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Explosion In Halifax Harbour
December 6, 1917
Courtesy of M aritime M useu m of the Atlantic, H alifax, M P207.1.18 4/270 ,M90.61.15, 4045 9.tif
http://maritime.museum.gov.ns.ca
Materials From Halifax Public Libraries
www.halifaxpubliclibraries.caNON-FICTION: Christian Science War Time
Explosion in Activities, by the Christian Science
Am azing Medica l Stories, by W ar Relief Committee. Boston:
Halifax Harbour George Burden & Dorothy Grant, 79- Christian Science Publishing Society,
19__ .
December 6, 1917 84. Fredericton, N.B.: Goose Lane
Editions, 2003.
Cinders and Saltwater: The Story
INTRODUCTION: Au tobiography , by B enjam in of Atlantic C anada R ailwa ys, by
Russell, 264-273. Halifax: Royal Shirly E. Woods, 178-180. Halifax:
The morning of Tuesday, December Unable to contro l the blaz e, and fully Print an d Litho, 193 2. Nimbus, 1992.
6, 1917 dawned clear and aware of the dangerous cargo, the
unseasonably warm in Halifax. The Mont-Blanc crew abandoned ship, Behind the H eadlines! From M oose Crime W ave: Con Men, Rogues
harbour w as busier than usual, and the vessel drifted toward the River to S han gri-la, by R alph K elly and Scoundrels from Nova
teeming with ships whose schedules Rich mon d Pier o n the H alifax side. Mo rton, 15-17. Halifax: Nimbus, Scotia’s Pa st, by D ean Jobb, 57-66 .
were dictated by the commerce of Shortly after nine a.m., as hundreds 1986. Porter’s Lake: Pottersfield, 1991.
W orld War I. Halifax Harbour watched from the shoreline and from
served as a gathering point for ships windows, the Mont-Blanc exploded The Bicentennial of the Halifax Darkest Hours: The Great Book of
being escorted by convoy to Europe, in a ball of fury, laying waste two Fire Department: 1768-1968: 200 Worldwide Disasters From
and it was bustling with activity. and a half square miles of the city, Years of Firefighting, prepared by An cient T imes to the Present, by
killing close to 2,000, wounding Pearl Connelly, 22-26. Halifax: Jay Robert Nash, 227-228. New
Shortly before nine a.m., two ships 6,000, and leaving 25,000 hom eless. McC urdy Print, 1968. York: Pocket/Simon & Schuster,
began their opposing journeys in the Dartmouth’s north end, including the 1977.
harbour’s confines. The Mont- Mi’kma q com mun ity of Tu rtle “Big Bang Theories: Remembering
Blanc, a munitions ship loa ded with Grove, was also devastated. the H alifax E xplosion w ith Dartmouth’s Day of Anguish: The
close to three thousand tons of Townhouses and a TV M ovie,” by Explosion, Decem ber 6, 191 7, by
explosive material, was steaming Much has been written about the Robert Plo wm an, The Coa st. Harry Chapman . Dartm outh:
into the harbour while the Belgian Explosion, examining the October 23, 2003, 11-12. Dartmouth Museum Society, 1992.
relief ship, Imo, was approaching circumstances before and after the
the Narrows on its way out of collision. What follows is an Canadian Disasters, by René “The Day Halifax Blew Up”, by
Halifax. For reasons un known, both exten sive list of related m aterials Schmidt, 27-30. Richmon d Hill, Ont.: Kenneth MacGillivray in the In the
ships head ed for the sam e poin t in currently in the collection of Halifax Scholastic-TAB, 1985. Face of Disaster: True Stories of
the crow ded harb our and w ere Public Libraries. A brief description Canadian Heroes from the
unable to correct their positions in of othe r sources in the com mun ity is Catastrophe and Social Change, Archive s of M aclea ns, ed. by
time to avert disaster. The Imo also included. Also, an annotated list Based Upon a Sociological Study of Michael Benedict, 242-253.
collided with the Mont-Blanc. The of websites is available at the H alifax D isaster , by Samuel Toronto: Penguin Books, 2000.
