Household Satellite Accounts - Valuing Household Clothing and Laundry Services in the UK
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14 November 2014
Household Satellite Accounts - Valuing
Household Clothing and Laundry Services
in the UK
Coverage: UK
Date: 14 November 2014
Geographical Area: UK
Theme: Economy
Abstract
Author Name(s): Dominic Fludger and Sean Dougherty, ONS.
Household production of clothing and laundry services include producing, repairing, washing, drying
and pressing clothes as unpaid non-marketplace activity. The experimental estimates in this article
value the households’ clothing and laundry services at £97 billion, equivalent to 5.9% of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) for the year 2012. This paper outlines the methodology for estimating this
value and presents initial results from 1997-2012. It builds on and updates the first experimental
estimates of the Household Satellite Accounts (HHSA) published by the Office for National Statistics
in 2002.
Key Points
• This article reports on the measurement of household production of clothing and laundry services
which is outside the scope of National Accounts and therefore Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• The value of home clothing production and repairs output fell between 2000 and 2002, and then
steadily rose year on year until 2010. This was partly due to increased total volume of output and
partly due to increased market prices.
• The value of UK household laundry services output rose from £47.3 billion in 1997 to £91.3
billion in 2012, equivalent to 5.4% and 5.5% of GDP respectively.
• The overall output of household clothing and laundry services rose from £49.9 billion in 1997 to
£97.2 billion in 2012. As a proportion of GDP, it rose from 5.7% to 5.9% in this period.
Office for National Statistics | 114 November 2014
Introduction to the Household Satellite Accounts (HHSA)
The HHSA measures the non-market production of households in the UK which are not accounted
for in the market. This is all the unpaid production of goods and services such as cooking, cleaning
and provision of childcare.
Due to the unpaid nature of this production, conventional National Accounts measures such as GDP
do not fully take into account the production of these goods and services. Nonetheless, if these
goods and services were paid for, they would contribute to GDP. For example, if the household
members cleaned their house themselves, this service would be unpaid and therefore excluded from
GDP. However, if the household members paid somebody else to clean their house, this service
would be included in GDP as it involves a market transaction.
This work falls outside the scope of the UK National Accounts. This is because the inclusion
of all activity which is productive (in the economic sense) but which does not have a monetary
value would swamp the monetary flows, obscure what is happening in the markets, and reduce
the usefulness of National Accounts data for analysis. The HHSA is therefore separate from, but
conceptually consistent with, the UK National Accounts.
The HHSA extends the National Accounts boundary to include all activity produced by households
that could be delegated to another person. This activity is divided into several principal functions;
providing housing, transport, nutrition, clothing and laundry services, adult care, child care and
voluntary work. The approach being taken by ONS is to focus on the outputs of these principal
functions.
The HHSA provides a means by which the influence of changing patterns of unpaid work on the
economy can be measured. The information may also be of use to policy makers who may need to
take significant amounts of unpaid work into account when making policy decisions.
In 2002 the Office for National Statistics (ONS) published the first HHSA for the UK, which measured
and valued the unpaid goods and services produced by households (ONS, 2002; Holloway, Short
& Tamplin, 2002). Following the publication of the Report by the Commission for the Measurement
of Economic Performance and Social Progress (2009), there has been fresh interest in valuing
household production. Therefore, as part of the Measuring National Well-being programme, ONS is
currently updating the HHSA.
The methodology remains under development and any estimates reported here, or in forthcoming
publications, should be considered experimental and interpreted with caution. ONS welcomes
comments and feedback on all aspects of the methodology used and the assumptions made,
and seeks suggestions for further/alternative data sources. A more detailed description of the
methodology can be found in the annexes of this article.
What are clothing and laundry services of households?
Clothing and laundry services include all production, repair, washing, drying and pressing of
clothing in a household. As most clothing and laundry related activities carried out by a household’s
Office for National Statistics | 214 November 2014
members could be delegated to another person, it is deemed to be a part of the productive role of
households. This is known as the third party criterion.
Their values are grouped into three distinct categories: production and repair, laundering (washing
and drying) and ironing/pressing. The output of clothing and laundry services of a household is
therefore the sum of the value of clothing and repairs produced, the value of washing and drying
activities undertaken, and the value of ironing and pressing activities undertaken. There are no
adjustments made for different quality of service (see Annex 1 for details).
