Impact of Bush Fire and Grazing on the Diversity of Herbaceous Plants in the Savannah's Zones of the Ndikinimeki District Central Cameroon ...
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Asian Journal of Research in Biosciences
3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
Impact of Bush Fire and Grazing on the Diversity of
Herbaceous Plants in the Savannah’s Zones of the
Ndikinimeki District Central Cameroon
Mireil Carole Votio Tchoupou1*, Standly Nkengbeza Nkemnyi2,
Ingrid Tetchieu Gaintse1, Nicole Liliane Maffo Maffo1,
Dongmo Donatien Zebaze1, Nadege Tagnang Madountsap3,
Cedric Djomo Chimi1,2, Louis-Paul Roger Banoho Kabelong1, Damien Essono1,
Marlene Tounkam Ngansop1, Hubert Kpoumie Mounmemi1,
Paule Mariette Kenmougne1, Amandine Flore Yonkeu Ntonmen1,
Armel Leukefack1 and Louis Zapfack1
1
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon.
2
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) – National of Herbarium of Cameroon.
3
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Received 10 March 2021
Accepted 19 May 2021
Original Research Article
Published 21 May 2021
ABSTRACT
The savannah’s zones of the Ndikinimeki District, Central Region of Cameroon are subject to very
strong anthropic pressures due to slash-and-burn agriculture, bush fires, grazing, population
growth, and firewood collection. In Cameroon, few studies have assessed the impact of bush fire
and grazing on the herbaceous stratum. The inventory and carbon stock of herbaceous plants were
carried out in 126 sub-plots of 1 m x 1 m (1m2) i.e three (03) repetitions along the diagonal of the 20
m x 50 m plots. However, these degrading factors were identified by field observations of bush fire
signs and the presence of cattle faeces. During this work, three facies were identified by field
observations (burning savannah, grazing savannah and undegraded savannah) and 3075
individuals plants species divided into 28 families, 77 genera and 88 species were recorded. The
results obtained showed that the variation in physiognomy and floristic diversity is a function of the
degrading factor (bush fire and grazing). However, grazing increases species richness, reduces
species cover and biomass. On the other hand, bush fire reduces species cover and carbon stock.
This study was carried out partly during drought period (august) and cannot, therefore, be
generalized to bush fire. At the end, this study demonstrated that vegetation fragmentation is due to
anthropogenic factors such as bush fire and grazing.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: tchoupouvotio@yahoo.fr;
Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
Keywords: Savannah; degrading factor; herbaceous plants; ndikinimeki; floristic diversity; vegetation
fragmentation.
1. INTRODUCTION Ndikinimeki District, Central Cameroon.
Specifically, the study aimed to : (1) Identify the
Cameroon savannah’s are subject to excessive different savannah’s facies of the savannah’s
pressures related to anthropogenic activities zone in the Ndikinimeki District ; (2) characterize
such as slash-and-burn agriculture, bush fire, the distribution of herbaceous plants in these
cattle grazing, population growth and fuel wood different facies types and (3) determine the
harvesting. These activities are constantly carbon stocks of the herbaceous plants per
increasing over time and contribute to the facies types.
