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Flight Path
Volume 1, Issue 2
Autumn 2007
The Bulletin of the Department of Conservation and Field Research at the National Aviary
LINKS ACROSS THE NATIONAL AVIARY
Avian Rehabilitation for Science and Conservation
Todd Katzner, Ph.D.
Few zoos have managed to integrate is small compared to the overall size
Photo: Nuelsi Palés, National Aviary
their conservation and field research of the population and that there may
programs with their on-site animal be more effective ways to use limited
husbandry and training staff. “Links conservation resources. Second, there
Across the National Aviary” highlights is almost no knowledge of the fate of
connections between the Department a rehabilitated animal, making some
of Conservation and Field Research wonder if an animal may live or die
and other departments at the National after being released. There is no doubt,
Aviary. though, that for individual wildlife
Rehabilitation of injured wildlife rehabilitators, for the animals that they
occurs throughout the United States, heal, and sometimes even for society,
and the work of wildlife rehabilitators rehabilitation has great value.
often goes unnoticed. In the world In spite of these contradictory
of conservation there are two main perspectives, there are times when
criticisms of wildlife rehabilitation. rehabilitation and science share common
First, most scientists suspect that the goals and can go hand in hand. The
Drs. Pilar Fish and Todd Katzner examine
number of individuals rehabilitated case of the National Aviary’s “miracle” Golden Eagle #41 at the National Aviary.
continued on page 3
HUMAN POPULATION AND BIODIVERSITY
Declining Populations of Common Birds Revealed
Steven Latta, Ph.D.
Since the late 1980s when the being “common.” Sparrow (-68%), Common Grackle
decline of Neotropical migratory birds In June 2007, the National Audubon (-61%), Whip-poor-will (-57%), and
was first exposed, attention has focused Society (NAS) released the results of a Ruffed Grouse (-54%).
on the patterns of declines of the most landmark study of our most common Although persecution by humans is
threatened bird species. We have learned, birds, detailing 40-year population still a problem for some species, more
for example, that for many species the declines for 20 species (www.audubon. often the threats to these common
declines in populations are not the same org). NAS’s analysis found declines species are directly related to loss of
in all regions, and that some species may in such familiar species as Northern habitat resulting from fragmentation
show years of population increase as well Bobwhite (-82%), Evening Grosbeak of forests through road-building and
as years of declines. But little work has (-78%), Northern Pintail (-77%), logging, mining, expansion of agriculture,
focused on species that we think of as Eastern Meadowlark (-72%), Field industrialized agricultural practices,
continued on page 5
Conservation and Field Research Flight Path
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Building Capacity Through Professional Education
The Department of Conservation intern, Pedro Astudillo, and his work on an internship program to bring promising
and Field Research strives to understand threatened Andean hummingbirds. young students to western Pennsylvania
the ecology of birds and to identify the In this issue we introduce two each year to gain practical experience
threats vital to the advancement of avian Dominican interns, Danilo Mejía and in avian research and management,
conservation, especially the relationships Marisabel Paulino, who are leading avicultural practices, and conservation.
among human population size, land use, field studies of Louisiana Waterthrush
resource consumption, and environmental here in Western Pennsylvania and on —Steven Latta, Ph.D. Editor
degradation. By prioritizing target wintering grounds in the Caribbean.
sites and focal species we affect the Elsewhere you will read the story of
conservation of birds through research Giorgi Darchiashvili’s National Aviary
and education around the world. We also funded training with our colleagues
seek to expand the ability of students at Powdermill Nature Reserve, learn
and partner organizations to help meet of three Mexican students that are
their conservation challenges. Through completing theses while studying birds
workshops, internships, support of over-wintering in riparian habitats in an
professional meetings, and mentoring Aviary-led study, and Aviary partnership
and sponsoring graduate students, we are and training with the Hispaniolan
building capacity in the United States Ornithological Society and the Philippine
and abroad. In our premier issue of Eagle Foundation.