Overview of the methodology
This section provides a brief overview of the methodology, a detailed explanation can be found in
Annex 1.
The output of clothing and laundry services is defined by the sum of all washing, drying, pressing,
production and repairs of clothing activities undertaken in the household. In this article, laundering
refers to washing, drying and pressing activities. Production and repair refers to activities of
production and repair of clothing.
Laundering is estimated using the number of households in the UK, the proportion of the population
that own a washing machine, and an estimate of the average number of washing cycles each
household undertakes in a year (based on a Lever Feberge UK Laundry Market report). The output
of pressing/ironing is taken as a proportion of clothing laundered and thus moves in line with the
washing loads value.
The monetary value is then calculated by multiplying the volume estimate by the price an individual
would have to pay if they had bought the service in the market. The prices used are the price of
washing, drying and ironing 5KG of laundry and the price of washing and drying a duvet (both in a
laundrette) . As washing and drying a duvet and washing and drying 5KG of laundry are both one
washing and tumble dry cycle, they are considered identical - therefore the gap between their prices
is considered the ironing price.
Production output is estimated from expenditure on haberdashery and clothing materials. It is
expected that any increase in production and repairs of clothing by households will be accompanied
by an increase in clothing materials and haberdashery they will purchase. The value that is added to
these materials in the production process is calculated using a ratio between consumer price index
(CPI) price quotes of wool and of woollen products.
Full details about the methodology can be found in Annex 1 and sensitivity analysis for assumptions
can be found in Annex 3.
Office for National Statistics | 314 November 2014
Washing and drying
Figure 1 shows that the quantity of total UK household wash loads per year has increased from
5.7bn in 1997 to 6.6bn in 2012.
Figure 1: Quantity of total UK household wash loads, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Between 1997 and 2012 the rise in total household wash loads has been driven by an increase in
the number of households. In addition to the increase in total number of households in the UK there
has been an increase in the proportion of households that own a washing machine. In 1997 the
proportion of households that owned a washing machine was 91%; this was up to 96.6% in 2012.
The average number of laundry loads undertaken per household per year is assumed to be 260
throughout this period.
Figure 2 shows the value of total household wash loads in the UK in monetary terms and as a
proportion of GDP.
Office for National Statistics | 414 November 2014
Figure 2: Value of washing and drying, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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The value of household output of washing and drying increased steadily between 1997 and 2012,
from £44.8 billion to £86.3 billion respectively. Much of this increase can be attributed to rising
prices. The remainder was due to an increase in the total number of washing loads undertaken.
Between 1999 and 2007, washing and drying services produced by households were on a general
decline relative to GDP. In 2008, as GDP fell as a result of the recession, washing and drying
services produced by households as a proportion of GDP increased. Since 2009 it has remained
broadly flat.
Office for National Statistics | 514 November 2014
Ironing and pressing
Between 1997 and 2012 the volume of UK Household ironing has increased from 2.8 billion
kilograms (in 1997) to 3.3 billion kilograms (in 2012). The output of pressing/ironing is taken as a
proportion of clothing laundered and thus moves in line with the washing loads.
Figure 3 shows the value of the ironing output, in monetary terms and as a proportion of GDP.
Figure 3: Value of household ironing output, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Office for National Statistics | 614 November 2014
The value of household output of ironing rose steadily across the period. Much of this increase can
be attributed to rising prices. The remainder can be attributed to an increase in volume of ironing
undertaken, which is assumed to be 10% of clothing washed and dried (see Annex 1).
Between 1999 and 2007, household ironing production values declined relative to GDP. In 2008, as
GDP fell as a result of the recession, ironing and pressing services produced by households as a
proportion of GDP increased. Since 2009 it has remained fairly flat. This follows a very similar trend
to that of washing and drying.
Household clothing production and repairs
Figure 4 shows household production and repairs of clothing output across the period.
Figure 4: Production and repairs of clothing output, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Household production and repair of clothing fell from £2.4 billion in 1997 to £1.8 billion in 2002. This
was followed by an increase to £4.3 billion by 2004 and remained close to this value until 2009. In
2010 and 2011 there were sharp increases to £5.5 billion and £6.1 billion respectively. Some of the
Office for National Statistics | 714 November 2014
increase over the period can be attributed to an increase in prices of clothing. The remainder of the
variation was due to changes in quantities produced.
