INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS (REVISED 2015) - Journal of Animal Science
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS (REVISED 2015)
Journal of Animal Science
The Instructions for Authors, Journal of Animal Sci- • For bacterial nomenclature, consult Approved
ence (JAS) is divided into 2 sections: Lists of Bacterial Names. http://www.bacterio.
net/alintro.html
I. Manuscript Preparation, which describes the Style Manuscripts should be prepared double-spaced in
and Form that authors must follow in the prepara- Microsoft Word, with lines and pages numbered con-
tion of manuscripts; and secutively, using Times New Roman font at 12 points
and no less than 2.54-cm (1 inch) margins all around.
II. Policies and Procedures of JAS, which describes Special characters (e.g., Greek and symbols) should be
the mission of JAS, contact information, care and inserted using the symbols palette available in this font.
use of animals, protection of human subjects, con- Complex equations should be entered using MathType
flict of interest, types of articles published in JAS, (http://www.dessci.com/en/products/mathtype/). Tables
manuscript submission, copyright policies, review and figures should be placed in separate sections at the
procedures and policies, papers in press, author end of the manuscript, and not placed in the text. Manu-
proofs, and publication charges. scripts should be uploaded to Thomson Reuters Scholar-
One Manuscripts (formerly called Manuscript Central)
I. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION using the fewest files possible to facilitate the review
(STYLE AND FORM) and editing processes.
Manuscripts should contain the following sections
The most important thing authors can do as they in this order.
prepare their manuscripts is to consult a recent is- Title Page. The title page includes a running head
sue of JAS to see the acceptable format for headings, title (the first word only and any proper nouns capitalized
page, ABSTRACT, Key words, INTRODUCTION, MA- and no more than 45 keystrokes [i.e., characters and
TERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION spaces; a space is counted as a keystroke]); the title
(or combined RESULTS AND DISCUSSION), LITERA- (only the first word and any proper nouns capitalized,
TURE CITED, and tables and figures (including figure as brief as possible, and including the species involved);
captions). Each of these topics is described in this docu- names of authors (e.g., T. E. Smith; no title, positions,
ment. The headings are shown in uppercase letters to il- or degrees) and institutions, including the department,
lustrate how they should appear in manuscripts. A basic city, state or country (all with first letters capitalized),
manuscript template in Microsoft Word is available at and ZIP or postal code. Author affiliations are footnoted
http://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/ using the symbols *, †, ‡, §, #, ║, and ¶ and are placed
jas/infora. Manuscripts that are not consistent with below the author names. If a consortium is listed in the
the Instructions for Authors will be immediately byline, a footnoted reference to a website showing the
rejected. names and affiliations of each member of the consor-
General. Manuscripts must be written in English and tium should be included in acknowledgements; names
must use American spelling and usage, as well as stan- and affiliations of each member of the consortium will
dard scientific usage. The following online resources pro- not be listed on the title page. Superscript numbers are
vide detailed information. used to reference footnotes on the first page. Acknowl-
edgments, including acknowledgements of consortia,
• For general style and form, authors should fol- grants, experiment station, or journal series number,
low that recommended in Scientific Style and are given as a footnote to the title. Authors disclosing
Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, potential or actual conflicts of interest related to the re-
and Publishers. 7th ed. Council of Science Edi- search presented in the manuscript should describe this
tors, Reston, VA. in a footnote with other acknowledgements (for details,
• For American English spelling and usage, con- see Conflict of Interest).
sult Merriam-Webster Online. http://www.m-w. Abstract. ABSTRACT consists of no more than
com/ 2,500 keystrokes (characters and spaces) in one para-
• For how to use numbers, refer to Policies Re- graph and contains a summary of the pertinent results,
garding Number Usage later in this document. with statistical evidence (i.e., P-values), in a brief but
• For SI units, the National Institute of Standards understandable form, beginning with a clear statement
and Technology provides a comprehensive guide. of the objective and ending with the conclusions, with no
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html references cited. Abbreviations in the abstract that are
• For capitalization and spelling of plants, consult not in Standard JAS Abbreviations must be defined
the USDA Plants website. http://plants.usda.gov at first use.
• For anatomical nomenclature, consult the cur- Key words. List up to 6 key words or phrases in-
rent Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. http:// cluding the species, variables tested, and major response
www.wava-amav.org/Downloads/nav_2012.pdf criteria. The first letter of each key word is lowercase,Instructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
unless it is a proper noun; key words are separated by quantitative descriptions. Thus, the P-value (e.g., P =
commas and presented in alphabetical order; and no ab- 0.042 or P < 0.05) should be presented, thereby allow-
breviations should be used. Because major words in the ing readers to decide what to reject. Other probability
title are not used for the subject index, which is pub- (alpha) levels may be discussed if properly qualified so
lished in the last issue of each volume of JAS, appropri- that the reader is not misled (e.g., trends in the data).
ate words from the title should be listed as key words. Discussion. DISCUSSION contains the author’s,
Introduction. INTRODUCTION must not exceed or authors’, interpretations of the results of the study.
