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STATISTICS BRIEF
LIGHT RAIL AND TRAM:
THE EUROPEAN OUTLOOK
NOVEMBER 2019
INTRODUCTION
Tram and light rail systems are available in 389 cit- evolution of light rail transit (LRT) in Europe since
ies around the world, with more than half of them 20151, and provides a snapshot of the situation in
(204) in Europe. This Statistics Brief describes the 2018.
BALTIC/
NORDIC
BENELUX REGION
BRITISH 12 cities GERMANY
10 cities
ISLES 482 km 49 cities
645 km 2,966 km
9 cities 375 m pax/y.
700 m pax/y. 2,908 m pax/y.
356 km
196 m pax/y.
POLAND
15 cities
979 km
FRANCE 1,051 m pax/y.
28 cities
827 km
1,104 m pax/y. SOUTH-
EASTERN
WESTERN CENTRAL EUROPE
MEDITERRANEAN 29 cities
29 cities
EUROPE 992 km
23 cities 1,277 m pax/y.
809 km
1,240 km
623 m pax/y.
2,188 m pax/y.
1 UITP collects rail data according to a three-year cycle (Metro, LRT and Regional & Suburban Railways)
1
A REMARKABLE RENAISSANCE 180
LRT has experienced a renaissance since the new millen- 160
nium, with no less than 108 new cities (re)opening their 140
first line, of which 60 are from Europe. This does not in- 120 Asia-Pacific
clude new lines in existing systems and line extensions. 100
Eurasia
Europe
80
40 450 South America
60
35 400 MENA & Africa
7
350
40 North America
30 +56%
300
20
6 3
25
2 250 0
2 4 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
20 2
10
1 5 200
15
6
1
1
1
1
150 Figure 3: Evolution of LRT development (km)
2
10 1 19 19 5 100
4 2 15
5 11 1
2 50
7
RIDERSHIP
5
3
0 0
pre-1985 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-14 2015-19
Europe North America South America
With a total annual ridership in Europe of 10,422 million
Eurasia Asia-Pacific MENA & Africa in 2018, LRT carries as many passengers as metros and
Cumulative # systems
regional/commuter rail, and 10 times more passengers
Figure 1: LRT system opening per half-decade, 1985-2019 than air travel in Europe.2 The small railways certainly do
not play a small role in the sustainability of European cit-
ies.
The symbolic threshold of 10 billion passengers
per annum was reached in 2016.
Germany and Central Europe make up half of all patron-
Ridership (m.(m. passengers)
age, theRidership passengers)
rest being distributed as shown on Figure 4.
Germany
Germany
3%
6% 6% 3%
Central Europe
Central Europe
2% 2% 28%28%
7% 7%
South-Eastern Europe
South-Eastern Europe
10%10%
France
France
© Katatonia
Poland
Poland
Between 2015 and 2018, 420 km of new LRT opened in Benelux
Benelux
Europe.
New This makes up 36%
LRT Infrastructure of LRT
(km, line openings world-
2015-18) 11%11%
Western Mediterranean
Western Mediterranean
wide. 2017 was a watershed year as, for the first time, 21%21%
greenfield LRT projects in Asia-Pacific exceeded those 12%12%
Nordic/Baltic
Nordic/Baltic
in Europe. British IslesIsles
British
34 Figure 4: Ridership distribution3 (m. passengers), 2018
Asia-Pacific
197.5 267.2
Eurasia
10,500
Europe 10,400
10,422
10,300
135.4
30.3 South America 10,288
10,200
MENA 10,100 10,119
10,000
68.1 North America 9,900
420.5 Africa 9,800
9,753
9,700
2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 2: New LRT infrastructure (km), 2014-2018 Figure 5: Ridership evolution in Europe (m. passengers), 2015-2018
2 Eurostat, 2017
3 2017 data used for France, Poland and Switzerland
2
Patronage data for 2018 is not yet available for all coun-
tries (France, Poland and Switzerland are missing). How-
ever, extrapolation yields a ridership growth of 6.9 %
from 9,740 million in 2015 to 10,422 million passengers
between 2015 and 2018 (See Figure 5). Demand growth
is therefore 50% higher than the supply growth (km of
line) over the same period of time, and signals a positive
response from the travelling public.
Figure 6 shows different ridership evolution according to
regions, ranging from a strong 17.5 % in the British Isles,
where infrastructure growth was also the strongest, to
1.5% in Poland.