Clothing production and laundry services
Figure 5 shows the total values of clothing and laundry services in the UK rose steadily from £49.9
billion in 1997 to £97.2 billion in 2012. This is also shown as a percentage of GDP.
Figure 5: Clothing and laundry services output, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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On average 95% of the total value of household clothing and laundry services is washing, drying and
ironing and therefore its value and trend is mainly dictated by washing, drying and ironing values.
As a proportion of GDP, household production of clothing and laundry services declined from 1999
to 2007. However, after this, the values increased as a proportion of GDP (a result of falls in GDP
Office for National Statistics | 814 November 2014
over the recession while household production of clothing and laundry continued to increase). It
must be noted, however, that the variations discussed are small - all values across the period are
between 5.4% and 5.9% of GDP.
Comparisons to the market
Laundry Services
As previously mentioned, laundry services can be delegated to a third party, and if they are, are
considered part of GDP. In this case, laundry services are part of Household Expenditure. Figure 6
shows how many times larger the value of household production is relative to household expenditure
on laundry services in the market.
Figure 6: Proportions of laundry output between the household and the market, 1997 - 2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Figure 6 shows that the vast majority of laundry services take place inside the household. In 1997,
household production value was 86 times that of market production. Since 1997 the laundry services
done by households relative to those bought in by households has fluctuated slightly, rising to a
Office for National Statistics | 914 November 2014
peak in 2004 of 102 times that of market output. It then fell again until 2009. This was followed by
an increase, which was driven by falls in the amount households spent on laundry services in this
period. In 2012, household output of laundry services was 114 times larger than market output.
Clothing and Laundry Services Total
Figure 7 shows the total household expenditure on clothing and laundry services and total
household production of clothing and laundry services. Despite including production and repairs of
clothing (of which the vast majority occurs in the market) the household production of clothing and
laundry services is much larger than the clothing and laundry services households buy in.
Figure 7: Household and market values of clothing and laundry services, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Office for National Statistics | 1014 November 2014
Figure 7 shows household production is consistently around 1.5 to 1.6 times larger than the market
value. This ratio has remained relatively stable over the period indicating shifts between market and
household production did not occur to any considerable extent.
Annex 1 Methodology
Input and Output Methodologies
There are two possibilities for measuring household production- to measure inputs or outputs.
Measuring inputs focuses on the time spent on productive activities and relies principally on time
use data. This usually takes the form of a diary, which the survey respondent is asked to complete,
giving information about their principal activities throughout a 24-hour period. The alternative is to
attempt to measure outputs, this is the approach being taken by ONS.
The output method values what the household produces, for example the number of children cared
for or the number of meals prepared. This is important because it is often easier to value outputs
than inputs, particularly when there is a market equivalent to the service being produced. Output
measurement is also more consistent with the way the rest of the National Accounts are constructed
and reflects household productivity. It may be possible to construct a historical series using this
approach, even in the absence of time-use data.
Outputs can be estimated through surveys that specifically request this type of information. An
estimate of gross unpaid production is obtainable by multiplying the volume of output by an
appropriate market value or price. This in itself is problematic due to the difficulties in applying a
market price or wage rate to outputs without any information on the variation in quality between
households.
The methodology is essentially the same for all of the principal functions except voluntary work. The
development of the UK Household Satellite Accounts was the first attempt to estimate the volume
of outputs for each of the principle functions and to produce a value for total household production
based on this approach.
Methodology for Clothing and Laundry Services
This section looks at the estimation of household production of clothing and laundry services (one
element of the Household Satellite Accounts) using the output approach.
As most clothing and laundry related activities carried out by a household’s members could be
delegated to another person, it is deemed to be a part of the productive role of households. This
is known as the third party criterion. Very specific preferences, such as use of starch in ironing at
the laundrette, has not been taken into account due to the obvious data collection and valuation
problems surrounding this kind of slight difference.
The output of household clothing and laundry services is defined as all production, repair, washing,
drying and pressing of clothing undertaken with no monetary transaction for the service. These
activities come under three distinct categories- production and repair, laundering, and ironing and
pressing.
Office for National Statistics | 1114 November 2014
Production and repair output is defined as the sum of the market value of all clothing produced by
households and the market value of all repairs to clothing undertaken by households.