2,000 keystrokes (characters and spaces) and must con- The presentation should be clear and concise, address
tain a brief justification for conducting the research, the biological mechanisms and their significance, and inte-
hypotheses to be tested, and the objective(s). Extensive grate the research findings with the body of previously
discussion of relevant literature should be included in published literature to provide readers with a broad base
DISCUSSION, not in INTRODUCTION. on which to evaluate the author’s, or authors’, interpre-
Materials and Methods. MATERIALS AND tations and assertions. Authors may speculate, but they
METHODS is a required section and must contain a should make it clear that their statements are specula-
clear description or specific original reference for all tive, rather than factual. A stand-alone DISCUSSION
biological, analytical, and statistical procedures. All should not refer to any tables or figures, nor should it
modifications of procedures must be explained. Diets, include P-values, unless citing a P-value from another
dates of experimental activities if appropriate, animals work. The discussion must be consistent with the data
(breed, sex, age, body weight, and weighing conditions from the research.
[i.e., with or without restriction of feed and water]), sur- Results and Discussion. In JAS, authors have the
gical techniques, measurements, and statistical models option of combining the results and discussion into one
should be described clearly and fully. Manufacturer in- section.
formation must be provided at the first mention of each Literature Cited. To be listed in LITERATURE
proprietary product used in the research (for details CITED, papers must be published or accepted for pub-
see, Commercial Products). Appropriate statistical lication (“in press”). Personal communications and un-
methods should be used, although the biology should published data must not be included in LITERATURE
be emphasized. Statistical methods commonly used in CITED. Guidelines and formats for references and ci-
the animal sciences need not be described in detail, but tations are described in the Literature Cited Section of
adequate references should be provided. The statistical this document.
model, classes, blocks, and experimental unit must be Tables and Figures. Tables and figures must be
designated. Any restrictions used in estimating param- prepared so they meet the stand-alone criterion; that
eters should be defined. Reference to a statistical pack- is, information in a table or figure can be understood
age without reporting the sources of variation (classes) without referring to information in the body of the
and other salient features of the analysis, such as cova- manuscript. Tables and figures shall be placed at the
riance or orthogonal contrasts, is not sufficient. Always end of the manuscript. Each table and each figure shall
reference SAS with the manufacturer information (SAS be placed on a separate page (separated with section
Inst. Inc., Cary, NC); do not call out as a reference in breaks) and identified with table and figure numbers.
LITERATURE CITED. The threshold (e.g., P < 0.05) Author-defined abbreviations must be defined (or rede-
for significance should be stated. A statement of the fined) in each table and figure. Manufacturer name and
results of the statistical analysis should justify the in- location must be provided for any proprietary product
terpretations and conclusions. The experimental unit appearing in a table or figure.
is the smallest unit to which an individual treatment Tables must be created using the table feature in
is imposed. Measurements on the same experimental MS Word (for instructions, see Guidelines for Creat-
unit over time are not independent and should not be ing Tables Using Microsoft Word (http://www.ani-
considered as independent experimental units. Provide malsciencepublications.org/files/publications/jas/word-
a validation for assays (e.g., mean and CV for repeated tableguidelines-jas.pdf). Refer to a recent issue of JAS
analysis of a sample [both between and within-assay if for examples of table construction. When possible, tables
available] and the sensitivity [minimum amount or con- should be organized to fit across the page (i.e., portrait
centration detectable]). Also, provide a publication ref- layout) without running broadside (i.e., landscape).
erence for the methods used in kits. Centrifugal force Each column must have a heading (e.g., Item, Ingredi-
should be provided in × g, not rpm, and duration and ent, Trait, Fatty acid). Units (e.g., kg) should be separat-
temperature of centrifugation must be included. Include ed from headings by a comma, rather than being shown
volume of blood collected, container used, and amount in parentheses. Limit the data field to the minimum
of preservative or anticoagulant (e.g., 10 μL of heparin). needed for meaningful comparison within the accuracy
Results. RESULTS are presented in the form of ta- of the methods. In the body of the table, numerals are
bles or figures when feasible. The text should explain used to reference footnotes. Each footnote should begin
or elaborate on the tabular data, but numbers should on a new line. Lowercase, superscript letters are used to
not be repeated within the text. Sufficient data, all with indicate significant differences among means within a
some index of variation attached, including significance row or column and to reference footnotes explaining how
level (i.e., P-value), should be presented to allow readers to interpret the letters.
