaceful and good life they had before the pandemic and
comfortable living together with their brought their family together.
partner. The explanation for the findings in
The strong culture of each couple this study is that couples have good marital
may influence the high quality of marriage stress management. The management of
in Balinese society. The life of the Balinese marital stress is dyadic coping. Dyadic
people is very thick with the teachings or coping is a pattern of interaction between
moral values of Tat Twam Asi. Tat Twam Asi partners to cope with stressful situations
means you are me, and I am you, which (Bodenmann, 2005). Every marriage has
contains the principles: joy and sorrow, problems, and how a married couple solves
mutual love, mutual honing, and mutual problems contributes to the marriage
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quality. Couples who experience more international survey, Indonesia has the most
significant stress show a decrease in marital religious population (Damarjati, 2020). It is
happiness. However, problem-solving undeniable that Balinese people are very
experiences can increase resilience in the thick with religious activities, so that Bali is
face of subsequent stressors and affect one of the spiritual tourism destinations
marital adjustment (Neff & Broady, 2011). because tourists can see Balinese ritual
Research conducted by Levesque et activities almost every day (Budiasih, 2017).
al. (2014) mentions that dyadic coping Prayer, rituals and religious beliefs can help
influences marital satisfaction; namely, the a person cope when experiencing life’s
support from a partner will make stress because of hope and comfort
individuals more confident in dealing with (Rammohan, Rao & Subbakrishna, 2002 in
perceived stress to feel satisfaction in their Utami, 2012). Istiqomah & Mukhlis (2015)
marriage. In addition, Nugroho (2019) found that there was a relationship between
research also states that the more often religiosity and marital satisfaction. Couples
dyadic coping is carried out by one or both with a high level of religiosity will be more
partners, the higher the level of marital satisfied with their marriage (Istiqomah &
quality. The partner’s dyadic coping or Mukhlis, 2015). Most of the subjects in this
social support is significantly associated study felt grateful for their marriage to
with high marital quality (Bodenmann, maintain the quality of their marriage in the
2006). Bondenmann (2005) states that high category amidst the stress due to the
dyadic coping has two main objectives: pandemic.
reducing the stress of each partner and Free time spent with a partner helps
improving the quality of a relationship. increase closeness and intimacy (Fowers &
In addition, the communication Olson in Hepi Wahyuningsih, 2007).
factor also plays a role in producing a quality According to Johnson (2005), there are
marriage. Communication in marriage has many different reasons why couples do or
long been found to be a factor that affects do not participate in leisure activities
the quality of marriage (Fowers, 1998 in together. Work problems can also be
Nurhayati, 2019). Communication is an considered a barrier to joint activities.
essential aspect in relationships to build During the pandemic, many people are laid
positive and close relationships (Fowers & off from work to have more free time to
Olson in Alkhusna & Wahyuningsih 2007). spend with their partners. Shared leisure
There is moral teaching in Balinese time is an essential component of marital
society called Tri Kaya Parisudha, which satisfaction between couples. Free time
means that humans can think, say and act allows them to develop common interests
well. Thus, in communicating with other and provides opportunities for healthy
individuals, it is expected to say good things communication and spending quality time
to create harmony with others (Sentana, together (Sharaievska, Kim, & Stodolska,
2017). Dewi & Sudhana (2013) mention 2013)
that effective communication between Couples who have been in a
husband and wife makes interpersonal relationship longer and older tend to have
relationships good to realize harmony in lower levels of conflict (Kamp Dush &
marriage. Couples who apply Tri Kaya Taylor, 2012) and manage conflict more
Parisudha’s ethical teachings, especially in constructive way than younger couples
saying good, are more likely to find (Birditt et al., 2010). Subjects in this study
harmony in their marriage. had a marriage age of more than or equal to
In addition, there are factors of 5 years, sufficient time for marriage
spirituality and religiosity that affect the adjustment. In the first five years of
level of quality of marriage. According to an marriage, individual adjustments and
Copyright © 2021, The Author(s)
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ISSN 2614-7041 (online) | ISSN 2614-0403 (printed)Effect of Covid-19 related Stress on Marital Quality
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expectations before marriage will be tested, Riset Inovatif (Senari) Ke-4 Tahun
and couples will also learn ways to deal with 2016
crises or conflicts (Kendhawati & Purba, AlKhusna & Wahyuningsih, H. (2007).
2019). Individuals may know more about Kualitas Perkawinan Individu yang
their partners through shared problem- Menikah tanpa Pacaran. Psikologika,
solving experiences, mainly how couples 24, 133-145
usually deal with marital problems and life Birditt, K. S., Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L., &
in general (Delatorre & Wagner, 2018). The McIlvane, J. M. (2010). Marital
length of marriage age in the subject may conflict behaviors and implications
help maintain marriage quality in the high for divorce over 16 years. Journal of
category when the situation is stressful. Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1188–
1204.doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.
Conclusion
00758.x
Based on the research results, it can Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., & Kayser, K.
be concluded that the COVID stress (2006). The Relationship Between
variable does not significantly affect the Dyadic Coping and Marital Quality: A
quality of marriage in married individuals in 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of
Bali. Therefore, although the stress variable Family Psychology, 20(3), 485-493.
in most subjects showed a high category, it 10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.485
did not affect the marital quality variable. Bodenmann, G., Revenson,T., & Kayser,
K. (Eds.). (2005). Couples Coping with
Suggestion Stress: Emerging Perspectives on Dyadic
Coping. Washington, DC: APA
Based on the research that has been
Budiasih, M. (2017). Pariwisata Spiritual di
done, the researcher has several suggestions Bali. IHDN, 70-80.
as follows:
1. For couples: implementing marital Clayson, D., & Frost, T. (1984). Impact of
stress management to maintain the Stress and Locus of Control on the
quality of marriage. Concept of Self. Psychological Reports,
2. For government institutions: (a) 55(3), 919–926.
Conduct counselling, seminars and doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.55.3.919
training classes for married couples and Damarjati, D. (2020). Survei 34 Negara:
prospective brides, (b) Expand the Orang Indonesia Paling Religius.
reach of mental health services by Detiknews. Retrieved from:
facilitating access, such as holding https://news.detik.com/berita/d-
teleconsultation. 5109802/survei-34-negara-orang-
indonesia-paling-religius?single=1
3. For future researchers: (a) Explore or Delatorre, M.Z., & Wagner, A. (2018).
explore other factors that may affect Marital Conflict Management of
the quality of marriage in Bali. (b) Married Men and Women. Psico-USF,
Expanding the range of respondents so 23(2), 229-240. doi: 10.1590/1413-
that the results obtained more 82712018230204
generalize to the population. Dewi, N. R., & Sudhana, H. (2013).
Hubungan Antara Komunikasi
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