Laundering output is defined at as the market value of laundering services undertaken by the
household. This is all clothing washed and dried by households (it is assumed that all clothing
washed must be dried). Use of the output approach means that we do not need to distinguish
between air drying and tumble drying as the output, dry clothing, is the same.
Ironing and pressing output is defined as all activities undertaken by households to achieve
pressed clothes. This includes careful hanging and folding of clothing, as it is assumed this is also
undertaken in market services of ironing and pressing and is thus reflected in the market price.
Given that three different outputs exist in the account, three different methodologies are needed to
find values for each in turn.
Washing
The output value of washing is defined by the equation below:
Washing Value = Quantity of washing undertaken by households * Price of paying for washing
services in the market.
To calculate the final washing value, the quantity and prices need to be calculated.
Quantity of washing loads= Total annual washing cycles per household per year * percentage of
households that own a washing machine * total households.
The total annual washing cycles was taken from Lever Feberge UK Laundry Market Report 2000 at
260 cycles. Other data sources were considered, but in the absence of a regular survey reporting
the number of washing cycles, this source was considered most appropriate. The proportion of
households that own a washing machine was taken from the Living Costs and Food Survey (variable
A108). The number of households was taken from the ONS ‘Household Composition’ data.
The price used is the price of washing and drying a duvet in the Purchasing Power Parity 2011
deflated through the years using the CPI (drying at home through a tumble dryer or air drying is not
distinguished between as the output, dry clothing, is identical). This is considered a sound proxy as
washing and drying a duvet is one machine cycle and one drying cycle - the required inputs for one
wash load of clothes and therefore an equivalent.
Ironing and pressing
Ironing and pressing value = Quantity of laundry ironed and pressed within the household * Price
of paying for ironing and pressing services in the market.
No data is available for quantities of ironing and pressing undertaken. In the original 2002 accounts,
it was assumed that 10% of clothes laundered were then ironed and pressed. As the average
Office for National Statistics | 1214 November 2014
washing load size is 5kg (Lever Feberge 2000) this means 0.5KG of clothing is assumed to be
ironed or pressed out of every wash load.
Using the time use survey for 2000, we tested this assumption. The results suggested that for
every washing load, there was less than ten minutes of ironing undertaken, which is indicative of the
figure being a low proportion of the total washing weight. For this reason we have remained with the
assumption 10%. Although better data on the area is desirable, it may be very difficult to obtain, as
people are unlikely to be able to accurately record the proportion of their washing load they iron.
The price of ironing and pressing is calculated using a residual method. In 2011 the Purchasing
Power Parity price of washing and drying a duvet was subtracted from the Purchasing Power Parity
price of washing, drying and pressing a duvet. The remaining value is the value added of pressing
services.
Production and repair
Production and repair value = Quantity of garments produced and repairs undertaken within the
household * Price of paying for these garments or repair services in the market.
Within current data availability no volume figure for quantity of garments produced in households
exists. In order to obtain an estimate of the volume of output, we assume that the volume produced
is proportional to the quantities of intermediate consumption (haberdashery/ wool etc) consumed.
This is the same methodology used in the HHSA published in 2002.
Data on intermediate consumption comes from the Household Final Consumption Expenditure
Account (current prices, seasonally adjusted). We considered:
• All of ‘Clothing Materials’ (COICOP code 03.1.1)
• A proportion of ‘Other Articles of Clothing and Clothing Accessories’ (COICOP code 03.1.3)
which represents Haberdashery. This proportion was derived using weights from the Family
Expenditure Survey.
The intermediate consumption is then multiplied by a ratio of the value of wool products to the value
of woollen clothes. A dynamic multiplier is used, allowing the ratio to change between years. This
assumes that the same amount of wool is used in the production process in the home as in the
market. This is an improvement on the methodology in 2002 which simply used a multiplier of 2.
The average weight of a woollen jumper used is 400 grams (Woolmark ‘Beyond the Bale’ 2011).
In order to estimate the value of output, we use a ratio between the average prices of 400 grams
of wool (CPI COICOP 510429 ‘Knitting Wool- double knit 100 grams’ multiplied by four) and of a
knitted jumper (COICOP 510108 ‘Jumper- knitted’) for each year individually.
