Evaluation of Livestock Feed Nutritional Composition in Weliso District, South West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia
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Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences
ISSN: 2348-8069
www.ijarbs.com
DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG (USA) Volume 8, Issue 3 -2021
Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.03.006
Evaluation of Livestock Feed Nutritional Composition in Weliso
District, South West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia
1
Ararsa Derara* and 2Amanuel Bekuma
1
Department of Animal Production, Holeta Polytechnique College, Holeta, Ethiopia
2
Department of Animal Science, Mettu University, Bedele, Ethiopia
*Corresponding author email: ararsader@gmail.com
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate chemical composition of major livestock feed resources in Weliso district, south west Shoe
zone; which is, agro-ecologically classified into highland (60%) and midland(40%).The feeds samples used in this study were
collected from natural pastures, grasses and legumes, crop residues and major fodder trees and shrubs from bothagro-ecologies.
Discussions were held with focused group and key informants for vernacular name identification of major livestock feeds
followed by sampling. Then the nutritional composition (dry matter(DM), crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber (ADF),
neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ether extractor (EE), crude fiber (CF) and Ash) of available feed
resources were analyzed. The data were analyzed with the help of Statistical Analyzed Software (SAS) version 12.0. Native
pastures, crop residues and multi-purpose trees were the major livestock feed resources demonstrated great variations in
seasonality and chemical composition in the study area. The chemical composition contents of natural pastures in wet season was
significantly different at (PInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Introduction area. To this effect, comprehensive evaluation of the
types, quantity, quality, availability and alternative
Natural pastures and crop residues are the main feed uses of different feed resources is important tool to
resources in most developing counties. However, identify the feed resources and to facilitate the
cereal crop residues and poor quality natural pastures decision making process in livestock feed resource
cannot sustain effective animal production or even development under small holder conditions. Such
maintenance when fed alone because of their inherent information is valuable to diagnose the existing
nutrient deficiencies, low digestibility and limited problems and suggest intervention measures to be
intake capacity of animals for such bulky feeds. The taken by farmers and policy makers regarding feeds
quality and quantity of grasses available as feed are and feeding system of livestock. However, the study
low as a result of climatic conditions characterized by of chemical composition of major livestock feed
a relatively long dry season that alternates with a short resources in the study area has not been investigated
rainy season [1]. Feeds that contain more than 55% yet and their feeding value was largely unknown.
cell wall constituents, less than 7% crude protein (CP) Thus, this study was initiated with evaluating major
and low values of other nutrients may induce livestock feeds nutritional composition in Weliso
limitation in feed intake through nutrient deficiency district, west Shoa zone, central Ethiopia.
[2]. In general, the voluntary intake of cereal straws is
limited and hardly meets the maintenance Materials and Methods
requirements of animals. Low pasture quality and
limited availability of water impairs the productivity Description of the Study Area: The study was
of ruminant livestock especially when grazing is the carried out in Weliso district, south west Shoa zone
main feed resource. The growth rate and milk of Oromia regional state.The district is located at a
production performance of poorly fed animals is distance of 114km to south west of Addis Ababa,
generally low, which may not exceed 10% of the the capital city of the country. Astronomically, it is
animal’s genetic potential. Poor nutrition is also located at latitude and longitude of 08°25’ 56”N
responsible for incidences of high mortality rates in and 034°33’41”E. It has a total (41,581.5 hectares)
young animals (30-40% in calves, 50% in lambs and area of land and bounded by Dendi and Dawo
kids) and low fertility (60-66%) in adult females districts in the north; SadenSoddo and
(Rivière 1991 cited by [1]. Bechodistricts in the south east and east; Wonchi
district in the northwest and Gorodistrict in the
Thus, provision of supplementary feedstuffs would be west. It comprises 22 rural kebeles administrations
necessary to enhance the productivity of ruminants on and two towns, Weliso and Dilala [3].
crop residues and other poor quality roughages based
diets on smallholder mixed farms. Supplementation of
animals fed low quality roughages with small Agro ecologically, the district is classified into
quantities of high quality supplements could enhance highland (60%) and midland (40%); and receives the
productivity or at least avoid body weight loss during average annual rainfall of 1350mm which is in
critical feed shortage periods of the year. summer season from June to August. It receives the
maximum and minimum temperature of 27oC and
For optimum livestock productivity, the available 18.7oC, respectively. The area is located at altitude
livestock feed resourcesand their nutritive components ranges from 1500m to 2500 meter above sea level[3].
should match with the number of animals in a given
52Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Figure 1: Map of study area
same species and stored in sample bag until to
Collection of feeds sample: The District was analyze.