to interpret the results of the experiment. Reporting the Figures should follow the Quality Guidelines for
P-value is preferred to the use of the terms significant Journal of Animal Science (JAS) Figures (http://
and highly significant, which are more editorial than www.animalsciencepublications.org/files/pub-Instructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
lications/jas/infora-guidelines-for-figures.pdf). Figure versally accepted style for gene and protein names that
captions should be typed double-spaced on a separate applies to all species, the JAS asks authors to assume
page. Now that JAS is a fully electronic publication, the responsibility of using the convention appropriate
authors are encouraged to use color to enhance figures; for the particular species. Some general guidelines can
there are no additional fees for color figures and images be found in the CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and
in issues of JAS. Publishers (7th ed., 2006). For example, the gene that
Individuals may purchase print-on-demand copies of codes for the protein p53 is TP53 in humans and Trp53
JAS issues from Sheridan Press. Print-on-demand cop- in mice (note that, by convention, gene names are itali-
ies will contain gray-scale, rather than color, figures and cized, and protein names are generally not italicized).
images. To purchase these, contact Sheridan at Journal Quantitative Trait Loci and DNA Markers and
of Animal Science or American Society of Animal Sci- Microarray Data. Authors of papers that contain
ence, PO Box 465, Hanover, PA 17331 P: 717-632-3535, original quantitative trait loci (QTL) or DNA marker-
F: 717-633-8920, E: pubsvc.tsp@sheridan.com. association results for livestock are strongly encouraged
Appendices. An appendix or appendices are op- to make their data available in an electronic form to one
tional and used to provide numerical examples or give of the publicly available livestock QTL databases after
extensive detail of analytical procedures. However, if the manuscript appears on the JAS First Look website
the supplemental material is of interest only to a limited (http://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publica-
number of JAS readers, it should not be included as an tions/jas/first-look). The date on which the paper is post-
appendix. Instead, state that supplemental information ed to the JAS-Papers in Press website may represent
is available on request from the corresponding author; the official public disclosure date for the contents of the
addresses for websites with appropriate supplemental article. Current QTL databases for livestock include, but
information are acceptable. If extensive, the data may may not be limited to, the Animal QTL database (http://
be included as an e-supplement to the manuscript (see www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb) and the Bovine QTL
E-Supplements). Appendices should follow LITERA- database (http://genomes.sapac.edu.au/bovineqtl/index.
TURE CITED and be introduced with a major heading html). Similarly, for microarray data we request that all
(e.g., APPENDIX 1: TITLE). authors using microarray data analysis in their research
E-Supplements. Authors may present material submit a complete data set to 1 of 3 databases before
in an e-supplement (e.g., detailed data sets, Excel files, submission of a manuscript: the NCBI Gene Expression
and video) that is more extensive or detailed than nec- Omnibus (GEO; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/
essary for a JAS article. A note will appear in the JAS geo), the EMBL-EBI ArrayExpress repository (http://
article that more material can be found online. Material www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress), or the Center for Informa-
in an e-supplement must undergo peer review and, thus, tion Biology Gene Expression (CIBEX) database.
should be in a format that is easily accessible (i.e., does Commercial Products. The use of names of com-
not require dedicated software or software that is not mercial products should be minimized. When a commer-
generally available) to most reviewers and readers. cial product is used as part of an experiment, the manu-
facturer name and location (city and state if in the US;
Additional Usage Notes city, administrative region or district [e.g., province],
and country if outside the US) or a website address must
Numbers. For details, see Policies Regarding be given parenthetically at first mention in text, tables,
Number Usage for Journal of Animal Science later and figures. The generic name should be used subse-
in this document. quently. No ™, ®, or © symbols should be used.
Abbreviations. Except to begin a sentence and when
specifically contraindicated (e.g., units of time should General Usage.
only be abbreviated when used with a number), authors •• Abbreviations are not used to begin sentences.
must use the abbreviations that are listed in this docu- Words must be spelled out
ment under STANDARD JAS ABBREVIATIONS. •• Note that “and/or” is allowed but not preferred;
Abbreviations in the text that are not listed in STAN- we ask that authors choose the more appropriate
DARD JAS ABBREVIATIONS must be defined at meaning or use “x or y or both” if possible.
first use, unless they are international abbreviations for •• “Sex” should be used, rather than “gender.” Gen-
elements, units of measure, amino acids, and chemicals, der is more appropriate for describing a role in
as examples. Abbreviations listed in STANDARD JAS society than for describing biological sex.
