INTERNAL SECURITY - Manifest IAS

INTERNAL SECURITY

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Armed Forces and Defence
     (Internal Security)

Topics
1. Ministry of Home Affairs
2. Ministry of Defence
3. Cabinet Committee on Security
4. National Security Council
5. Strategic Policy Group
6. National Security Advisory Board
7. Joint Intelligence Committee
8. Nuclear Command Authority
9. Strategic Forces Command
10. Defence Planning Committee
11. Chief of Staffs Committee
12. Integrated Defence Staff
13. Chief of Defence Staff
14. AFSPA

Internal And External Security
1. Ministry of Defence
2. Ministry of Home Affairs

Enlarged notion of Security

1. Ministry of External Affairs
2. Ministry of Finance
3. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
4. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
5. Human Rights

Ministry of Home Affairs

❖   Department of Border Management
❖   Department of Internal Security
❖   Department of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs
❖   Department of Home
❖   Department of Official Language
❖   Department of States

Ministry of Defence
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is charged with coordinating and supervising all
agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and
the Indian armed forces. The President of India is the ceremonial commander-in-
chief of the armed forces of the country. The Ministry of Defence provides policy
framework and resources to the armed forces to discharge their responsibility in the
context of the defence of the country. The Indian Armed Forces (including Indian
Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy) and Indian Coast Guard under the Ministry of
Defences are primarily responsible for ensuring the territorial integrity of the nation.

The Ministry of Defence consists of five Departments

❖ Department of Defence (DoD),

❖   Department of Military Affairs (DMA),
❖ Department of Defence Research and Development (DDRD)

❖ Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare (DESW).

❖ Department of Military Affairs ( Newly Formed)

Cabinet Committee on Security
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) of the Central Government of India
discusses, debates and is the final decision-making body on senior appointments
in the national security apparatus,defence policy and expenditure, and generally
all matters of India's national security.The CCS is chaired by the Prime Minister of
India. The CCS consists of the following members:

 ⮚   Prime Minister
 ⮚ Minister of Home Affairs

 ⮚   Minister of Defence
 ⮚   Minister of External Affairs
 ⮚ Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs

Functions of CCS
1. To deal with all defence related issues.
2. To deal with issues relating to law and order and internal security.
3. To deal with policy matters concerning foreign affairs that have internal or
external security implications, including cases relating to agreements with
other countries on security-related issues.

4. To deal with economic and political issues impinging on national security.

5. To review the manpower requirements relating to national security and
setting up new structures to deal with security-related issues.

6. To consider all cases involving capital expenditure of more than rupees
one thousand crore in respect of

 ❖ Department of Defence Production
 ❖ Department of Defence Research and Development

7. All matters relating to atomic energy.

8. To consider cases of increase in the firmed up cost estimates or revised
cost estimates.

National Security Council
The National Security Council (NSC) of India is an executive government
agency tasked with advising the Prime Minister's Office on matters of
national security and strategic interest. It was established by the former
prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 19 November 1998, with
Brajesh Mishra as the first National Security Advisor. Prior to the formation
of the NSC, these activities were overseen by the Principal Secretary to the
preceding Prime Minister.

Composition:

National Security Advisor (NSA), the Deputy National Security Advisors
(Dy.NSA), the Ministers of Defence, External Affairs, Home, Finance of the
Government of India, and the Vice Chairman of the NITI Aayog are
members of the National Security Council. PM can chair the meeting of
NSC.Other members may be invited to attend its monthly meetings, as and
when it is required.

The NSC is the apex body of the three-tiered structure of the national
security management system in India. The three tiers are the Strategic
Policy Group, the National Security Advisory Board and a secretariat from
the Joint Intelligence Committee

Strategic Policy Group

 ● The Strategic Policy Group is the first level of the three tier structure of
   the National Security Council. It forms the nucleus of the decision-
   making apparatus of the NSC. National Security Advisor Ajit Doval is
   the chairman
 ● The Strategic Policy Group undertakes the Strategic Defence Review, a
   blueprint of short and long term security threats, as well as possible
   policy options on a priority basis.
 ● Civil Military Collaboration

National Security Advisory Board
⮚ The brainchild of the first National Security Advisor (NSA), Brajesh
   Mishra, a former member of Indian Foreign Service. The National
   Security Advisory Board (NSAB) consists of a group of eminent national
   security experts outside of the government. Members are usually
   senior retired officials, civilian as well as military, academics and
   distinguished members of civil society drawn from and having
   expertise in Internal and External Security, Foreign Affairs, Defence,
   Science & Technology and Economic Affairs.