collision spilled a num ber of b arrels www .halifaxpubliclibraries.ca . Henry Prince. New Y ork: n.p., 1920.
of benzol, and the leaking fuel “Death in Halifax,” by Edmund
caught fire. As the fire intensified, Christ Church, Dartmouth, Nova Gilligan. (An excerpt from Rea der’s
black smoke billowed skyward. Scotia: 181 7 to 19 59, by Charles Digest, condensed from The
W alter Bayer, 58-67. n.p.: 1960. Am erican Mercury, February
1938).December 6/The Halifax Solution: Final Report of the The Halifax C atastrophe: For ty “Halifax Explosion-A Great
An Alter native to N uclea r W ar, by M assach usetts-Halifax Health view s showing exte nt of dam age in Disaster- D ecember 6, 1917 .” In
Leslie Choyce. Porter’s Lake: Com mission with Ap pendices: Canad a’ historic city as the result M ore T ales T old U nder the O ld
Pottersfield, 1988. October 1919 to October 1929. of a terrific explosion on Town C lock, by W illiam C . Borre tt.
Halifax: The Commission, 1932. Thursd ay, D ecem ber 6, 191 7, Halifax: Imperial, 1943.
Devastated Halifax: Views of the which killed 1,500 men, women,
Greatest Disaster in the History of Four Years Work of the and children, injured 3,000 and “The Halifax Explosion and Going
the American Continent, Caused M assach usetts - Ha lifax Health rendered 6,000 homeless, causing to Sibe ria.” Cap e Breton’s
by the Explosion that Followed the Com mission : A Progress R eport, property dama ge of n early M agazine, Issue 34, 7-12.
Collision of the French Mun ition by B. Franklin Royer. Halifax: The $50,000,000. Halifax: Royal Print
Ship “Mont-Blanc” and the Commission, 1923. and Litho, 1917. The Halifax Explosion and the
Belgian R elief Sh ip “Im o” in Royal Canadian Navy: Inquiry
Halifax Harbour, December 6 th, “Garden City B lossoms,” by M ark Halifax, Cornerstone of Canada, and Intrigue, by Jo hn G riffith
1917. Halifax: G.E. Weir, 1917. Campb ell. East Coast Living. 4.2. by Joan M. Payzant, 136-138. Armstrong. Vancouver: U.B.C.
Halifax: Metro Guide Publishing, Burlington, Ont.: Windsor Press, 2002.
Disa ster C anada, by Janet Looker, 1997. Publications, 1985 .
232-240. Toronto: Lynx Images, The Halifax Explosion: December
2000. Great C anadian Disa sters, by Halifax, D ecem ber 6, 1917: A 6, 1917, compiled and edited by
Frank Rasky, 143-165. Toronto: Photo-Documentation of the Graham Metson. Toronto: McGraw-
Disa sters th at M ade Histo ry, by Longmans Green & Co., 1961. Ha lifax E xplosion, researched by Hill, Ryerson, 1978.
W ebb Garrison, 76-80. Nashville: Graham M etson. West Hou se
Abingdon, 1973. Great Halifax Explosion, Museum: Halifax, 1977. The Halifax Explosion: Surviving
December 6, 1917, by Joan the Blast that Shook a Nation, by
Edwardian Halifax: Postcard Horwood. St. John’s: Avalon, 1976. The Halifax D isaster , by Ernest Joyce Glasner. Canmore, AB:
Glim pses of an Era , 1900 -1920, by Fraser Robinson. St. Catherine’s, Altitude Publishing, 2003
Dan Soucoup, 78-81. Halifax: The Great International Disaster Ont.: Vanwell, 1987.
Nimbus, 1998. Book, by James Cornell, 229-231. “Halifax in Ruins: Streets Littered
New Y ork: Scribners, 1976. The Halifax E xplosion, by K ate with Dead; French Munition Boat
“The Explosion - A Child’s Story,” Carm en. Ottaw a: Canadian Library Collides in the Harbour with a
by Darren Brackley in Shunpiking. Grim Visions: Arthur Lismer and Association, 1981. Belgian Relief Ship and Blows Up;
December 1997, 5. the H alifax E xplosion, by Alan Tw o Spare M iles a Burning Ruin,”
Ruffman. Halifax: Mount Saint “The Halifax Explosion,” by in the Times Series (Times of
Explosion, Dec. 6, 1917: 75 Y ears: Vincent University Art Gallery, Charles B ruce F ergusson. Journal Halifax). Vol. 4, No . 2 ( 2002).