ABBREVIATIONS or standard international abbre- •• State total sample size (e.g., the study included
viations cannot be used to create author-defined abbre- a total of 600 animals), rather than using “N” to
viations (e.g., t = metric ton and cannot be used as an represent total sample size.
abbreviation for time, temperature, or treatment; C = •• In math, the hierarchy for brackets and paren-
carbon and cannot be used for Control). theses is [ ( ) ]. For example, [(2 + 3) × (12 ÷ 2)] × 2
Once defined, author-defined abbreviations should = 60.
always be used, except to begin a sentence. Author-de- •• In writing, however, a parenthetical remark
fined abbreviations must be defined in the abstract and within a parenthetical is punctuated as brack-
redefined at first use in the body of the manuscript, in ets within parentheses, ( [ ] ). For example, “The
each table, and in each figure. Authors should avoid ex- title page includes a running head (no more than
cessive use of author-defined abbreviations. 45 keystrokes [i.e., characters plus spaces]); the
Gene and Protein Names. Because there is no uni- title…”Instructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
•• Meat shear force should be expressed in kilo- Genetics; Animal Nutrition: Nonruminant Nutrition;
grams (kg), although newtons (N) may also be ac- Animal Nutrition: Ruminant Nutrition; Animal Physiol-
ceptable. ogy; Animal Production; Animal Products; Special Top-
•• Report time using the 24-h system (e.g., 1410 h ics; and Symposia, which contains invited manuscripts
rather than 2:10 p.m.). from symposia at ASAS meetings. Manuscripts that do
•• Use italics to designate genus and species (e.g., not fit one of the JAS Sections will not be considered for
Bos taurus) and botanical varieties (e.g., Medi- publication.
cago sativa var. Potomac). Designations for bo- The Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor, and Section
tanical cultivars should be preceded by “cv.” or Editors establish the editorial policies of JAS, subject to
enclosed in single quotes (e.g., Festuca arundina- review by the publications committee and ASAS Board
cea cv. Kentucky 31 or Festuca arundinacea ‘Ken- of Directors. The views expressed in articles published
tucky 31’). in JAS represent the opinions of the author(s) and do
•• Names of muscles are not italicized. not necessarily reflect the official policy of the institution
•• Specify the basis (i.e., as-fed or dry matter) for di- with which an author is affiliated, the ASAS, or the JAS
etary ingredient and chemical composition data Editor-in-Chief. Authors are responsible for ensuring
listed in text or in tables. Similarly, specify the the accuracy of collection, analysis, and interpretation
basis for tissue composition data (e.g., wet or dry of data in manuscripts and ultimately for guaranteeing
basis). the veracity of the contents of articles published in JAS.
•• Calculations of efficiency should be expressed The JAS is one of the most frequently cited, peer-re-
as output divided by input (i.e., gain:feed, not viewed, agriculturally oriented research journals in the
feed:gain). This avoids the spurious positive and world, based on statistics published by Thomson Reuters
negative infinity values when body weight gain is (formerly ISI Inc.; Philadelphia, PA). Its high ranking in
zero or negative. It also avoids the confusion asso- several categories attests to the quality standards of the
ciated with discussing an improvement as being JAS editors, editorial board, and staff and the authors
a decrease. who submit manuscripts for publication.
•• A diet is a feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuffs; a
ration is the daily allotment of the diet. Contact Information
•• Restrict the use of “while” and “since” to meanings For information on the scientific content of the jour-
related to time. Appropriate substitutes include nal, contact the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Gregory S. Lewis,
“and,” “but,” or “whereas” for “while,” and “be- American Society of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7410,
cause,” “even though,” or “although” for “since.” Champaign, Illinois 61826-7410; e-mail: glewis@asas.
•• The word “Table” is capitalized and never abbre- org.
viated. For questions about submitting a manuscript and
•• Except to begin a sentence, the word “Figure” ScholarOne Manuscripts, contact Mr. Brett Holte, Sub-
should be abbreviated to “Fig.” mission Services Manager; e-mail: bholte@sciencesoci-
•• Except to begin a sentence, experiment and equa- eties.org.
tion should be abbreviated to Exp. and Eq., re- For assistance with author proofs, contact Ms. Emily
spectively, when preceding a numeral (e.g., Exp. Mueller, Managing Editor; e-mail: emueller@science-
1). societies.org.