stratified in to two agro-ecological zones, high altitude
>2500 m.a.s.l, and mid altitude 1500–2500 m.a.s.l
[4].Then the feeds samples were collected in dry Chemical analysis offeeds: The various samples of
season from December to January; and in wet season feedstuffs collected were processed and subjected to
from August to September from both highland and proximate and detergent components following the
midland agro-ecologies. While identifying the official procedures indicated below at Animal
available feed resources, the households were Nutrition Laboratory and Post-Harvest Laboratory of
requested to rank the major livestock feeds such as Jimma University College of Veterinary Medicine.
natural pastures, crop residues, different fodder trees The samples were dried in an oven at 65oC for 72
and shrubs based on their palatability (preference by hours, and ground in Willey mill to pass through 1mm
livestock), dominance and their ability to maintain sieve and ground samples were kept in airtight
greenness. Based on the rank given, natural pastures containers pending analysis for chemical composition.
were randomly harvested from communal grazing, The grinded feed samples were analyzed for dry
private grazing, fallow land and roadside grazing from matter (DM) content after oven-dried at 105°C for 24
both agro-ecologies using 0.5 * 0.5m2 quadrates at mid hours [6]. Determination of the dry matter content of
growth stage. Then after removing non-edible parts, liquid feed resources (e.g.,Atela and other non-
the sub-samples feed were thoroughly mixed to make conventional ones) was followed similar procedures.
one composite sample and stored in sample bags. Then Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl
for identification and nomenclature, the feeds samples method [6]. Accordingly, crude protein was calculated
were pressed, labeled, dried and transported to the as 6.25 x N content. The conversion factor, 6.25 was
National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University. used for all forages and mixed feed stuffs, and 5.70 for
Identification of pasture and browse species was made cereal grains. Crude fiber (CF) was determined
following the flora of Ethiopia [5].The crop residue according to [6]. The percentage organic dry matter
samples were collected from different farm was calculated by reducing total ash from
households on their actual production calendar of 100%. Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) determination
crops, and make composite sub-samples by mixing the was followed [7] procedures.
53Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Acid-detergent fiber (ADF) was determined by the
detergent procedures of [6]. NDF was assayed without The variation in nutrient status of feeds was due to
a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of forage species and agro ecologies with different soil
residual ash. ADF was expressed without residual ash. fertilities. The present result was in agreement with the
ranges reported by[10] who reported the CP content of
Statistical Analysis: The chemical composition of natural pasture was 1.42% to 20.95% in southern
feeds were organized and analyzed with the help of Ethiopia. The present result of crude protein contents
Statistical Analyzed Software [8].Significant mean of forage grasses and legumes were moderate in
differences 5% between means was determined by nutritional qualities in the study area.
multiple comparisons using all Pairs, Tukey-Kramer
HSD procedure [9]. Then, the data collected from The NDF contents of natural pastures in wet season
laboratory analysis were analyzed using the following was significantly different at (pInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Table1:Chemical composition of major grasses and legumes in study district
Chemical composition (% DM)
Feedstuff DM (%) Ash OM EE CP CF NDF ADF NFE DCP (g/kg ME(MJ/
DM) kgDM)
High land
Pennisetumclandustinum 91.20bc 9.00a 82.2f 3.20bc 14.30b 59.50d 48.40d 45.20c 5.0d 9.70b 8.30e
Digitariaabyssinica 91.40ba 8.10b 83.3e 3.60a 14.70b 58.60d 47.07d 37.00e 6.40c 10.13b 11.00cb
Pennisetumsphocelatum 92.80a 5.20e 87.6b 2.80d 10.10e 67.90a 57.47a 50.40a 6.80c 5.86e 9.00d
Cymbopogon citrates DC. 91.80ba 5.00fe 86.8ba 2.30e 11.60e 59.40d 52.53c 51.30a 13.50b 7.25d 8.80ed
Pennisetumpurpureum 92.80a 5.20e 87.6b 2.80d 10.20e 67.90a 57.47a 50.40a 6.70c 5.90e 9.00d
Snowdinepolystarch 91.80ba 5.00fe 86.8ba 2.30e 11.60e 59.40d 52.53c 51.30a 13.50b 7.25e 8.80ed
Medicagoburweed 92.80a 5.20e 87.6b 2.80d 20.10a 67.90a 57.47a 50.40a 3.20e 15.15a 9.00d