fragmentation of these fragile ecosystems and
the loss of biodiversity, thus threatening the 2. MATERIELS AND METHODS
conservation status of certain species. The
Guinean-Congolian savannah’s of the 2.1 Study Area
Ndikinimeki District in Cameroon belong to the
phytogeography region that is difficult to classify The study was carried out in the Ndikinimeki
between evergreen forest and semi-caducious District, located in the Mbam and Inoubou
forest [1]. The savannah’s possess less than 5% Division in the Central Region of Cameroon (Fig
of the world’s biodiversity and are of great 1). This District extends from 4°36’ to 5°12’ North
floristic homogeny [2-3]. These ecosystems latitude and from 10°24’ to 11° 00’ East
constitute an essential economic space for longitude. The climate is guinean equatorial with
livestock and agriculture in many region of the four seasons : along dry season from december
world. The resurgence of bush fire and cattle to mid-march, a short rainy season from mid-
grazing in savannah’s has strongly influenced march to june, a short dry season from mid-june
herbaceous vegetation cover and ecological to august and a long rainy season from
community diversity patterns [4]. According to [5], september to november. In addition, the average
herbaceous vegetation is an important indicator annual rainfall is 1440 mm/year and the
of change in the face of disturbances and temperature varies 23°C to 24°C reaching a
environmental conditions. peak of 38°C in february [10]. According to [11],
the soils of Ndikinimeki are of the red and yellow
However, herbaceous plants are non-negligible ferralitic type. [1] identified 6 types of vegetation
carbon stock reservoir in savannah’s. such as semi-caducified forest with or without
Nevertheless, plant defoliation by herbivores concentrated remnants of Terminalia
affects the distribution of carbon stocks and root glaucescents peri-forest savannah’s on an
activity [6]. Similarly, fires contribute to the loss of erosion bubbled relief, and with an advance of
carbon from herbaceous plants [7]. Sudanese-Zambian elements.
In Cameroon studies conducted by [8] on the
2.2 Data Collection
development of a herbaceous cover in a
soudano-sahelian savannah’s in Northem
Cameroon and by [9] on the vegetation of 2.2.1 Identification of different facies
pastures in Adamaoua Cameroon did not
specifically address the effect of degradation Facies were identified through field observations
factors on the floristic diversity of herbaceous such as the presence of bush fire signs on tree
plants in savannah’s. However, this ecosystem is trunks in burnt savannah’s and the presence of
an important link in the balance of biodiversity. cattle in grazing savannah’s. On the other hand,
Savannah’s are often neglected in studies the undegraded savannah’s had neither bush fire
because of their low vegetation cover and the and grazing signs.
lack of knowledge of their potential in ecosystem
services. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the 2.2.2 Assessment of floristic diversity by
influence of degrading factors such as bush fire facies type
and grazing on the distribution of the herbaceous
community. The present study aims to contribute The experimental set-up inspired from [12] was
to a better understanding of the potential of adapted to this study. This set-up made it
2
hebaceous distribution in the face of bush fire possible to carry out 3 replicates of 1 m (1 m x 1
and grazing in the savannah’s zone of the m) in the 20 m x 50 m plots, to characterise the
22Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
vegetation of the herbaceous stratum. 42 savannah’s, grazing savannah’s and undegraded
surveys plots of 1 m2 were randomly installed in savannah’s i.e. an area of 126 m2 sampled in
each of the three (03) identified facies : burning these savannah’s.
Fig. 1. Localisation of central region Ndikinimeki District and study sites within Cameroon
Fig. 2. Sampling design
23Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
2.2.3 Measurement herbaceous carbon cover [20]. It is computed by the following
stocks formula:
′
The method used for the collection of ln = −∑
herbaceous biomass was inspired from [13,14]. It
2
consisted of laying out a 1 m x 1 m (1 m ) square With / ; ni = Individual number/species; N =
plot and cutting the herbaceous plants flush with Individual number / Plot. H’ Generally ranges
the ground using cutters, taking precaution from 0 to 5.
measures not to uproot the grass [15] and also
not to cut the woody plants. This biomass was Pielou Equitability (E) [21] or regularity is a
collected in the same survey plots used for measure of the degree of diversity populating
inventory of herbaceous species. The fresh achieved by stand. It corresponds to the ratio
herbaceous biomass collected was bagged in between effective diversity (H) and the
plastic bags followed by the number of the theoretical maximum diversity (Hmax), which
survey and the plot and then transfered to A4 isequal to the logarithm of the number of taxa
envelopes bearing the same numbers. The [22]. It is determined from the following formula:
weight of the biomass was obtained according to
the method of [16], then expressed in Mg C/ha = /
[17] by facies type.