A Special Pro ject of th e Daily 1990. of Education. (February, 196 8):
New s. Dartmouth: Daily New s, 25-31. The Halifax Explosion: Realities
1992. Ground Zero: A Reassessment of and Myths, by Alan Ruffman.
the 1917 Explosion in Halifax “Halifax Explosion,” by Thomas H. Halifax: Geo-Marine A ssociates,
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December 6, 1917: The Salvation Colin D. How ell. Halifax: Nimbus, W ill R. Bird. Toronto: McC lelland
Army ’s Re lief Op eratio ns, by 1994. and Stewart, 1959. Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Great
Ralph Pilgrim. Halifax: n.p., 1994. Ha rbour, 14. Halifax: John
Halifax and Its People 1749-1999, “The Halifax Explosion,” by Evelyn Quinpool, 1941.
54-45. Halifax: Nimbus, 1999, 54- Rich ardso n. Nova Scotia Historical
56. Qu arter ly, 1977, 305.Halifax 09:06 December 6, 1917: Histo ric H alifax in Tales Told “The Inquiry into the Halifax Miracles and Mysteries: The
A Photo-Documentation of the Un der the O ld Town Clock, by Explosion of December 6, 1917: Halifax Explosion, December 6,
Ha lifax E xplosion. W est House W illiam C oates, 186-1 92. B orrett. Legal Aspects,” by Janet F. Kitz. 1917, by Mary Ann M onnon.
Museum: Halifax, 1977. Toronto: Ryerson, 1948. Journal of the R oyal Nova Scotia W indsor, N.S.: Lancelot, 1977.
Historica l Society, 2002 , 64-78 .
Ha lifax: W arden of the N orth, by History of Canadian Architecture, M ore H istory with a Tw ist, by
Thomas H. Raddall, 250-256. by Harold Kalman, 660. Vol. 2. Don “Just One Big Mess” the Halifax Bruce Nunn, 116-119. Halifax:
Toro nto: M cClelland and S tewart, Mills, Ontario: Ox ford, 19 94. Explosion, 1917 [video reco rding]. Nim bus, 2001.
1948. National Film Board of Canada, The Morning of Armageddon.
Hugh M acLennan: A W riter’s 1993. [video reco rding]. Star Screen
Halifax’s North End: An Life, by Elspeth Cameron. Toronto: Group; SMA D istribution , 1993 .
Anthropologist Looks at the City, University of Toronto Press, 1981. Like a W eaver’s S huttle: A
by Paul A. Erickson, 54-64. (Reminiscenc es though out.) History of the Halifax-Dartmo uth A Name for Himself: A Biography
Hantsport: Lancelot, 1986. Ferries, by Joan M. Payzant and of Thom as H ead Radda ll, by Joyce
“The Hydrostone’s He aven to M e,” Lewis J. Payzant, 144-147. Halifax: Barkhouse, 1-7. Toronto: Irwin,
Halifax’s Other Hill: Fort by B arbara Fuller. Halifax Nimbus, 1979. 1986.
Needham from Earliest T imes, by Magazine. Halifax: Jan 1982, 44.
Paul A. Erickson, 26-34. Halifax: The Little Dutch V illage: H istoric “Names of the Identified Dead in the
Dept. of Anthropology, Saint In M y Time: A M em oir, by Halifax West, Armdale, Fairview, Explosion at Halifax, 6 December
Mary’s University, 1984. Thomas H. Raddall, 30-41. Toronto: by Devonna and Don Edw ards, 43, 1917," by Lelan d H. Harv ey, in
McClelland and S tewart, 1976. 44, 81. Halifax: Nimbus, 2003. Nova Scotia G enealogist, Summer,
Heart Throbs of the Halifax (Reminiscences) 1998, 94-112.