•• Avoid jargon unfamiliar to scientists from other
disciplines. Do not use the term “head” to refer to Care and Use of Animals
an animal or group of animals. Instead, use ani-
mal, sow, ewe, steer, heifer, cattle, etc. All authors submitting to JAS must complete the Care
•• Avoid bi- as a prefix because of its ambiguity; bi- and Use of Animals form certifying that any research
weekly means twice per week and once every 2 that involves animals has followed established stan-
weeks. dards for the humane care and use of animals and must
•• Breed and variety names should be capitalized specify which standards were used. Only investigations
(e.g., Landrace and Hereford). that have followed high standards for the humane care
•• Trademarked or registered names should be capi- and use of animals in research will be reported in JAS.
talized, but no ™ or ® symbols should be used. Also, the manuscript must include a statement of in-
stitutional animal care and use committee (IACUC), or
II. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES OF JAS equivalent, approval of all animal procedures. The IA-
CUC statement should appear as the first item in MA-
The mission of the American Society of Animal Sci- TERIALS AND METHODS and should specify which
ence (ASAS) is to “foster the discovery, sharing, and publically available animal care and use standards were
application of scientific knowledge concerning the followed (e.g., FASS Guide for the Care and Use of Ag-
responsible use of animals to enhance human life ricultural Animals in Research and Teaching; Primary
and well-being” (https://asas.org/about-asas/history- Industries Ministerial Council, Model code of practice
and-mission). The Journal of Animal Science, which is for the welfare of animals: the sheep). The manuscript
published monthly by ASAS, accepts manuscripts pre- should describe anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers,
senting information for publication with this mission in and care taken to minimize pain and discomfort during
mind. preoperative, operative, and postoperative procedures.
The JAS is divided into the following Sections: Animal If research requires discomfort to the animals or stress-Instructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
ful conditions, justification for these conditions must be thor, in which case ScholarOne Manuscripts will limit
evident in papers published in JAS. their access to the Corresponding Author Center. When
the current Editor-in-Chief, for example, has an actual
Protection of Human Subjects or potential conflict of interest with a manuscript, a for-
mer Editor-in-Chief will assume the responsibilities of
In the United States, federally funded or regulated
the Editor-in-Chief for that manuscript.
research involving human subjects must comply with
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 45 Public Wel-
fare, Part 46 Protection of Human Subjects. However, Types of Articles
CFR 45 Part 46.101(b) exempts some research from
these regulations. For all exempted research and other Articles published in JAS encompass a broad range
details, see http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/ of research topics in animal production and funda-
guidance/45cfr46.html. Exempted research includes mental aspects of genetics, nutrition, physiology, and
that in which the only involvement of human subjects preparation and utilization of animal products. Many
is for “taste and food quality evaluation and consumer articles are multidisciplinary and cannot be conve-
acceptance if 1) wholesome foods without additives are niently categorized. Articles typically report research
consumed or 2) a food is consumed that contains a food with cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep. However, studies
ingredient at or below the level and for a use found to involving other farm animals (e.g., poultry and meat
be safe, or agricultural chemical or environmental con- and working horses) and companion animals, includ-
taminant at or below the level found to be safe, by the ing performance and recreational horses, aquatic, and
Food and Drug Administration or approved by the Envi- wildlife species will be considered for publication. Stud-
ronmental Protection Agency or the Food Safety and In- ies with laboratory animal species that address funda-
spection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.” mental questions related to the biology of livestock,
If human subjects were used in exempted research and companion animals, and other managed animals may
the research was in compliance with CFR 45 Part 46, or be considered. Manuscripts that report research on
equivalent regulations where the research was conduct- production issues in animals other than those consti-
ed, authors must state in MATERIALS AND METH- tuting the main focus of JAS should be submitted to
ODS or acknowledgements that they were in full com- other journals.
pliance. If human subjects were used in research that The preceding paragraph is not meant to exclude
was not exempted in CFR 45 Part 46, or equivalent manuscripts but, rather, is a clarification of the focus of
regulations where the research was conducted, authors JAS. Authors may contact the Editor-in-Chief if there
must certify that the research received a priori approval are questions about whether the topic of a manuscript
from an appropriate Institutional Review Board. is appropriate for JAS.
Research Articles. Results of research contained
Conflict of Interest in manuscripts submitted to JAS must not have
been published in or submitted previously to a peer-
All JAS editors, ASAS staff, ASAS Board of Directors,
reviewed scientific journal. Previous presentation at a
and submitting authors must disclose any actual or po-
scientific meeting or the use of data in field-day reports
tential conflicts of interest that may affect their ability
or similar documents, including press publications or
to objectively present or review research or data. This
postings to personal or departmental websites, do not
generally includes any relevant professional, personal,
preclude the publication of such data in JAS. How-
political, intellectual, religious, or financial interest
ever, abstracts, proceedings papers, field-day reports,
in, or relationship with, an individual or business that
or similar presentations that are expanded to produce
could have an actual or perceived influence, positive or
full-length manuscripts should be referenced and cited
negative, on the conduct and publication of the research
in JAS manuscripts. Articles simultaneously posted
or data. Financial relationships generally refer to finan-
to websites and submitted to JAS should carry a dis-
cial benefits accrued to authors through avenues such as
claimer on the website that this version of the paper
salary, consulting fees, honoraria (including paid holi-
has not undergone JAS peer-review and is not to be
days, use of vacation property, country club privileges,
considered the final published form of the article. If the
and other nonmonetary rewards for service), intellectual
article has been published in JAS, the author should
property rights, royalties, business ownership, and in-
include the complete JAS citation so that proper credit
vestments, other than diversified mutual funds or the
can be given to JAS as the publisher of the article. Be-
equivalent.