Equitability ranges between 0 and 1. It tends
2.4 Data Analysis towards 0 when there is dominance and tends
towards 1 when a maximum number of species
2.4.1 Analysis of floristic diversity participate in the cover [23-24]. The high Pielou
may then be a sign of a balanced stand [25].
The qualitative floristic analysis (family, genus
and species) was carried out on the basis of the Sorensen [26] coefficient of similarity was
general floristic list of the different surveys. The calculated using the following formula:
species of herbaceous plants collected were
identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon = × 100
using different herbaceous flora. The APG
(Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III [18]
classification system was used. The taxonomic Where Ks is Sorensen coefficient of similarity, a :
richness of the different strata was assessed by is the number of species in a list belonging to site
counting the different species identified. A, b is the number of species in a list belonging
to site B, and c is the number of species common
2.4.2 Vegetation analysis to site A and B that we wish to compare.
The assessment of the vegetation required to 2.5 Statistical Analysis
compute of the relative abundance of the
different taxa. The diversity indices and the biomass of the
The relative abundance (RA) of a species (or different degrading factors were compared using
family) is the quotient of the number of the Tukey test, to show whether the degrading
individuals of a species by the sum of all species, factors are significantly (p < 0,05) different.
multiplied by 100. Statistical data processing and figures were
made using R software and Excel spreadsheet.
ℎ
= × 100
ℎ
3. RESULTS
In this study, in addition to relative abundance
analysis, three diversity indices were used to 3.1 Facies Diversity in the Savannah’s
analyse diversity : Shannon Weaver index, Zone of Ndikinimeki District
Pielou Equitability and Sorensen’s Coefficient of
Similarity. The analyses carried out show that the
savannah’s zone of Ndikinimeki are
Shannon-Weaver index [19] expresses the characterised by three different facies : burning
diversity of species within plants groups. It is savannah’s, grazing savannah’s and undegraded
higher the more species are involved in the land savannah’s.
24Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
3.2 Distribution of Herbaceous Species by the Poaceae (48,30%), followed by grazing
According to Facies Type savannah’s (44,95%) and burning savannah’s
(31,01%). As for the Asteraceae, it is dominant
The floristic inventory of the herbaceous species burning savannah’s (27,87%), grazing
in the study area gave the results shown in Table savannah’s (25,60%) and undegraded
1. It summarises the abundance, number of plant savannah’s (22,30%). With regard to Fabaceae,
families, genera and species. The grazing they are more present in burning savannah’s
savannah’s allowed the classification of 1357 (17,77 %) than in grazing savannah’s (7,96 %).
individuals in 26 famillies, 56 genrera and 63 However, in undegraded savannah’s we rather
species. As for the undegraded savannah’s, observe the Nephrolepidaceae (11,30 %).
1406 individuals were inventoried and divided
into 18 families, 48 genera and 57 species. As 3.5 Diversity Index of the Different Types
for the burning savannah’s, 312 individuals were of Savannah in the Study Area
counted and classified in 11 families, 22 genera
and 24 species (Table 1). Table 2 presents the different mean per plot of
species richness, the Shannon index and Pielou
3.3 Relative Abundance of Species on as a function of the different degrading factors.
Different Types of Facies The table shows that grazing savannah’s (13,15
± 3,76) and undegraded savannah’s (11,94 ±
Fig. 3 shows the variation in the relative
4,22) are more diverse than burning savannah’s
abundance of species according to facies type. It
(6,16 ± 3,99). As for Pielou, he shows that
shows that the flora of burning savannah is
species in grazing savannah’s and undegraded
represented respectively Panicum maximum
savannah’shave a similar distribtion in contrast to
(15,68%), Stylosanthes guianensis (13,59 %),
the distribution of species in burning savannah’s.