⮚ The first NSAB, constituted in December 1998, headed by the late K.
   Subrahmanyam produced a draft Nuclear Doctrine for the country in
   2001, a Strategic Defence Review in 2002 and a National Security
   Review in 2007.

Joint Intelligence Committee
The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the Government
of India analyses intelligence data from the Intelligence
Bureau, Research and Analysis Wing and the Directorates
of Military, Naval and Air Intelligence. The JIC has its own
Secretariat that works under the Cabinet Secretariat.

Nuclear Command Authority
The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) of India is the authority responsible
for command, control and operational decisions regarding India's nuclear
weapons programme.

On 4 January 2003, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) constituted the
Political Council and the Executive Council of the NCA. The Executive Council
gives its opinion to the Political Council, which authorises a nuclear attack
when deemed necessary. While the Executive Council is chaired by the
National Security Advisor (NSA), the Political Council is chaired by the Prime
Minister. This mechanism was implemented to ensure that Indian nukes
remain firmly in civilian control and that there exists a sophisticated
Command and Control (C2) mechanism to prevent their accidental or
unauthorised use.

Strategic Forces Command
The directives of the NCA are to be operationalized by the Strategic Forces
Command under the control of a Commander-in-Chief of the rank of Air
Marshal (or its equivalent) in charge of the management and administration
of the tactical and strategic nuclear forces.

Commander-in-Chief who is a three-star rank officer will have the sole
responsibility of initiating the process of delivering nuclear weapons and
warheads, after acquiring explicit approval from the NCA. The exact selection
of the target area shall be decided by the SFC through a calibrated,
cumulative process involving various levels of decision-making, and with
formal approval by the NCA

Defence Planning Committee
The Defence Planning Committee was notified by the Ministry of
Defence (MoD) in April 2018, the National Security Adviser (NSA)
was appointed as the chairperson of the committee,

Members

 the chairperson, Chiefs of Staff Committee, three service chiefs
(Chief of the Army Staff, Chief of the Air Staff and Chief of the Naval
Staff), defence, foreign and expenditure secretaries
Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) being its member-
Secretary, The Integrated Defence Staff headquarters at Kashmir
House, New Delhi was to serve as the committee's secretariat.

Integrated Defence Staff
The Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) is an organisation responsible for fostering
coordination and enabling prioritisation across the different branches of the Indian
Armed Forces. It is composed of representatives from the Indian Army, Indian
Navy, Indian Air Force, Ministry of External Affairs, Defence Research and
Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Finance. The IDS is
headed by Chief of Integrated Defence Staff along with Deputy Chiefs of Integrated
Defence Staff.

The body advises and assists the Chief of Defence Staff. On December 24, 2019 the
Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) established the post of Chief of Defence Staff, a
four-star general, a tri-service Chief, that shall lead the defence forces as well as
play the role of head of the Department of Military Affairs. The body is headed by
the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff who has a status equivalent to that of a vice
chief of staff.

Chief Of Staff Committee
The Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, was the position of
hierarchy in the Indian Armed Forces, roughly based on the British Chiefs
of Staff Committee. The senior-most Chief of Staff was appointed to serve as
a Chairman until he retired.The last Chairman was the Chief of the Army
Staff General Bipin Rawat. The position ceased to exists with the creation of
the Chief of Defence Staff.

The Chiefs of Staff Committee was established on 15 August 1947 upon
Indian independence, and was conceived as the "supreme professional
body" to advise the Minister of Defence and the Cabinet Committee on
Political Affairs on all military-related matters. The Chairman of the
Committee was the senior-most of the three Commanders-in-Chief

Following the end of the Kargil war, Kargil Review Committee found there was a lack
of communication between the service branches, and therefore suggested to create
the position of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). This was however rejected by many
members of the military, arguing that only great or imperial powers engaging in
power projection needed that amount of integration. A compromise was reached
with the office of the CoSC.The Chairman was responsible for inter-service synergy.
However, as the chairman, CoSC only served as Primus inter pares to the other Chiefs
of Staff, he did not wield any power. The Chairman was assisted by the Integrated
Defence Staff.