cause JAS holds the copyright to articles it publishes,
Disclosures for JAS authors are to be provided as an
posting altered JAS articles that are represented as
acknowledgement on the title page of a manuscript (for
exact duplicates of the published version constitutes
instructions, see Title Page). The JAS may use such
copyright violation.
information as a basis for editorial and publication
Review Articles. The journal publishes invited re-
decisions, and may publish such disclosures if that is
view articles. The Editor-in-Chief, in consultation with
deemed relevant and sufficient. The JAS editors, ASAS
Section Editors and the ASAS Board of Directors, iden-
staff, and ASAS Board of Directors with actual or po-
tifies invited reviews. Section Editors may solicit pro-
tential conflicts of interest that may affect their ability
posals for review articles to be published in JAS, after
to objectively evaluate or manage a manuscript will be
consultation with and approval by the Editor-in-Chief;
prevented from gaining access to the manuscript and as-
the authors may be responsible for a portion of the pub-
sociated documents, unless they are an author or coau-
lication charges for invited reviews. Unsolicited reviewInstructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
articles will not be considered. should provide supporting evidence based on published
Special Topics. This Section includes Biographi- data for the points made or must develop logical scien-
cal or Historical Sketches and Contemporary Issues tific hypotheses. A letter based on conjecture or unsub-
in the animal sciences. Even though Biographical or stantiated claims will not normally be published. No
Historical Sketches are part of the Special Topics Sec- new data may be presented in a letter. 3) The Editor-in-
tion, they will be published on the ASAS website and Chief will evaluate each letter and determine whether
in the Association News section of JAS. The frequency a letter is appropriate for publication. If a letter is
of publication depends on the availability of the pre- considered appropriate, the author(s) of original JAS
pared sketches. For more information, see http://www. article(s) will be invited to write a letter of response.
animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/infora.. Normally both letters will be published together. 4) All
Contemporary Issues include topics such as environ- letters will be subject to acceptance and editing by the
mental concerns, legislative proposals, systems analy- Editor-in-Chief and editing by a technical editor.
sis, and various “newsworthy” scientific issues. Even
though Contemporary Issues manuscripts do not have
to include original data, authors’ assertions should be
SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS
substantiated with references to established informa-
tion from credible published sources. Manuscripts should be submitted electroni-
Special Topics papers will be subject to peer review cally through ScholarOne Manuscripts at http://
in a manner similar to other JAS submissions. Because mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jas. Authors with questions
of the nature of these manuscripts, their format may about using the electronic manuscript submission sys-
vary from that of standard scientific articles, although tem or, for technological reasons, are unable to submit
ABSTRACT and INTRODUCTION must be consistent manuscripts electronically may contact Mr. Brett Holte
with keystroke (characters and spaces) limitations de- (bholte@sciencesocieties.org).
fined earlier in this document.
Teaching articles should be submitted to Natural Copyright Agreement
Sciences Education, which is a joint venture of several
professional societies, including the ASAS. Articles in Authors shall complete the Manuscript Submission and
Natural Sciences Education are “written by and for Copyright Release form for each new manuscript submis-
educators in extension, universities, industry, admin- sion. The form is completed during the submission process
istration, and grades K–12” and highlight teaching through ScholarOne Manuscripts. Authors, such as Unit-
techniques, concepts, ideas, and other teaching-related ed States government employees, who are unable to grant
issues. The goal is build a portfolio of teaching-related copyright to ASAS must indicate the reason for exemption
articles that can be accessed at a single location. For on the form; material that was produced as an official duty
detailed information about Natural Sciences Educa- of a U.S. Government employee is considered public do-
tion, see https://www.agronomy.org/publications/nse. main. The American Society of Animal Science holds the
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Item Unit
STANDARD JAS ABBREVIATIONS s second
min minute
The following abbreviations should be used without
definition in JAS. Plural abbreviations do not contain a h hour
final “s” because the context of an abbreviation implies d day
whether it is singular or plural. Use of the standard 3-let- wk week
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Guide (published by the American Chemical Society, ANOVA analysis of variance
Washington, DC).