Aspilia africana (9,76%) and Chromolaena
The Tukey test showed a significant difference (p
odorata (8,01%). The undegraded savannah’s
< .05) in species richness and in the
are dominated respectively by Hyparrhenia rufa
representativeness of species by degrading
(18,76%), Melinis minutiflora (15,29%), Imperata
factors. It also showed that for the Shannon
cylindrica (12,41%) and Chromolaena odorata
index there was no significant difference (p > .05)
(11,96%). However, the flora of the grazing
in the representativeness of species by
savannah’s is represented respectively by
degrading factors. It also showed a significant
Hyparrhenia rufa (18,92%), Chromolaena
difference (p < .001 that for the Pielou index.
odorata (17,92%), Imperata cylindrica (14,65%)
et Melinis minutiflora (10,67%).
Table 3 shows the Sorensen index obtained for
3.4 Relative Abundance of Families on the three facies in the study area, which
characterise the degree of similarity between the
Different Types of Facies
facies in the study area (burning savannah’s,
La Fig. 4 shows that the relative abundance of undegraded savannah’s and and grazing
families varies according to the different types of savannah’s). The Sorensen index obtained
facies. It shows that, the different type of between burning savannah’s and undegraded
savannah’s are dominated by the Poaceae, savannah’s is 44,06%, 46,15% between burning
followed by the Asteraceae. It is shows that and grazing savannah’s and 76,74% between
undegraded savannah’s are more represented undegraded and grazing savannah’s.
Table 1. Summary of the floristic inventory of herbaceous species in the three (03) different
types of facies
Taxa Abundances Families Genera Species
Facies
Grazing savannah’s 1357 26 56 63
Undegraded savannah’s 1406 18 48 57
Burning savannah’s 312 11 22 24
Total 3075 28 77 88
25Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
Relative abundance of species 20 18.76 18 15.68
18 15.29 16 13.59
Relative abundance of species
16 12.41 11.96 14
14 12 9.76
12
10 10 8.01
8 8
6 6
4 4
2
0 2
0
Rank of species importance
Rank of species importance
a b
20 18.92 17.92
18
Relative abundance of species
14.65
16
14 10.67
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
c
Rank of species importance
Fig. 3. Ranking of species importance in the three (03) different facies types of : a) burning
savannah’s ; b) undegraded savannah’s and c) grazing savannah’s
60 48.3
50 44.95
Proportion of families
40 31.01 27.87
22.3 25.6
30 17.77
20 11.3 7.96
10
0
Poaceae
Poaceae
Nephrolepidaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Burning savannahs Undegraded savannahs Grazing savannahs
Most abundant families by type of facies
Fig. 4. Relative abundances of the most represented families on three types of facies
26Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
Table 2. Diversity index by degrading factor
Mean Species/Plots Shannon Pielou
Degrading factors
Grazing savannah 13,15 ± 3,76 a 1,87 ± 0,45 a 0,74 ± 0,04 a
Undegraded savannah 11,94 ± 4,22 a 1,87 ± 0,53 a 0,79 ± 0,06 a
Burning savannah 6,16 ± 3,99 b 1,52± 0,31 a 0,90 ± 0,07 b
Table 3. Sorensen Index for facies in the study area
Diversity index Sorensen index%
Degrading factors
Burning savannah / Grazing savannah 32,09
Burning savannah / Undegreded savannah 32,18
Grazing savannah / Undegreded savannah 68,33
3.6 Carbon Stocks floristic diversity in the grazing savannah’s as
opposed to the undegraded and burning
Table 4 presents the carbon stock per hectare by savannah’s. Furthermore, the regression of
facies type. It shows that undegraded species in burning savannah’s is due to the
savannah’s (2,48 t ± 2.07 Mg C/ha) store more presence of bush fire, which limits the growth
carbon than grazing savannah’s (1,43 t ± 1.63 and development of certain species. Bush fire
Mg C/ha) and burning savannah’s (0,21± 0.22 reduces the specific and generic richness, as
Mg C/ha). well as the number of families. These results are
partly similar to those of [31] in the Sakaraha
Fig. 3 shows the variation in carbon stocks per region of Madagascar who found that bush fire
hectare by facies type (burning savannah’s, had an impact on generic and specific richness,
undegraded savannah’s and grazing and to those of [32] who showed that bush fire
savannah’s). It shows that there is a significant reduced floristic richness in the sudanian
difference (p < .001) between the different facies. savannah’s of northen Mali. Moreover, they are
opposed to those of [33] carried out in the Upper
4. DISCUSSION Casamance in Senegal and to those of [34] in
the Nord of Cameroon. The season remains an
4.1 Types of Facies and Characteristics important factor as it characterises the bush fire
of the Herbaceous regime and its impact on the environment [35].