Ho rror , by Stanley K. Smith. “The Halifax E xplosion” (b allad) in
Halifax: Weir, 1918. In the Privy Council on Appeal M aritim e Folk Son gs, compiled by Nav al Service o f Canada: Its
from the Supreme Court of Helen Creighton, 208-209. Toronto: Official History. Vol. 1: Origins
Helen C reigh ton: A Life in Ryerson, 1962.
Canada between the Ship “Imo” and Early Y ears, by G ilbert
Folklore, by Helen Creighton, 24-
(Southern Pacific Whaling Norman Tucker, 229-233. Ottawa:
28. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, The M edica l Serv ices, by Andrew
Com pany , Limited , Ow ners), King’s Printer, 1952.
1975. MacPhail, 327-329. Ottawa: The
(Defendant), Appellant and La
Com pagnie Gen erale Trans- Department, 1925. 1917 Halifax Explosion and
Helen C reighton: Canad a’s First
Atlantiqu e, (Plaintiff), Am erican Respon se, by Blair Beed.
Lady of Folklore, by C lary C roft, “Memories from the Bells,” by
Respondent: Record of Halifax: Dtours, Visitors and
18-21. Halifax: N imbu s, 1999. Alice Bardsley, in the Atlantic
Proceed ings: V olum e 1. [n.p.], Convention Service, 1999.
1919. Adv ocate. December 1984, 41-43.
“Helping Unheeded:
1917 Halifax Explosion: 50th
Newfoundland’s Relief Effort and “Memories of a Day of Horrors,” by
In the Wake of the Alderney: Anniversary. Halifax: n.p., 1967.
the Histriography of the Halifax Harry Chapman . The Beaver.
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 1750-
Explosion, 1917", by M alcolm Aug./Sep t., 1993, 35-39 .
2000, by Harry Chapman, 194-207. No Harbour for W ar. [video
MacLeod in Nova Scotia Historical
Dartmouth: Dartmouth Historical recording]. No Harbour for War
Review 2, No 2 (1982): 65-68 “Mi’Kmaw at the Halifax
Association, 2000. Productions, 1991.
Explosion,” by K enny P rosper.
Histo ric H alifax, by Elizabeth Mi’kmaq-Maliseet Nation News,
Pacey, 150-151. (Photographs by 20 December, 2002, 5.
Alvin Co miter). W illowd ale, Ont.:
Hounslow, 1988.“Portrait of a City,” by Hugh The Smoke-Eaters: A History of “Tracing the Halifax Explosion”, A Rom ance of the Halifax
MacLennan in Atlantic Anthology, Firefighting Nova Scotia: 1750- by Tom M ason, in Saltscapes, Disa ster, by F. McKelvey Bell.
ed. By Will R. Bird, 284-285. 1950, by Mike Parker. Halifax: November 2001- December 2001. p. Halifax: Royal Print and Litho,
Toro nto: M cClelland and S tewart, Nim bus, 2002. p. 170-174. 36-40. 1918.
1959.
The Story of D artm outh , by John Views of the Halifax Disaster, Sixth of Decem ber, by Jim Lotz.
“Portraits of Survivors”, in Cities. Patrick Martin. Dartmouth: the December 6, 1917. Halifax: n.p., Markham, Ont.: PaperJacks, 1981.
December, 1988, 35-39. Author, 1957. p. 62-67; 71-72; 515- 1917.
523; 527. “Winter’s Tale,” by Thomas H.
Pride of Home: The Working “A Vision of Regeneration”: Raddall in Nea rly An Island: A
Class Housing Tradition in Nova The Story of F irefigh ting in Reconstruction after the Halifax Nova Scotian Anthology, ed. by
Scotia 174 9-1949, by Joann Canad a, by Donal Baird. Erin, Explosion, 1917-1921. Halifax Alice Hale and Sheila Brooks. S t.
Latremou ille, 67-74. Hantsport: Ont.: Boston Mills Press, 1986. Public Archives of Nova Scotia, John’s: Breakwater, 1979.
Lancelot, 1986. p. 167-171. 1993.