CI confidence interval
CV coefficient of variationInstructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
df degree(s) of freedom (spell out if used BTA Bos taurus chromosome
without units) BW body weight (used for live weight)
F F-distribution (variance ratio) cDNA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
LSD least significant difference C/EBP CAAT-enhancer binding protein
n sample size (used parenthetically or in cfu colony-forming unit
footnotes; note italics)
CIE International Commission on Illumi-
P probability nation (Commission Internationale
r simple correlation coefficient d’Eclairage)
r2 simple coefficient of determination CLA conjugated linoleic acid
R multiple correlation coefficient CoA coenzyme A
R2 multiple coefficient of determination Co-EDTA cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetate
s2 variance (sample) CP crude protein (N × 6.25)
SD standard deviation (sample) D dextro-
SE standard error diam. diameter
SED standard error of the differences of DE digestible energy
means DEAE (dimethylamino)ethyl (as in DEAE-cellu-
SEM standard error of the mean lose)
t t-(or Student) distribution DFD dark, firm, and dry (meat)
α probability of Type I error DM dry matter
β probability of Type II error DMI dry matter intake
μ mean (population) DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
σ standard deviation (population) EBV estimated breeding value(s)
σ2 variance (population) eCG equine chorionic gonadotropin
χ2 chi-squared distribution EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EFA essential fatty acid
Others EIA enzymeimmunoassay
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Item Term
EPD expected progeny difference(s)
AA amino acid(s)
Eq. Equation(s)
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
Exp. experiment (always followed by a nu-
ADF acid detergent fiber (assumed sequential meral)
unless designated otherwise)
FFA free fatty acid(s)
ADFI average daily feed intake (not to be con-
fused with DMI) FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
ADG average daily gain GEBV genomic estimated breeding value(s)
ADIN acid detergent insoluble nitrogen g gravity
ADL acid detergent lignin GE gross energy
ADP adenosine diphosphate G:F gain-to-feed ratio
AI artificial insemination GLC gas-liquid chromatography
AIA acid insoluble ash GLM general linear model
ARS Agricultural Research Service GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
ATP adenosine triphosphate GH growth hormone
avg average (use only in tables, not in the GHRH growth hormone-releasing hormone
text) h2 heritability
BCS body condition score i.m. intramuscular
BLUE best linear unbiased estimate i.p. intraperitoneal
BLUP best linear unbiased prediction i.v. intravenous
bp base pair hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
BSA bovine serum albumin HCW hot carcass weightInstructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
HEPES N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-2- PSE pale, soft, and exudative (meat)
ethanesulfonic acid PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)
HPLC high-performance (pressure) liquid chro- QTL quantitative trait locus (loci)
matography
RDP ruminally degradable protein
i.d. inside diameter
REML restricted maximum likelihood
Ig immunoglobulin (when used to identify a
RFLP restriction fragment length polymor-
specific immunoglobulin)
phism
RIA radioimmunoassay
IGF insulin-like growth factor
RNA ribonucleic acid
IGFBP insulin-like growth factor-binding
protein(s) RQ respiratory quotient
IL interleukin RUP ruminally undegradable protein
IVDMD in vitro dry matter disappearance rRNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid
kb kilobase(s) SAS SAS Institute Inc. (no longer stands for
Statistical Analysis System)
KPH kidney, pelvic, heart fat
s.c. subcutaneous
L levo-
SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
LD50 lethal dose 50%
SFA saturated fatty acid
LH luteinizing hormone
SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
spp. species
LM longissimus muscle
ssp. subspecies
ME metabolizable energy
MP metabolizable protein SSC Sus scrofa chromosome
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid ST somatotropin
MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid TDN total digestible nutrients
NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide TLC thin layer chromatography
NADH reduced form of NAD Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
NDF neutral detergent fiber tRNA transfer ribonucleic acid
NDIN neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen TSAA total sulfur amino acids
NE net energy USDA US Department of Agriculture
NEg net energy for gain UV ultraviolet
NEl net energy for lactation VFA volatile fatty acid(s)
NEm net energy for maintenance vol volume
NEFA nonesterified fatty acid vol/vol volume/volume (used only in parenthe-
ses)
No. number (use only in tables, not in the
text) vs. versus
NPN nonprotein nitrogen wt weight (use only in tables, not in the text)
NRC National Research Council wt/vol weight/volume (used only in parenthe-
ses)
o.d. outside diameter
wt/wt weight/weight (used only in parenthe-
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
ses)
(Office International des Epizooties)
OM organic matter
PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
LITERATURE CITED GUIDELINES FOR JOURNAL
PBS phosphate-buffered saline OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
PCR polymerase chain reaction
References in the Text. In the body of the manuscript,
PG prostaglandin
refer to authors as follows: Smith and Jones (1992) or
PGF2α prostaglandin F2α Smith and Jones (1990, 1992). If the sentence structure
PMSG pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin requires the authors’ names to be included in parenthe-
PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- ses, the proper format is (Smith and Jones, 1982; Jones,
tor 1988a,b; Jones et al., 1992, 1993). When there are more
than 2 authors of an article, the first author’s name isInstructions for Authors of Journal of Animal Science
followed by the abbreviation et al. More than 1 article Goering, H. K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage fiber
listed in the same sentence or parentheses must be in analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and
chronological order first and alphabetical order for 2 some applications). Agric. Handbook No. 379.