3500
3000 +5%
2500
+5%
2000
1500
+12%
+10.4% +1.5%
1000
+12% +4.5% © Transport for Greater Manchester
500 +13.5%
+17.5%
LRT popularity is best measured by the annual number of
0
Germany Central
Europe
South
Eastern
France Poland Benelux Western
Mediter-
Nordic/
Baltic
British
Isles
LRT trips per inhabitant per year. The annual use ranges
-ranean
Europe
from 10 to 182 trips and can be explained by a variety of
Figure 6: Ridership evolution by region (m. passengers) 2015-2018 4 factors, mainly by the system development and sophis-
tication.
With a ridership growth of 6.9% between 2015 and
2018, demand growth is 50% higher than the supply Annual LRT trips / inhabitant
200
growth.
180
182
Data about passenger-kilometers is available for 17 160 169
countries. The average LRT journey in Europe is 3.27km.
140
138
120
Luxemburg 1.75
European
Switzerland 2.14 average 100
Bosnia Herzegovina 2.20
80 87
Greece 2.26
60
Serbia 2.41
2.81 56
Spain 40
44
Estonia 2.93
20
Hungary 3.10 20
12 10
France (Paris) 3.13 0
Central Poland Germany Benelux Nordic/ France South- Western British Isles
Netherlands 3.20 Europe Baltic Eastern Mediter-
Europe -ranean
Italy 3.52
Germany 3.90
Austria 3.92 Figure 8: Number of LRT trips per year per inhabitant, 2017
Norway 3.95
Sweden 4.24
Portugal 4.40 The busiest LRT network is Budapest, Hungary, with 427
UK 4.75 million passengers. All systems in Figure 9 are long-es-
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 tablished tram networks. The only exception is Paris
Figure 7: Average distance per trip in selected countries (km), 2017 where LRT was re-introduced almost 30 years ago.
4 Please note, the outlined bars indicate estimations
3
18 900
16 800
Average distance between stops (m)
Budapest 411
Prague 372 14 700
Average line length (km)
Vienna 306 12 600
Paris 300
10 500
Warsaw 277
08 400
Cologne 213
Zurich 208 06 300
Berlin 197 04 200
Zagreb 197
02 100
Brno 196
00 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
an
pe
es
ce
c
e
d
ny
x
ne
lu
lti
op
n
Isl
a
ro
an
la
ne
Ba
r ra
m
ur
sh
Po
Eu
Be
Fr
c/
ite
er
lE
iti
n
di
G
Br
tra
ed
er
or
en
st
M
N
Ea
C
rn
h-
te
ut
Figure 9: Top-10 busiest LRT systems in Europe (m. passengers), 2017
es
So
W
Figure 11: LRT network characteristics, 2018
INFRASTRUCTURE
Between 2015 and 2018, LRT infrastructure in Europe
grew by 3.9% from 8,943 km to 9,296 km. The longest LRT network in Europe is Berlin (193 km)
+2.5%
reaching third place worldwide after Melbourne (250km)
3,000
and Saint Petersburg (246km).
2,500
Top-10 longest LRT Europe (km)
2,000
Berlin 193.2
1,500
+1.5%
Milan 180.2
+1% +5.5%
1,000 +8.5% +4.5%
+4% Vienna 178
+9.5%
500 +8.7% Budapest 160
Düsseldorf 155.3
00
rn
an
ce
x
y
es h
pe l
c /
Cologne 148.7
nd
ro tra
te
lu
an
lti ic
Isl ritis
ne
an
ne
as
Ba ord
la
Eu en
ite rn
m
rra
B
Fr
pe E
Be
Po
ed te
er
C
N
ro h -
M es
G
Brussels 147.6
Eu ut
W
So
Leipzig 145.6
Figure 10: Evolution of line length in Europe (km), 2015-2018
Prague 142.7
There are notable differences between network struc- Paris 139
tures across the countries. While the European average 0 50 100 150 200 250
lies at 7.3 km, lines tend to be longer on average in coun-
tries with newer systems and limited number of lines, Figure 12: Top-10 longest LRT systems in Europe (km), 2018
while older and more complex systems feature lower av-
erage line length.
© UITP
4MOBILE ASSET
The fleet available to operate the 1,276 LRT lines in Eu-
rope consists of 20,754 trams and light rail vehicles.