Vignavexillata L. A. Rich. 89.30d 5.20fe 84.1ba 3.20bc 14.60b 33.90f 27.80e 28.10f 32.40a 10.04b 12.70a
Musa paradisiacal 92.70a 8.80a 83.9e 3.40ba 12.40c 65.20b 54.20b 50.10d 2.90e 8.00c 10.40c
CV 0.93 0.43 5.27 8.93 3.03 2.27 2.35 2.50 6.21 4.20 4.09
p-valueInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60 Chemical Composition of Feed Resources in dry haricot bean straw in North Gonder Zone, season: Chemical compositions and nutritive Ethiopia.Generally, [20] categorized roughages with values of the major crop residues in the study less than 40% ADF as high quality and those above areawere shown in Table 2. The dry matter (DM) 40% as low quality. Therefore, all crop residues of the content of all crop residues was above 90% in both study area were categorized as low quality roughages. agro ecologies of the study area. The present result was agreed with [13, 14]. The DM content of crop The energy contents and digestible crude protein of residues was significantly different at (p
Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Table2: Chemical composition of major crop residues in study district
Feedstuff Chemical composition (% DM)
DM (%) Ash OM EE CP CF NDF ADF NFE DCP ME
(g/kgDM) (MJ/kg DM)
High land
Teff straw 93.47cb 4.40e 89.07a 1.20cbd 4.43c 69.60a 57.80b 53.46b 13.84c 0.60c 8.89bc
Barley straw 92.53cbd 8.17b 84.36e 1.10d 4.09d 67.40ba 55.47c 52.76c 11.63d 0.28d 8.80dc
Wheat straw 93.67b 6.00c 87.67b 1.27cb 3.05d 70.07a 60.40a 57.76a 13.40c 0.15e 8.72dc
Maize stover 91.23d 5.13d 86.10b 1.17cd 4.47c 65.47b 55.07c 47.89e 15.00b 0.63c 9.42a
Sorghum stover 92.30cd 2.87f 89.43a 1.33b 5.98b 65.60b 54.33c 51.80de 16.52a 2.04b 9.08ba
Haricot bean 95.63a 10.17a 85.46f 3.53a 6.19a 70.53a 49.80d 51.90d 5.21e 2.23a 8.62d
CV 0.80 0.23 3.57 4.97 1.88 1.10 2.29 1.64 3.31 2.92 1.38
p-valueInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
Table 3: Chemical composition of major fodder trees and shrubs in study district
Chemical composition (% DM)
Feedstuff DM (%) Ash OM EE CP CF NDF ADF NFE DCP ME
(g/kg DM) (MJ/kg DM)
High land
RubusapetalusPoir 91.12bdc 8.50cd 82.62ef 1.17h 14.59d 41.28f 32.49d 32.73f 25.58a 10.12d 10.81e
ba c b b a fe d f c a
Vernonaiamygadalina 92.23 8.03 84.20 3.53 22.85 41.80 31.53 32.60 16.05 17.68 10.83e
Rhoicissus tridentate 91.46dc 9.00b 82.46ef 1.77g 17.80c 51.93bc 28.16e 44.27b 10.96d 13.11c 11.39c
f b g h d f c g a e
Cucumisficifolius A. 89.64 9.07 80.57 1.20 14.44 40.60 35.07 26.93 24.40 9.90 10.26g
ed cb gf f g c a d b h
Albiziagumifera 90.58 8.80 81.78 2.00 9.34 50.20 47.27 37.07 20.24 5.25 7.88i
ef ed e e f a g a d g
FicussurFossk 90.21 8.17 82.04 2.53 13.23 55.60 16.38 47.07 10.68 8.71 12.77a
f f c e b ba b a de b
Ficus ovate 89.82 6.20 83.62 2.40 18.38 53.67 38.80 47.60 9.17 13.65 9.17h
bc h a c c e f e ab c
Sapiumellipticum 91.78 3.17 88.61 3.23 17.80 43.87 24.11 34.40 23.71 13.11 11.57b
a g a a e c e b b f
Combertumpaniculatum 93.54 4.75 88.79 3.80 13.72 51.27 29.09 43.20 20.00 9.31 11.16d
bac a gf d h d c c bc i
Zehneriascara 92.00 10.17 81.83 2.70 8.90 47.20 34.02 41.27 23.03 4.75 10.60f
CV 0.48 0.22 2.80 3.47 1.00 1.92 2.52 2.32 3.61 0.56 0.83
p-valueInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(3): 51-60
The lowest NDF content observed for Cucumis Acknowledgments
ficifolius A. Rich (40.60%) andthe highest(55.60%)
was for Ficussur Fossk in high land and Myrsine The authors are greatly indebted to the Jimma
africanaL. (43.80%) was the lowest and Schefflera University for funding this research work and the
abyssinica(59.2%) was the highest observed in farming communities of thestudy area for their time
midland of the study area. The NDF values for the and their cooperation during this study. The staff of
current feeds analysis were comparable with that Jimma University Animal Nutrition Laboratory and
reported by [24] at the districts of Wolayta zone, Post-Harvest Laboratory is also highly appreciated for
southern Ethiopia. Similarly, the ADF content was their unreserved technical support during experimental
varied from 26.93% (Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich) to analysis.
47.6% (Ficusovata) in highland and 34.60% (Myrsine
africanaL.) to 52.67% (Schefflera
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DOI:10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.03.006
How to cite this article:
Ararsa Derara and Amanuel Bekuma. (2021). Evaluation of Livestock Feed Nutritional Composition in
Weliso District, South West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 8(3): 51-60.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.03.006
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