publications in the same year. Published, peer-reviewed ARS-USDA, Washington, DC.
articles, and not abstracts, should be cited. However, Shreck, A. L., C. D. Buckner, G. E. Erickson, and T. J.
if authors originally described their work in a meeting Klopfenstein. 2011. Digestibility of crop residues
abstract, proceedings paper, field-day report, or similar after chemical treatment and anaerobic storage.
presentation and then expanded the information to pro- In: 2011 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. Rep. No.
duce a full-length manuscript, the authors should ref- MP94. Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln. p. 35–36.
erence and cite those reports. If the work was someone Sigma. 1984. Total hemoglobin: Quantitative, colorimet-
else’s and originally described in an abstract, proceed- ric determination in whole blood at 530–550 nm.
ings paper, field-day report, or similar presentation, the Tech. Bull. No. 525. rev. ed. Sigma Chemical, St.
authors should determine whether the work has been Louis, MO.
expanded and published as a peer-reviewed article, and Ward, J. D. 1995. Effects of copper deficiency on perfor-
then reference and cite the peer-reviewed article. mance and immune function of cattle. PhD Diss.
North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Work that has not been accepted for publication shall
be listed in the text as “J. E. Jones (institution, city, and 3. Journal articles and abstracts
state or country, personal communication).” The au- Centon, J. R., G. E. Erickson, T. J. Klopfenstein, K. J.
thor’s own unpublished work should be listed in the text Vander Pol, and M. A. Greenquist. 2007. Effects
as “(J. Smith, unpublished data).” Personal communica- of roughage source and level in finishing diets
tions and unpublished data must not be included in the containing wet distillers grains on feedlot per-
Literature Cited section. formance. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):76. (Abstr.)
doi:10.2527/ jas.2006-354 (NOTE: The doi is now
Literature Cited Section. To be listed in LITERA- considered part of a citation.)
TURE CITED, articles must be published or accepted Cleale, R. M., IV, R. A. Britton, T. J. Klopfenstein, M. L.
for publication (“in press”). In-press citations should be Bauer, D. L. Harmon, and L. D. Satterlee. 1987a.
updated with complete information during revision or Induced non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal.
in the author proofs. In LITERATURE CITED, cita- II. Ruminal escape and net portal absorption of
tions are listed alphabetically according to author(s) last soybean protein treated with xylose. J. Anim. Sci.
name(s), and then chronologically. The year of publica- 65:1319–1326. (NOTE: Articles published before
tion follows author names. As with text references, 2 or circa 2005 may not have a doi.)
more publications by the same author or set of authors Perez, V. G., A. M. Waguespark, T. D. Bidner, L. L.
in the same year shall be differentiated by adding lower- Southern, T. M. Fakler, T. L. Ward, M. Steidinger,
case letters after the date. With the exception of consor- and J. E. Pettigrew. 2011. Additivity of effects from
tia, the names of all authors must appear in LITERA- dietary copper and zinc on growth performance
TURE CITED. For consortia, authors may include, as and fecal microbiotia of pigs after weaning. J.
an acknowledgement on the title page, a link to the web- Anim. Sci. 89:414–425. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-2839
site containing the names and locations of the members Revidatti, M. A., J. V. Delgado Bermejo, L. T. Gama, V.
of the consortium, or they may include the names and Landi Periati, C. Ginja, L. A. Alvarez, J. L. Vega-
locations of the members of the consortium in an appen- Pla, A. M. Martínez, and BioPig Consortium. 2014.
dix, but not in an acknowledgement on the title page. Genetic characterization of local Criollo pig breeds
Journal names shall be abbreviated according to the from the Americas using microsatellite markers.
conventional ISO abbreviations used by PubMed (http:// J. Anim. Sci. 92:4823-4832. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals). One-word 7848
titles must be spelled out. Inclusive page numbers must The Bovine Hap Map Consortium. 2009. Genome-wide
be provided. survey of SNP variation uncovers the genetic
structure of cattle breeds. Science. 324:528-532.
Sample references are as follows: doi 10.1126/science.1167936
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AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. As- Bailey, E. A., J. R. Jaeger, J. W. Waggoner, G. W. Pre-
soc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington, VA. edy, L. A. Pacheco, and K. C. Olson. 2012. Effect
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