Flight Path we presented our Ecuadorian In the future we expect to formalize
FUNDING SUCCESS
Northern Illinois Parrot Society to continued conservation efforts for this Understanding human impacts on
Organizations such as the National important species. wildlife and how we can mitigate those
Aviary depend heavily on our donors. We impacts is central to our mission. In
can’t do what we do without all of you. It Neotropical Migratory Bird this study we work simultaneously in
is therefore always exciting when we are Conservation Act (NMBCA) well-conserved riparian and restored
able to welcome a new supporter of our Award habitats because these sites have been
program. Last year we were contacted The National Aviary learned recently previously assessed as breeding habitat
by the Northern Illinois Parrot Society that Dr. Steven Latta was awarded a for Neotropical migrants by partner
(NIPS). This enthusiastic group of bird grant of more than $49,000 for a project organizations. We are able to evaluate the
lovers was interested in our conservation entitled “The value of restored riparian value of riparian restoration efforts for
and field research programs, especially habitat to over-wintering Neotropical migrants during the non-breeding period,
our work with the Hispaniolan Parrot in migratory birds.” This project, now in its and test whether restoration favorable
the Dominican Republic and Haiti. After fourth and final year, focuses on providing to breeding birds is also favorable to
finding out more about our program, the critical guidance for the restoration wintering birds. Work is being conducted
NIPS asked if they could support our of riparian vegetation to improve and at 20 study plots at six sites in California
parrot conservation efforts. We were, as enhance wintering habitat vital to the and Mexico. Focal species include
always, grateful to receive this support. long-term conservation of Neotropical flycatchers, vireos, wrens, warblers and
The funds they have provided are being migratory birds. With partners from the sparrows, and other upland species known
used to develop a parrot protection University of Guadalajara, ProNatura to rely on riparian habitat in winter.
program and to educate the public in (Mexico), TerraPeninsular, and PRBO Mexican graduate students are using
communities near parrot nesting areas Conservation Science, we are relating this research for three theses, so we also
on the importance of the parrots through bird use, over-winter site persistence, include an important training component
national pride campaigns. We look and survivorship to restoration design, in the project.
forward to further collaboration with silvicultural practices, water flow regimes,
this generous group of individuals and and other restoration activities.
Conservation and Field Research Flight Path
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
A major measuring stick It is difficult to conserve only found on Hispaniola. results will increase pressure
of the DCFR’s success is a species if we don’t know it Several species are thought on international conservation
publishing our research in peer- exists. Therefore, identifying to have evolved on the island, groups and governments to
reviewed scientific journals. new species, determining and because of their small recognize each species as
Each issue of Flight Path will their distribution, and population size and restricted Critically Endangered.
feature a recent publication by understanding the process of geographic range they are
one of our staff ornithologists. biological diversification is of conservation concern.
Photo: Eladio Fernandez
fundamental to the study of We collected DNA samples
The Chat-Tanagers of biodiversity and conservation. from seven populations of
Hispaniola In a study recently published Chat-Tanagers in old-growth
Townsend, A. K., C. in the journal Molecular mountain-top forests of the
C. Rimmer, S. C. Latta, Ecology, Andrea Townsend Dominican Republic and
and I. J. Lovette. 2007. of Cornell University, along Haiti. Analyses of genetic
Phylogeographic concordance with the National Aviary’s variation suggested that there
of nuclear and mitochondrial Steven Latta and other are two species of Chat-
gene genealogies in the co-authors, used molecular Tanagers, the Western Chat-
single-island avian radiation techniques to determine the Tanager (Calyptophilus tertius)
of Hispaniolan Chat-Tanagers history of diversification and the Eastern Chat-Tanager
(Aves: Calyptophilus). in the genus Calyptophilus. (Calyptophilus frugivorus).
Molecular Ecology 16:3634- These cryptic tanagers live Because populations of each
Western Chat-Tanager at its nest.
3642. close to the ground and are species are so small, these
Avian Rehabilitation for Science and Conservation continued from page 1
Golden Eagle is just such a tale. Most this bird and the extent of the cooperation him 1-2 times daily to force feed him
Pittsburghers and National Aviary between different sections of the National mice laced with a cocktail of antibiotics
members know the story of this bird. He Aviary required to get this eagle flying and other healing medicines.
was accidentally caught in a leg-hold trap again. Although grant funding helped to pay
by a West Virginia trapper and delivered From the moment that we took for many of the supplies and medicines
to a local Wildlife Conservation Officer, possession of this eagle, three departments we used, every person involved in this
who notified his district office. Because of our institution were deeply involved project freely donated their time to help
the district office knew of our work, they in his care. National Aviary Animal us save this one bird. The individuals who
called and asked if we could use the bird Programs staff provided housing, food donated thousands of person hours and
in our studies. We hoped to telemeter preparation and maintenance for the years of experience to the care of this
and release the bird, but because it was bird for the entire three months he was eagle are responsible for his survival today.