Institutional Arrangements for Civil Military
collaboration

1. Strategic Policy Group - NSA- PM
2. Defence Planning Committee
3. Chief of Staff Committee replaced by Chief of Defence Staff
4. Integrated Defence Staff ( Supports CDS)

Chief of Defence Staff
❖   The CDS will act as the Principal Military Adviser to the defence
    minister on tri-services matters.
❖   The CDS was one of the 99 recommendations made by Lt. Gen. (retd.)
    D.B. Shekatkar Committee, which submitted its report in December
    2016.
❖   The Army, Navy and IAF chiefs will have operational command of
    their forces.
❖   He is the single-point military adviser to the government.
❖   CDS is a four-star general like the three chiefs, the CDS will be the
    ‘first among equals’ in the hierarchy.
❖   CDS would come in the ambit of RTI Act, 2005.
❖   The government has amended rules putting the maximum age limit of
    65 years for the CDS by making changes in the Army Rules, 1954.

Role and Responsibilities
❖ The broad mandate of the CDS includes bringing about jointness in
   “operations, logistics, transport, training, support services,
   communications, repairs and maintenance of the three Services”.

❖ CDS has been assigned the task of integrating different assets and
   resources of the armed forces.

❖ The CDS would not exercise any military command including over the
   three Service Chiefs.

❖ In his capacity as the Permanent Chairman, COSC (Chiefs of Staff
   Committee), the CDS would administer tri-Services organisations,
   special operations, cyber and space.

❖ Special Operations Division, headquartered in Agra, will be headed by the
   Army.

❖ The Defence Cyber Agency (DCA), based in Delhi, will be headed by the
   Navy.

❖ Defence Space Agency, based in Bengaluru, headed by the Indian Air Force.

❖ The CDS will also head the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) within
   the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and function as its Secretary.

❖ The CDS will be a member of the Defence Acquisition Council chaired by
   the Defence Minister and Defence Planning Committee chaired by the
   National Security Adviser (NSA).

❖ The CDS will be a member (Military Adviser) of Prime Minister-led Nuclear
   Command Authority which looks after nuclear weapons of the country.

Defence Acquisition Council

● The Defence Acquisition Council is the highest decision-making body in the
  Defence Ministry for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the
  three services (Army, Navy and Air Force) and the Indian Coast Guard.

● The Minister of Defence is the Chairman of the Council.

● It was formed, after the Group of Ministers recommendations on 'Reforming
  the National Security System', in 2001, post Kargil War (1999).

Department of Military Affairs (DMA):
A Department of Military Affairs has been created in the Ministry of
Defence (MoD).It will be the fifth department in the MoD. The existing ones
are the Department of Defence, the Department of Defence Production, the
Department of Defence Research and Development and the Department of
Ex-Servicemen Welfare. The DMA would deal with:

 ❖ the integrated headquarters of the MoD, comprising the Army, Naval and Air;
 ❖ defence staff headquarters;
 ❖ the Territorial Army and
 ❖ works relating to the three Services and procurement exclusive to them except
   capital acquisitions.
 ❖ The DMA’s mandate includes promoting jointness in procurement, training and
   staffing for the Services, facilitating restructuring of the military commands for
   optimal utilisation of resources and promoting the use of indigenous
   equipment.

At present, India has 17 single-service commands and only two tri-
Service commands – Andaman and Nicobar Command, a theatre or
regional command, and the Strategic Forces Command, which
handles the nuclear weapons.

Apart from being much more cost-effective, theatre commands are
required for the conduct of synergized land-air-sea operations with
unity of command in modern-day warfare

Armed Forces Special Powers Act
Disturbed Areas
⮚ A disturbed area is one which is declared by notification under
  Section 3 of the AFSPA. An area can be disturbed due to
  differences or disputes between members of different religious,
  racial, language or regional groups or castes or communities.
⮚ The Central Government, or the Governor of the State or
  administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part
  of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.
⮚ The Ministry of Home Affairs would usually enforce this Act
  where necessary, but there have been exceptions where the
  Centre decided to forego its power and leave the decision to the
  State governments.

⮚   Once declared ‘disturbed’, the region is maintained as
    disturbed for a period of three months straight, according to
    The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976. The
    government of the state can suggest whether the Act is
    required in the state or not.

⮚   Special powers

⮚   Disturbed Areas and Judicial review

⮚   Indemnity and Consent of government

Questions
 1. Consider the following statements about the office Chief of Defence Staff
    which was created recently

 1. It replaces the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff
 2. It comes under the ambit of Right to Information Act
 3. He/she will be a member of Defence Acquisition Council

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
 (a) 1 and 3 only
 (b) 3 only
 (c) 1 and 2 only
 (d) 1,2 and 3.

2. Which of the following statements is/are about Nuclear Command Authority?

 1. Has both executive and political offices
 2. The executive office is headed by the Prime Minster

Select the correct answer using the codes below:
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 2 only
 (c) Both 1 and 2
 (d) Neither 1 nor 2