Office for National Statistics | 1314 November 2014
Table 1: Mark-up on haberdashery calculations, 1997 - 2012
United Kingdom
Year Price of Wool 400 Price of Woollen Value added: Mark Up
grams (£) Jumper (£) Ratio
1997 7.4 26.9 3.6
1998 7.3 29.8 4.1
1999 7.1 30.5 4.3
2000 7.1 30.9 4.3
2001 7.0 28.6 4.1
2002 6.4 30.1 4.7
2003 5.7 33.1 6.0
2004 6.3 32.4 5.2
2005 6.2 31.8 5.2
2006 6.3 32.4 5.1
2007 6.1 31.7 5.2
2008 6.0 33.8 5.6
2009 5.9 32.4 5.5
2010 6.4 32.6 5.1
2011 7.1 31.9 4.5
2012 7.5 32.9 4.4
(COICOP 510429) (COICOP 510108)
Table source: Office for National Statistics
Table notes:
1. Note: the 1997 price used is an average of three quarters of the year- quarter one is not included. This is due to a
change in definition making the calculation.
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Annex 2 Data Sources
ONS Households and Household Composition releases use census and intermediate population
sampling data to estimate household size and characteristic trends across time.
Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HHFCE) is part of ONS Consumer Trends
release and details household’s expenditure on specific item categories. It derives its data from a
Office for National Statistics | 1414 November 2014
combination of surveys including the Living Costs and Food Survey, the Annual Business Survey,
and the Retail Sales Inquiry.
The Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) is carried out by ONS and used for analysis in various
releases such as the HHFCE (above). The LCF’s predecessor, the Family Expenditure Survey, was
used for data prior to 2000. We used the data to calculate both washing machine ownership and
to adjust HHFCE to exclude unwanted parts of data categories. The surveys have a large sample;
approximately 12,000 addresses are randomly selected at present for the Living Cost and Food
Survey.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI), conducted by ONS, measures the prices of a large basket of
goods over time. Some 180,000 observations from around 20,000 different retailers are used in its
calculation. We used the specific observations within the dataset to calculate price movements in
wool and knitted garments, as well as the overall value for deflating PPP figures.
Woolmark ‘Beyond the bale’ 2011 is one of the company’s annual publication on trends and
movements within the wool market. They are one of the largest textile brands in the world and
we use their estimate for the weight of a knitted woollen jumper as the most reliable data source
available.
Lever Feberge 2000 UK Laundry Market Report was large scale market research conducted,
finding information on the UK population’s laundry behaviours. This report was also used as a basis
in the 2002 Household Satellite Accounts.
The Time Use Survey is conducted by ONS. 12,000 people fill in two 24 hour diaries detailing their
time use for 10 minute slots.
International Monetary Fund Commodities Price Tracker is a database of random observations
of prices in the commodities market across time.
Annex 3 Sensitivity analysis
The estimates of the value of household clothing and laundry service are subject to a number of
assumptions. This section considers alternative assumptions and the effect adopting them would
have on the final value of the estimate.
1. Using a 10% ironing ratio.
We have assumed that 10% of clothing that is laundered is ironed, in line with 2002 estimates.
Better data would be needed to have a better grounded ironing ratio assumption.
Office for National Statistics | 1514 November 2014
Figure 8: Changing the proportion of clothes assumed to be ironed, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
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Using an ironing ratio of 50% instead of 10% would result in the final washing and ironing value to
be £10.5 billion higher for the year 1997, an 18% change. Moving it to 30% would result in a £5.3
billion increase, a 10% change. On average for every 10% increase in the ironing ratio the estimate
changes by 4.9%. Holding the ironing ratio constant minimises the error between years (as we
assume that peoples ironing habits do not significantly change year on year). If the appropriate
surveys were to be undertaken to find a better ironing ratio, then the data would need to be revised
through the years to reflect this.
2. Using 260 cycles
We assume a constant rate of 260 washing cycles per household per year based on the Lever
Feberge (2000) report. Various other data sources are available for wash loads per household per
year:
Office for National Statistics | 1614 November 2014
• “At Home with Water” from the Energy Savings Trust found a value of 244.4 washes per
household per year. Although this report has a much larger sample size, it was not used due to
strong self selection bias of the respondents.