so badly injured, we were forced to bring with us. This alone was no small feat Because our Department of
it back to Pittsburgh for rehabilitation. for a staff already stretched thin by the Conservation and Field Research is
The bird was successfully rehabilitated responsibility of caring for hundreds of based at a zoo, this presents us with
and eventually released close to where he other birds. Likewise, the Veterinary staff special opportunities. In the case of
was caught. He has now migrated back to at the National Aviary, led by Dr. Pilar Golden Eagle #41 we were able to take
northern Canada, where he has spent the Fish, contributed a huge amount of time advantage of the remarkable talents of
summer. and expertise in the care of this bird. National Aviary staff to heal and release
That part of the story was reported Every other day Dr. Fish led 1-2 hour a wild Golden Eagle. His life and his
extensively in the local press. (See press wound cleaning and bandage changing contribution to science are a testament
reports of Golden Eagle #41 at www. sessions that involved 4-6 people working to the dedication of our staff and the
aviary.org.) What is less well known is the together. In addition, the eagle required effective links we have forged across the
massive effort that was required to heal daily medications, which meant catching National Aviary.
Flight Path Conservation and Field Research
PARTNERING FOR CONSERVATION
Sociedad Ornitológica de la Hispaniola
Todd Katzner, Ph.D.
In the Department of Conservation populations impact ecosystems. spent this past summer conducting
and Field Research, we are well aware One of the goals of the Department research on the breeding biology of these
of the role that our national and of Conservation and Field Research is to birds at Powdermill Nature Reserve
international partners play in helping us work with SOH’s expert ornithologists with Dr. Latta. Danilo and Marisabel
to achieve our organizational goals and to to increase our collective ability to study have now returned home, taking what
complete projects. In this regular column and conserve Hispaniolan birds and they learned here, and are applying it
we feature one of our many key partners the ecosystems on which they depend. to study this same species on its winter
with whom we collaborate. Toward this goal, both DCFR staff range in the DR. Because understanding
The Hispaniolan Ornithological (Latta and Katzner) serve on SOH’s links between summer and winter
Society (SOH; “Sociedad Ornitológica organizational advisory board. We also range is crucial to establishing effective
de la Hispaniola” in Spanish) is the work extensively with SOH staff on conservation, this study is truly cutting
premiere avian conservation and research research and conservation projects. edge ornithological science.
organization in the Dominican Republic. The flagship example of how our For more information on SOH and
The island of Hispaniola (composed collaborative abilities and expertise our collaboration, visit their web page at
of the Dominican Republic and Haiti) improves conservation is the Hispaniolan www.soh.org.do, or our “projects” web
faces ecological threats from a variety Parrot Initiative described in the previous page at www.aviary.org/csrv/projects.php.
of sources and is a strategic focus of our issue of Flight Path. In that project, funds
department. Population pressures and raised at the National Aviary’s summer
resource exploitation have combined to bird show directly support SOH’s work
create a heavily impacted natural system, to protect the species. The greatest threat
and several endemic bird species (those to parrots involves poaching of chicks
from nests for the captive bird trade.
To help stop this poaching, SOH has
Photo: Eladio Fernandez
published and distributed a stunning
“Flight Path” is published for the
parrot conservation poster (available members and benefactors of the National Aviary.
for download at www.aviary.org/csrv/ The National Aviary inspires respect
hispanParrot2.php), held educational for nature through an appreciation of birds.
meetings, and monitored parrot poaching Executive Director: Linda A. Dickerson
Director of Conservation and Field Research:
and parrot reproductive efforts. This year Todd Katzner, Ph.D.
