BSNS5390 Introduction to APA Referencing - Te Puna Ako Learning Centre

Introduction to APA Referencing
           BSNS5390
     Te Puna Ako Learning Centre

At the end of the workshop you will be
                able to:

-Say what referencing is and why we do it
-Describe the difference between in-text
     referencing and the reference list
-Write a correct in-text reference
-Write a citation for a reference list

APA Referencing System
What’s referencing?
 Referencing is a systematic way of
  showing where you got the information
  and ideas in your assignment

 APA - American Psychological Association
  - format is one of many referencing
  systems

Why is referencing needed?

•   To recognise another person's work
•   To help a reader locate sources
•   To demonstrate depth of study
•   To include experts’ ideas as support
•   To avoid 'plagiarism' (writing other
    people's ideas as if they were your
    own)

Referencing words
         in-text reference
         quotation         sources
                  reference list
plagiarism                    paraphrase
                 acknowledgement
         quotation marks
                         citation
 © Unitec New Zealand
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APA referencing system

 In-text references:         Reference List:
• in sentences in the    • on a separate page at
  body paragraphs          the end of the
• show where you’ve        assignment
  used ideas or words    • list of materials you
  of an expert
                           have referred to
• May be paraphrases
  or quotes              • in alphabetical order
• include name of          by author
  author and year (and   • Author may be
  page no. if a quote)
                           individual(s) or group

APA (6th ed.)
                        referencing
                           style

             In-text                   Reference list
         (short form)                  (full details)

  Direct
quotations        Paraphrases

Direct Quoting
copying exactly the words of the
 author(s).

author's family name, year of
 publication, page number.
For example (Millar, 2006, p. 8)

In-text referencing example (direct
                 quote)

Human resource management is a
distinctive approach to employment
management which “seeks to achieve
competitive advantage through strategic
deployment of a highly committed and
capable workforce” (Millar, 2006, p. 8).
This suggests that …

                 © Unitec New Zealand      9

Paraphrasing
putting someone else's ideas or information
into your own words WITHOUT changing the
meaning of the original text.

page number is not required, but an in-text
reference is!

Ulrich (1998) comments that survey research
on the key competencies managers need will
be necessary.

In-text references
Before the information:
Raoofi (2012) states “electronic marketing
moderates the impact of market orientation
on firm marketing competencies” (p. 15).
Discussing the link between technology and
business, Daiem (2010) emphasises that
computer use can save employers time in
both technical work and administration.

In-text references
After the information
“Computer use can save employers time in
both technical work and administration”
(Daiem, 2010, p. 10).
It seems that there is more emphasis on
the production strategy factors than
marketing factors as a means to gaining
competitive advantage (Raoofi, 2012).

In- text
                 Paraphrasing:
referencing:     - ideas of experts in your own words
Quotation        - show your own understanding of the
-exact copied
chunks of text     writer’s ideas
from experts

-NEED
REFERENCES       - NEED REFERENCES

(Fan &
Buxton,          (Fan & Buxton, 2008).
2008, p.
239).

-Use least

For 3 or more authors, cite all the first time,
       then put first author and et al. :

“With regard to social concerns, the use of
credit cards in society has affected not only
traditional consumers, but also vulnerable
groups, such as college students, senior citizens,
and disabled citizens” (Mansfield, Pinto & Robb,
2012, p. 1).

As mentioned earlier (Mansfield et al., 2012),
credit cards could...

Using secondary sources

To quote something quoted or paraphrased from
  another work:
  Howe (2012) points out that the internet has
  grown from its first commercial use in the early
  1990s to being used by 27% of the world's
  population in just under 20 years (as cited in
  Brosdah & Almousa, 2013).

For groups that serve as authors, cite full
           name of organisation
- corporations, associations, government agencies and
   study groups

According to the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI)
  (2013), ….
Subsequent in-text citations: (MPI, 2013)

  The Ministry of Primary Industries’ (MPI) primary concern
  when developing the new import health standards was to
  ensure they would effectively manage the risk of diseases in
  New Zealand (MPI, 2013). As a result, more needs to be
  done to address the issue of...

Reference list: write in full: Ministry of Primary Industries

From a newspaper, put author, year of
     publication and page number:

“There was also external input to the
document from auditors, solicitors, trustees
and the Ministry of Economic Development"
(Anson, 2012, p. B1).

Unknown author: (e.g. newspaper or report)
 Title of article, year and page number:

 “The New Zealand dollar gained in local
 trading as consumer confidence
 improved” (“Dollar up on confidence",
 2012, para. 3).

Interviews, Email, and Other Personal
              Communication
Unpublished, so:
not included in your reference list; put full
details in your main text only.
(J. Knight, personal communication, March
12, 2013).