Germany
Germany
Central Europe
5%
7% 5%
Central Europe
7% 2% 24% Poland
2% 24% Poland
7% South-Eastern
7% South-Eastern Europe Europe
8% 8% Western
Western Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Benelux
12% 20% Benelux
12% 20% France
15% France
Nordic/Baltic
15%
Nordic/Baltic
British Isles
British Isles
Figure 13: Distribution of mobile assets by European regions, 2018
Currently 51% of the total installed fleet in Europe are
partial or full low-floor vehicles,
Low-floor vehicles with 100% of the fleet in
per regions
France, Spain, Ireland, UK and Norway being low-floor
3,500 vehicles. 120%
© Leonid Andronov
3,000
100% 100%
2,500
A frequent rolling stock KPI is the average yearly mile-
80%
age per unit. The average annual mileage per vehicle in
Europe is 52,000 km, ranging between 38,700 km and
2,000
65%
77,500 km. The discrepancy can be partly explained by
59% 60% the fleet age structure. In addition, this value is theo-
57%
1,500
retical and based on the assumption that all vehicles are
50%
47% 48% equally used.
40%
1,000
32%
Percentage of total fleet
29% 80,000
Frequency of total fleet
70,000
20%
500 60,000
European average: 52,000 km
50,000
40,000
0 0% 30,000
e
e
c
an n
es
p
y
d
ce
x
op
ne ter
lti
an
lu
ro
n
Isl
Ba
la
an
ne
20,000
Eu
ur
rra es
m
sh
Po
c/
lE
Fr
Be
ite W
er
n
iti
di
tra
er
Br
G
or
st
10,000
en
Ea
N
ed
C
h-
M
ut
0
So
an
e
es
c
ce
d
e
ux
y
ne
an
p
ti
op
an
Isl
l
al
ro
ne
an
ra
m
l
ur
B
sh
Po
Eu
r
Be
Fr
c/
te
er
lE
iti
rn
di
i
G
Br
tra
ed
te
or
en
M
N
s
Ea
C
rn
h-
te
ut
Figure 14: Low-floor vehicles by regions, 2018
es
So
W
Figure 15: Average annual mileage per light rail vehicle (km), 2018
5PERSPECTIVE
With continued pressure to reduce congestion, tackle However, much attention and resources will go into the
air quality in cities and reduce greenhouse gas emission maintenance, modernisation and replacement of assets
contributing to climate change, LRT will continue to ob- to keep ageing systems attractive and fit for operational
tain support of decision-makers and the travelling public purpose. For this reason, the growth of green-field pro-
in Europe. LRT is clean and space-efficient.
New LRT infrastructure jects ininEurope will continue
Europe (km)to slow down.
200 183
173
180 167
160 European a
verage
140
117
108 112
120 103
92
100
80
The predicted surge in 2019 is influenced by the
60
completion of 69km conversion project (tram-train
40 in Aahrus, Denmark). Without this specific project,
the annual figure would fit the downwards trend.
20
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Figure 16: Forecast for new LRT infrastructure in Europe (km)
DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGY
The data for this document was extracted from a Infrastructure predictions are based on scenarios
database compiled by UITP, using official company developed from UITP’s rail project database.
data and other authoritative sources (national sta- This Europe LRT landscape is based on the full LRT
tistics office, national associations, etc.). Statistics Report 2019 which includes further de-
LRT and trams are urban rail guided systems oper- tails and analysis.
ated at least partly on line-of-sight, on infrastruc-
ture shared with other users and partly on their
own infrastructure. Systems operated on guided
rubber-tyred multi-articulated vehicles with Right-
of-Way 2 are included.
This is an official Statistics Brief of UITP, the International Association of Public Transport. UITP has more than 1,800 member companies in 100 countries
throughout the world and represents the interests of key players in this sector. Its membership includes transport authorities, operators, both private and public, in all
modes of collective passenger transport, and the industry. UITP addresses the economic, technical, organisation and management aspects of passenger transport,
as well as the development of policy for mobility and public transport worldwide.
DIGITAL VERSION AVAIL ABLE ON
This Statistics Brief was prepared by the Rail Unit of the UITP Secretariat.
NOVEMBER 2019 / AMENDED SEPTEMBER 2020
Rue Sainte-Marie 6, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium | Tel +32 (0)2 673 61 00 | Fax +32 (0)2 660 10 72 | info@uitp.org | www.uitp.org
© UITP - All rights reserved - Responsible Publisher: Mohamed Mezghani, Rue Sainte Marie 6, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium - Legal deposit: D/2019/0105/22You can also read