Assistant Director of Conservation
they hope to expand a community theater and Field Research: Steven Latta, Ph.D.
program with a parrot conservation Editor: Steven Latta
theme. Layout and Design
Jan Allen Molly Schachner Todd Katzner
There is, of course, more to
Contributors:
Hispaniolan avifaunal conservation than Giorgi Darchiashvili Eladio Fernandez
Todd Katzner Steven Latta
parrots, and the DCFR and SOH are
Scientific Advisory Committee of the
involved in a number of other projects Department of Conservation and Field Research
Community theater used to promote focused on both migratory and year- Nigel Collar, Ph.D. BirdLife International
conservation. round resident birds. Among the most Joshua Ginsberg, Ph.D. Widlife Conservation Society
Susan Kalisz, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh
found nowhere else in the world) are significant of these are a series of projects
Allegheny Commons West • Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5248
highly threatened by human activities. designed by Dr. Steven Latta. The newest www.aviary.org • 412-323-7235
Furthermore, because of different of these focuses on Pennsylvania’s own
historical contexts in which the DR Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla)
and Haiti were governed and because of – a species that breeds in our region but
The National Aviary is supported jointly by individual gifts,
the contrast between their population winters south of the border, including grants, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
densities, the island makes for a classic the Dominican Republic. SOH members Commission and the Allegheny Regional Asset District.
E Printed on a recycled paper.
case study on the ways that human Danilo Mejía and Marisabel Paulino
4 Conservation and Field Research Flight PathMEETING REPORTS
The National Aviary awards, the Aviary’s Dr. American and Caribbean can demonstrate the success
Visits Capitol Hill Steven Latta was invited by countries. or failure of management
The Neotropical Migratory the Congressional Advisory or conservation initiatives.
Bird Conservation Act Group of the NMBCA to The Department of This is important because
(NMBCA) is one of the comment on past successes Conservation and Field with billions of dollars spent
premier pieces of legislation and opportunities for future Research is Invited to on conservation, managers
supporting research and improvements in the Act. China are increasingly expected to
conservation of migratory Latta’s presentation on In June 2007, Dr. Steven be able to demonstrate that
birds. Since 2002, the U.S. “Conservation science under Latta attended an Intervention their conservation actions are
Fish and Wildlife Service the Neotropical Migratory Monitoring Exchange effective. Latta presented a
has awarded $3-4 million Bird Conservation Act” in sponsored by Conservation paper on the use of birds as
each year in matching grants Washington, DC focused International (CI), held indicators of conservation
to promote long-term on the need for continued at the Wanglang Nature success, titled “Coordinated
conservation of Neotropical funding of research, especially Reserve in Sichuan Province, avian monitoring in Latin
migratory birds and their on the ecology of over- China. The forum provided America and the Caribbean:
habitats in the United States, wintering Neotropical an opportunity for leading A monitoring strategy in six
Canada, Latin America and migrants, and for long-term experts on avian monitoring to levels.”
the Caribbean. As a past investments in monitoring discuss ways that CI and other
recipient of several NMBCA and building capacity in Latin conservation organizations
Human Population and Biodiversity continued from page 1
and suburban sprawl. In addition, global drivers of habitat loss within the United with each demanding an increasingly
warming and other broad environmental States and worldwide. more taxing share of its natural resources.
issues and policies are compounding local The research and conservation agenda We suggest that regulating our numbers
problems and challenging conservationists of the National Aviary is focused on and our consumption are the twin pillars
to find solutions to problems at multiple determining threats to birds in high of a more sensitive conservation agenda.
levels. priority regions, countries, and habitats, Furthermore, in assessing environmental
The NAS study suggests a variety of and recommending conservation threats and conservation actions, we and
actions to help stem this loss of birds, measures to address these threats. As other conservation organizations need
including protecting grasslands and revealed in the NAS study, most often the to consistently remind the public and
wetlands, preserving large blocks of forest, proximate or direct threats to birds are policy makers of the need to address these
especially in the Canadian boreal biome, drivers of habitat degradation. Band-
Photo: Steve Shaluta
supporting sustainable forestry, fighting aids that address the impacts of human
the spread of non-native grasses and population growth and consumption
other exotic species, conserving farmlands are critically important, but these only
through the Conservation Reserve treat the symptoms, not the causes of
Program, and halting global warming. avian and other conservation problems.