Integrating evidence from sources

• By quoting or paraphrasing (Note:
  summarising from a source is a form of
  paraphrase, so requires a reference)
• Using appropriate reporting verbs
• Checking each reference is relevant to your
  topic / idea
• Writing about the ideas in the reference

Referencing in a paragraph
There is a wide variety of views on how HR departments can
contribute to business growth. According to Brockbanck
(2007), a successful HR department needs to be involved in
framing not only HR strategy but also business strategy,
promoting growth rather than downsizing. It therefore needs
to be represented on the company’s leadership team.
Moreover, Beer and Eisenstat (2006) emphasise the need
for a comprehensive HR vision and future HR managers will
require the skill to coordinate across functions. This suggests
they need the ability to persuade others of the importance
of effective employee management and development.
Research by Eichinger and Ulrich (2010) point out that all
the key competencies of successful leaders will be necessary
for future HR roles.

examples of sentences

Edwards (2004) explains that improving racial equality in
the workplace….

Brint (2001) believes that the knowledge economy is…

Becker (2005) defines ‘capital investment’ as ... “ (p. 23).

According to Coff (1997), coping with hazards in the
workplace is….

A study by Stroh and Treehuboff (2003) shows that
outsourcing HR functions can …

The Reference List
• What are the general guidelines?

• First, what kind of source material are you using?
       • Webpage?
       • Web article?
       • Pdf of journal article?
       • Book?
       • Chapter in an edited book? etc.

Example: reference list entry for
           journal article

Millar, L. (2006). Leadership: The meaning
 of management. Journal of Applied
 Behavioural Science, 18(3), 234-239.

                  © Unitec New Zealand       25

Pay attention to:
• Information required for different types of references

• Punctuation – use of full-stops, commas, capital
  letters

• Use of italics

• Format – hanging indent

How would you reference this?

                Marketing for Hospitality &
                Tourism
                5th Edition
                Philip Kotler, John Bowen,
                James Makens
                Jun 2009, Paperback, 720
                pages
                ISBN13: 9780132453134
                ISBN10: 0132453134

Kotler, P., Bowen, J., & Makens, J.
  (2009). Marketing for hospitality
  and tourism (5th ed.). Auckland,
  New Zealand: Pearson.

Referencing Electronic Sources
  • electronic books
  • electronic journal articles
  • World Wide Web site or page/s
  • document on World Wide Web
  • electronic databases, either on CD-ROM or
    accessed through the internet
  • software
  • bulletin boards, discussion groups
  • videos
  • Ibooks with no author
  Communications (nd) Retrieved from BSNS5600
  http://moodle.unitec.ac.nz/

A reference of an Internet source should
  provide:
• the author(s) of a document (surnames or
  organisation name)
• a date of publication or most recent update
• a document title
• Retrieved from:
• the web address (http://www...............

The components of a URL:

Track back through the URL to find the
organisation / author

Referencing from websites

Ministry of Business, Innovation and
  Employment (2013, April 13). New
  agreement to encourage Chinese tourism.
  Retrieved from
  http://www.mbie.govt.nz/news-and-
  media/news-from-around-mbie/new-
  agreement-to-encourage-chinese-tourism

Article in Online newspaper

Parker, T. (2013, March 19). Mighty River share
  sign-ups hit 400,000. The New Zealand Herald.
  Retrieved from
  http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/ar
  ticle.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10872452

Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary or
                Wiki
• Wiki:
   [A wiki (such as Wikipedia) is a website that any one
   can contribute to, by writing, reviewing or editing an
   entry.]
• In-text (“Stress testing”, 2008)
• Is it acceptable to use wikis?
Stress testing. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 15,
    2012, from
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_testing

Key points to improve your referencing
       skills (and therefore your assignment grades!):
• plan ahead
• make effective notes from sources
• reference your notes and drafts as you go
• resist the temptation to ‘cut & paste’ from the
        internet
• improve your paraphrasing and summarising skills
• develop your referencing skills through repeated
        practice
• refer to guidesheets and guidebooks on referencing
        skills
  © Unitec New Zealand
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Referencing resources
Unitec Library pages:
  http://www.unitec.ac.nz/library2/help/citations.htm
Unitec Moodle: Te Puna Ako Learning Centre
  http://moodle.unitec.ac.nz
University of Auckland referencing
  websitehttp://www.cite.auckland.ac.nz/index.php
FAQs on APA style website at http://www.apastyle.org
Perrin, R. (2009). Pocket guide to APA style. Boston:
  Houghton Mifflin.

                       © Unitec New Zealand             36

Good luck with your academic writing and
              referencing!

  Help is available! Contact Te Puna Ako
Learning Centre Building 110 in Hub area
       or 815 4321 extension 8611
 © Unitec New Zealand
                                           37

Assignment two
• Now on Moodle
• Start with one question per week, catch up
  over the break
• After semester break in week 10 bring draft of
  answers to Q 1 2 and 3 to class
• (Chapters 3 (4) 7 9,15) ie to end of week 8.
• Next week 02 Sept Week 7 read Ch 9
• Week 8 read ch 15

Break – Assignment polishing
• Group/ Team Check      • Individual Q4 check
  marking guide            marking guide
• Check that Q 1 2 3     • Have you answered
  questions, 4 citings     all questions in depth
• Read aloud – does it   • Citations references?
  sound correct          • Checks
• Spellcheck             • Evaluation form in
• Trial in TURNITIN        detail