• The Household Electricity Use Survey 2010 found a figure of 284 washes per year which we did
not use due to less extensive sampling than the Lever Feberge report.
• Analysis of the Time Use Survey estimated a value of 274, which was inferred from the number
of recurrences of laundry as a cited activity in a day. It was not used as it did not specifically
measure loading a washing machine- other activities could come under laundry.
The other possible alternative was to impose a linear trend between the 2000 value of 260 and
the 2010 value of 284 to reflect change in behaviour across the period. As these surveys were
conducted differently we did not use this linear trend as it may in fact merely display different
sampling methods rather than a change in behaviour. The average difference to the final value of
using this linear trend is 4.15%.
Table 2: Final Values using different washing loads per year, 1997 - 2012
United Kingdom
Billions
Year Quantity of Washloads Percentage differences in final
laundry £ value (compared to 260
washloads)
244.4 260 274 284 Linear 244.4 274 284 Linear
Trend Trend
1997 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.2 5.5 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% -2.8%
1998 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.2 5.6 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% -1.9%
1999 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.3 5.7 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% -0.9%
2000 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.3 5.8 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 0.0%
2001 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.0 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 0.9%
2002 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.2 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 1.9%
2003 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.3 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 2.8%
2004 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.4 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 3.7%
2005 5.8 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.5 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 4.6%
2006 5.9 6.3 6.7 6.9 6.7 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 5.5%
2007 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.9 6.8 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 6.5%
2008 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.0 6.9 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 7.4%
2009 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.0 7.0 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 8.3%
2010 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.1 7.1 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 9.2%
2011 6.2 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.3 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 10.2%
2012 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.2 7.4 -6.0% 5.4% 9.2% 11.1%
Office for National Statistics | 1714 November 2014
Table source: Office for National Statistics
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3. The mark up ratio on haberdashery in calculating the production and repairs output value.
Using a dynamic multiplier for the value added to wool each year in production of a knitted jumper as
a proxy for home production and repairs output reflects differences in market prices of intermediate
consumption and of output value. Using a fixed multiplier is the other option, used in the 2002
accounts.
Figure 9: Production and repairs output value with different mark-up ratios, 1997-2012
Source: Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics | 1814 November 2014
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Revisions
Changes in methodology have resulted in the 2002 household satellite accounts clothing and
laundry value to be revised. The changes in methodology are:
• Using an annually changing mark up ratio in calculating clothing production and repair from
expenditure on haberdashery and clothing materials, based on the mark up on wool in the
production of a knitted jumper. A constant mark up ratio of 2 was used in the original 2002
accounts.
• The use of revised and updated total UK household numbers.
• Use of PPP and CPI prices of laundry services rather than the small sample of prices used in
the original accounts. This also revised how much of the final value was washing and how much
was ironing, as the relative prices found by using PPP and CPI indices were different in the 2014
methodology compared to the 2002 methodology.
The original 2002 publications of the Household Satellite Accounts valued clothing and laundry
services at £47.4 billion for the year 2000. Due to the above revisions, this 2014 methodology values
them at £53.7 billion.
Table 3: Revisions to the 2002 methodology, 1997 - 2012
United Kingdom
£ Billions
Year 2002 Methodology 2014 Methodology
2000 47.4 53.7
Table source: Office for National Statistics
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References
1. Stiglitz, J. Sen, A. Fitoussi, J.P. (2009). Commission on the Measurement of Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Progress.
2. Holloway, Short and Tamplin (2002). Household Satellite Account (Experimental) Methodology.
Office for National Statistics.
3. Office for National Statistics (2002). Complete Household Satellite Accounts.
Office for National Statistics | 1914 November 2014
4. Ironmonger, D. and Soupourmas, F (2012) Output Based Estimates of the Gross Household
Product of the United States 2003-2010: And some Interactions of GHP with Gross Market Product
during the Great Financial Crisis (2008-2009).
5. Reid, M (1934): Economics of Household production, New York, John Wiley
Background notes
1. Further information about the Household Satellite Account (HHSA) (experimental) can be found
by visiting the ONS website.
2. Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting
www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media
Relations Office email: media.relations@ons.gsi.gov.uk
Copyright
© Crown copyright 2014
You may use or re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format
or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team,
The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.
This document is also available on our website at www.ons.gov.uk.
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