While these are all positive actions Conservation of birds and our natural
that together will benefit many bird environment is complex. The science we
species, what is missing from the do at the National Aviary is an important
Audubon report is recognition of the root component of developing a complete
cause of habitat loss and global warming. Ruffed Grouse in winter. picture of the factors responsible for the
The growth of human populations and loss of biodiversity, and understanding
the ever-increasing demand for scarce related to habitat loss, but the ultimate these factors is necessary to develop
resources to support economic expansion threat is that our planet is being forced practical solutions for a sustainable future.
and higher standards of living are the to provide for more and more humans,
Flight Path Conservation and Field ResearchSHORT TAKES
National Aviary Supports Internships Powdermill Welcomes Dr. Andrew Mack
In a new research project and our research protocols. In early June a new own research station in a
to evaluate Louisiana In addition to learning more research ornithologist came remote area of PNG. For
Waterthrush as an indicator about waterthrush, Danilo to town. Dr. Andrew Mack, his dissertation research, he
species of ecosystem and Marisabel have had the formerly the Papua New studied seed dispersal by
health, and to understand opportunity to participate in Guinea (PNG) country the Dwarf Cassowary. Since
factors on the breeding bird banding at Powdermill, director for the Wildlife completing his dissertation
and wintering grounds that to see how successful field Conservation Society, was Andy has maintained a
may affect population size stations operate, and have hired as the William and remarkable research and
(see related story, page 7), come to know Pittsburgh and Ingrid Rea Conservation conservation program in
the National Aviary has western Pennsylvania. At the Biologist at Powdermill PNG.
sponsored two Dominican conclusion of the first field Nature Reserve in Rector, We at the National Aviary
biologists as project interns. season of work, Danilo and Pennsylvania. are thrilled with the addition
Members of the Hispaniolan Marisabel said, “We thank A native of Pennsylvania, of a new colleague and the
Ornithological Society, Danilo the National Aviary and Andy received his PhD in continued development of our
Mejía and Marisabel Paulino, Powdermill Reserve for the 1995 from the University partnership with Powdermill.
have worked with Dr. Steven invitation to work with the of Miami after building his
Latta for a number of years Louisiana Waterthrush, and
on a variety of projects in for allowing us to be a part of
the Dominican Republic. this new international project.
With the development of We are excited about taking MEETING REPORTS
our new long-term project our skills to the Dominican
focusing on waterthrush, we Republic where we can Katzner Attends Meeting of the Wildlife
recognized the advantage continue to learn about the Conservation Society of the Philippines
of having a full-time field habitat needs and survival
team that knew the birds, of this interesting migratory In April, Dr. Todd Katzner meeting was to build contacts
their behavior and habitat, bird.” attended the 16th Annual with local biologists, to
Meeting of the Wildlife develop working plans for
Conservation Society of conservation of Philippine
Photo: Robert Mulvihill
the Philippines (WCSP). Eagles, and to help lead a
The meeting was held in research training course with
Davao City on the island of Dr. Nina Ingle (WCSP) and
Mindanao in the southern Dr. Jodi Sedlock (Lawrence
Philippines. WCSP is an University, United States).
exciting meeting because Another highlight of the trip
the vast majority of the was a 2-day research planning
attendees are young biologists workshop led by Dr. Katzner
or students. They have great at the Philippine Eagle
energy and there are numerous Foundation. That workshop
opportunities to influence identified research goals for
development of the next the field team and built the
generation of conservationists framework for an important
in this “hotspot” of biological set of next steps in Philippine
diversity. Eagle conservation studies.
Dr. Katzner’s primary
Dominican interns Danilo Mejía and Marisabel Paulino. reason for attending this
Conservation and Field Research Flight PathSHORT TAKES
Louisiana Waterthrush Study Initiated Georgian Conservationist Supported
The use of birds as stream and the territory In autumn 2006, the wish to see something similar
indicators of ecosystem health of the pair of birds, water National Aviary supported the in my country sometime in the
is important to conservation. quality at each site, the North American training of a future.