Survivors: Children of the Halifax
Purcell’s Cove: The Little Place Explosion, by Janet Kitz. Halifax: “Visit with Steve Whitty”, by YOUTH FICTION:
That Helped Build Halifax City, Nimbus, 1992. Steve Whitty in Cap e Breton’s
by Elsie Purcell Millington, 23-25. Magazine, Issue 34. p. 64-72.
Irish Chain, by Barbara Haworth-
Victoria, B.C.: S. M illington, 2000 . Thunder in the Sky: The 1917
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2002.
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Love from Katie, by Pad dy M uir.
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Ha rbour/B ook On e, by Sharon E.
56-57. Dearborn, 2001. p. 62-63.
McK ay. Penguin, 2001.
T.N .T. by A llan Badd eley. [n.p.],
17 M inutes to Live, by Richard A. 1931. Worse Th an War: The H alifax
Penelope: Terror in the
Boning. Baldw in, N.Y.: D exter & Explosion, by Mary Pauline
Ha rbour/B ook Tw o, by Sharon E.
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McK ay, Penguin, 2002.
Family’s Tragedy in the Halifax East, 1992.
Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion, by Jam es G. M ahar.
Wh o’s a Scaredy-Cat!: A Story of
Exp losion and the Ro ad to Halifax: Nimbus, 1998.
the H alifax E xplosion, by Joan M.
Recovery, by Janet Kitz. Halifax: ADULT FICTION: Payzant. Windmill Press, 1992.
Nimbus, 1989. The Town that Died: The True
Story of the Greatest Man-Made
Barom eter R ising, by Hugh Yesterd ay’s C hildre n, by Joyce C.
Shipwreck Treasures: Disaster Explosion before H iroshima , by
MacLennan. N ew York: Doull, Barkhouse. L ance lot Press Ltd.,
and D iscovery on Ca nada’s East Michael J. Bird. Toronto: McGraw-
Sloan and Pearce, 1941. 1992.
Coast, by Roger Marster, Halifax: Hill, 1962.
Form ac, 2002. p. 94-99.
Burden of D esire, by Robert
MacN eil. New Y ork:
Tales/Doubleday, 1992.IN THE REFERENCE Memorial Book Periodical Indexes and Vertical Files:
DEPARTMENT: “Halifax Explosion, Databases:
Som e bran ches of Halifax Public
1917" (1966): Libraries have vertical files on the
Use a periodical or newspaper index
City Council Minutes: to locate other articles on the
Exp losion. These files co ntain
This m emo rial book, a calligraphic newspape r articles, tour guides,
Explosion:
The “M inutes of the City Council listing all the known dead , is on brochures, maps, photocopies of
of the City of Halifax, Nova display at the Halifax North Branch primary sources and other
Canadian Index. (1993-199 9).
Scotia”, from 1917-1976 reported Reference Department. In 1966 the interesting items.
Indexes Canadian magazines and
on the efforts to rebuild and rehouse Halifax Relief Commission donated For example:
newspape rs.
Halifax. Each volume has an index $100,000 tow ards building this
in the front. Look for entries under branch as a memorial to the Halifax, N.S.-Explosion
Canadian Periodical Index.
“Explosion, December 6, 1917" or Explosion.
(1920-2002). Indexes Canadian
“Halifax Relief Commission”. Halifax, N.S.-Explosion
magazines.
Newspapers on Mem orial
City Directories: Microfilm: Readers’ Guide to Periodical
Halifax, N.S.-Explosion, 1917-
Literature. 1919-present. Indexes
Relief Comm ission
Check the McA lpine’s Halifax- Newspapers published hundreds of American and some Canadian
Dartm outh City Directories for the articles after the explosion. Many magazines.