Moreover, the effect of grazing would increase
The presence of these facies in the Ndikinimeki the specific, generic and family richness. This
savannah’s is due to the bush fires regularly result is similar to that found [31] in the Sakaraha
used during agriculture and cattle rearing. The region of Madagascar. Furthermore, [36] showed
floristic richness of the study area is similar to that grazing reduces the floristic composition
that found by [27] in the Soudanian savannah’s through the choice of species that constitute the
of Burkina Faso. The flora of the study area cattle’s diet, probably modifying the structure and
is relatively rich compared to the results obtained heterogeneity by eliminating certain species.
by [28] in the savannah’s of the congolese Similary [37] and [38] have shown that in a
basin, those of [29] in the savannah’s of the Ferlo sahelian environment intense and continuous
in Senegal, and poor compared to those grazing reduces species richness while favouring
obtained by [30] in the savannah’s of the Widou Poaceae.
in Senegal. The floristic difference between
these savannah’s would be due to the difference The most represented families Poaceae,
in ecological zones, the sampling area, the Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The high proportion
collection methodology, the soil pedology, of Poaceae in the study area is due to their
the climatic conditions, the collection period and competition for light in the open environment,
the anthropic pressure. their ease of dissemination and regrowth. The
predominance of these families is one of the
However, the inventory carried out on the characteristics of the undergrowth of the
different facies identified shows an increase in
27Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
guinean-congolese savannah’s of Ndikinimeki presnt a floristic similarity, as shown by the
District. These three families offer food potential Sorensen Similarity Index (68,33%).
for cattle. This result is in line with those of [39,
40, 28, 41, 42, 43] who found that Poaceae was The carbon stock obtained in undegraded and
also the most dominant family in their study area. grazing savannah’s are lower than those found
by [47] in undegraded and grazing sudanian
4.2 Influence of Degrading Factor on the savannah’s in Burkina Faso. This could be due to
Distribution and Biomass of Grasses the difference in ecological zone, soil quality and
degree of disturbance. The burning savannah’s
in the study area have a low carbon storage
The distribution of indices shows that diferent
capacity, which could be due to the bush fire that
facies on the Ndikinimeki savannah’s zone
consumed some species and also limited the
appear to be less divers with a unequitable
growth of some species. According to [48,49,32,
distribution of species, unlike the Makossa
34] herbaceous production and carbon storage
savannah’s in Congo [44]. This indicates a strong
are more important in savannah’s not subject to
disturbance in the different facies of the study
bush fire. The carbon stock would vary from one
area. These results are similar to those of [45] in
ecological zone to another [50]. Similarly, [51,52,
the Boundji savannah’s and [46] in the Lekana
53] have shown in their work that carbon stock
savannah’s. The difference in results could be
varies according to plant groups. These same
due to anthropogenic activities. In general,
authors also reported thatcarbon stock is a
grazing savannah’s and undegraded savannah’s
function of topography.
Table 4. Carbon stocks per hectare by facies
Carbon stock per ha Mean (Mg C/ha)
Degrading factors
Grazing savannah 1.43 ± 1.63 b
Burning savannah 0.21 ± 0.22 c
Undegraded savannah 2.48 ± 2.07 a
Fig. 5. Carbone stocks (Mg C/ha) by facies type
28Tchoupou et al.; AJORIB, 3(2): 21-32, 2021; Article no.AJORIB.408
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