The Louisiana Waterthrush, macroinvertebrate assemblages conservation biologist from the I spent three weeks at the
a large warbler commonly found in the water, and the Republic of Georgia. Giorgi Powdermill banding station
found near fast-flowing, abundance of flying insects Darchiashvili, a biologist of the Carnegie Museum of
forested headwater streams that are eaten by the Louisiana from the Georgian Center for Natural History where I stayed
in the eastern United States, Waterthrush. Conservation of Wildlife, spent until the end of September. I
has been proposed as an There is also a critical three weeks learning the details saw many common and rare
indicator of change in stream need for understanding the of mist netting and bird banding autumn migrant birds of North
habitats. Our new study seeks effects of habitat change on from the expert ornithologists America. Every day there
to identify threats to this over-wintering waterthrush at Powdermill Avian Research were several new species for
and other species sharing on the wintering grounds in Center. When he left, we asked me. I couldn’t have imagined
their riparian habitat, and the Caribbean and Central Giorgi to write about his that warblers could be so
identify key conservation America. In the winter of experience in this country. colorful. At the beginning I
and management issues for 2007-08 we plan to move the Establishing a bird banding was just observing how birds
riparian birds. study south and collect habitat scheme is one of the priorities were extracted and banded by
With co-principle and survival data from the of the Georgian Center for experienced banders as they
investigator Bob Mulvihill of tropical wintering grounds. Conservation of Wildlife are easily hurt by improper
Powdermill Avian Research Understanding factors (GCCW). However, this handling. After a few days I
Center and interns from the affecting avian population work requires special training, was allowed to extract some
Dominican Republic (see sizes throughout the annual equipment, licensing, etc., birds under supervision. It
related story, page 6), we are cycle provides a foundation which makes it difficult to was not easy at all and I often
assessing factors affecting for specific conservation and start. I was very happy when needed help. As I learned,
the reproductive success of management actions in these Todd Katzner, Director of banding became easier and I
Louisiana Waterthrush, and habitats. If we truly want Conservation and Field felt comfortable with it. As
comparing characteristics of to understand population Research at the National regards to aging and sexing
territories of birds that are trends of birds, it is critical Aviary, informed us that there the birds, it requires much
successful at nesting with to evaluate avian life history was an opportunity to practice more practice. Also, it turns
those that fail to reproduce. throughout the year, not bird banding at the Powdermill out that molting of most of
In addition to determining exclusively on breeding or Avian Research Center in the European passerines is
reproductive success for each wintering grounds. This Pennsylvania. very different from American
nest, we are also collecting cutting edge project attempts At the beginning of birds. The time spent at the
physical measures of the to do just that. September, 2006, I visited Powdermill reserve was a great
Pennsylvania. My trip, and my experience for me, and it will
Photo: Steve Shaluta
stay in the US, were financially help me in setting up bird
supported by the National banding in my country. I would
Aviary. During the first two like to thank Robert Mulvihill,
days I spent in Pittsburgh I the Field Ornithology Projects
was lucky to see the National Coordinator, and all of the
Aviary which made a great staff at the Powdermill Avian
impression on me. I especially Research Center and the
liked the tropical and wetland National Aviary for their help
walk-through exhibits where I and support.
saw many amazing birds and Julianne McCarville helped
even fed some of them. I would to edit this piece.
Louisiana Waterthrush
Flight Path Conservation and Field ResearchSecure online donations at www.aviary.org.
Field Research at the National Aviary.
of the Department of Conservation and
You can support the goals and projects
International Interns
Building Capacity with
Common Birds Decline
in Pennsylvania
Louisiana Waterthrush
IN THIS ISSUE —
PERMIT NO. 3316 www.aviary.org
PITTSBURGH, PA Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5248
PAID
600 West Ohio Street
U.S. POSTAGE
NON-PROFIT ORG. Allegheny Commons West
and Field Research
Department of Conservation
SHORT TAKES
Update – Golden Eagle Migration
In the last issue of Flight Path both appear to be doing quite well.
we highlighted our relationship with Sadly, the telemetry unit on eagle #39
Powdermill Avian Research Center. A appears to be slowly failing and we’ve
central component of that relationship been getting fewer and fewer locations
is our joint project to study the potential from that bird. Although it is difficult
impact of the development of wind to see the telemetry unit malfunction,
power on migratory Golden Eagles and we are thrilled to have been able to track
other raptors. As was noted in that piece, that bird and get so much data on its
last November we caught two nearly movement.
adult male eagles and put telemetry Both migratory eagles used a narrow
devices on those birds. Both birds spent corridor of land when they migrated
the winter largely in West Virginia and through Pennsylvania. This fits with
Kentucky and, as expected, both migrated our predictions of how Golden Eagles
north in March. As we go to press, both should move through the state. If we
are in northern Canada (Quebec and continue to collect similar data from
Labrador) where it appears that they other eagles, it would suggest that wind
have established breeding territories. power development and other human
Without visiting these sites we can activities in this narrow corridor should
not be certain if the birds are actually be developed with extreme care.
producing chicks, but we do know that See a related story on page 1. Migration of Golden Eagles #39, #40 and #41.You can also read