Halifax, N.S.-Hydrostone District
year 1915-1925 to locate families or survivors placed notices inquiring or
businesses before and after the identifying the whereabouts of Infotrac Online. Provides ac cess to
Explosion. The 1918 C ity families and friends. Articles on the General Magazine Index (1980-
Directory published an alphabetical rescue efforts and relief measures present), primarily A merican in
list of “Names of the Identified can also be found. Look for new content, and CPI-Q (1988-present), IN THE
Dead Killed in the Explosion at research or survivor tales around the the online version of the Canadian COMMUNITY:
Halifax, December 6, 1917", up-to- December anniversary. In 1992, Periodical Index.
date at the time of printing. The The Herald produced a search able
“Halifax Street Directory”, near the database of their Explosion articles, Available v ia Nova Scotia Archives
front, notes afflicted regions as available in the Spring Garden Road www .halifaxpubliclibraries.ca
“Devastated Area”.
and Records
Referenc e Departm ent.
ProQ uest. 1985-present. Online Management
Ha lifax H erald /Chronicle H erald : access to C anad ian newspapers. 6016 University Ave
July 1880 to present. Halifax, N.S. B3H 1W 4
Available v ia 902-424-6060
Evening Mail/Mail Star: 1894 - www .halifaxpubliclibraries.ca nsarm@gov.ns.ca
present.
The Archives has produced a
Daily News: 1981-present num ber of finding a ids to assist in
searching Halifax Explosion
materia material. MG 27 has
various records, such as telegrams,
letters and reconstruction files.
MG 36 has the Halifax Relief
Commission records from the realestate appraisal board, financial
steam ship C SS A cadia, the only fourteen bronze bells, which ring
statements, committee minutes,
ship still afloat that took part in the every year on the anniversary of
property files, and a Canadian
Explosion. The M useum ’s the Explosion. They were donated
Pension Commission Claims
Collection includes over 330 by the United Methodist Church
Index. These records are w orth
photographs of the E xplosion’s and survivor Barba ra Orr
checking for the lists of victims
destruction and maintains research Thompson, along with the
who used relief services or filed
files on a variety of explosion financial assistance of the Halifax
claims for compensation.
topics such as ships involved, the Relief Commission, Halifax
railwa ys, and the poetry & music Mem orial Bells Committee, and
Check the card catalogue, under
inspired by the Ex plosion. Call the federal and provincial
the subject heading Halifax
424-7890 for a research governments.
Explosion, 1917, for library
appointment.
books, magazine articles,
pamp hlets, reminiscences, poetry
and new spap er accounts. Fairview Cemetery: Hydrostone District:
The archives also carries Many of the victims w ere bu ried in Stroll the H ydrostone District,
newspapers on microfilm such as this non-denom inational cem etery. rebuilt in Halifax’s North End, the
the Daily Acadian Recorder, the A monument was erected near area hardest hit by the explosion.
Chisholm Ave to commemo rate
Daily Echo, the Morning The area is named after the unique
the unidentified dead buried the re
Ch ronicle and the Nova Scotian. concrete blocks used to rebuild
on December 17, 1917. Another
Maps and photograp hs are monument, which once be-longed businesses and residential homes.
available for consu ltation. to the cemetery, can be seen on Comp leted in 1921, this area is a
Bayer’s road. Fairview Cemeteries fine example of early Canadian
staff have access to a database to urban planning. The Hydrostone
Maritime Museum of locate burials. 902-490-4883. district is roughly from Young
the Atlantic: Street to Duffus Streets, bordered
1675 Lower W ater Street Mount Olivet by Nova lea and Isleville Streets.
Halifax, N.S. B3J 1S3
424-7490 Cemetery:
mmalibry@gov.ns.ca
Both identified and unidentified Websites:
The Maritime Museum of the Rom an Ca tholic victims we re
Atlantic maintains a permanent buried in this cemetery and a
monument was erected near Olivet For a list of we bsites, visit
exhibit about the Explosion called www .halifaxpubliclibraries.ca .
“Halifax Wrecked.” It features Street. To search for b urials, call
902-865-6663. Click on the Resource Lists link.
touching personal artifacts from
the Explosion, fragments of the SS
Mont-Blanc itself and the Halifax Halifax Explosion
Explosion Rem embran ce Bo ok. In
addition, several hundred
Memorial Bell Tower:
explosion artifacts are in storage
Located at Needham Park, in
but available for study by
Halifax’s North End, the
appointment. Permanently berthed
Mem orial Bell Tower consists of
at the Museum’s wharf is the 1913You can also read
