LINGUOCULTURAL ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPONYMS IN ENGLISH EPICS
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CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
LINGUOCULTURAL ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPONYMS IN ENGLISH EPICS
Feruza Mansurovna Vakhobova
Master Student, Faculty Of English Philology, Termiz State University
ABSTRACT
The article studies English anthroponyms taken from middle age epics from linguocultural viewpoint. To
analyze ancient English names with the support of two directions like linguistics and culture. we will
attempt to present the anthroponym as an object of linguocultural analysis. Using the method of descriptive-
analytical description, one can consider both some functions of anthroponyms and the conditions for their
implementation in the context of specifically taken oral creativity of the people like epics.
KEYWORDS: - Anthroponym, epic, linguoculture, Beowulf, Death of Arthur, hierarchy.
people like epics.
INTRODUCTION The basic material for the study was the texts of
Despite the vastness of already conducted the English epics "Beowulf", "Death of Arthur" by
research in anthroponymics, linguists' attention T. Malory, The Canterbury Tales by J. Chaucer.
to a person's personal name has not waned for First of all, it is necessary to define the concept
many decades. The enduring popularity of this text. In linguistics, there are a considerable
area of linguistics can be explained, on the one number of such definitions. Let's consider some
hand, by the importance of the anthroponym as a of them. One of the common definitions of the
component of the cultural identity of the text is the interpretation of B.A. Abramov, in
individual and the nation, and, on the other hand, which the text is the result of the speech-thinking
by the interest in combining pictures of the activity of people in the process of knowing the
world in intercultural communication. In this world around them and in the process
paragraph we will attempt to present the communication [3, p. 3]. I.R. Halperin,
anthroponym as an object of linguocultural highlighting grammatical connections and
analysis. Using the method of descriptive- various types of cohesion (from the English
analytical description, one can consider both cohesion - ‘adhesion’) [4, p. 74], which create the
some functions of anthroponyms and the integrity of the text, notes that “a text is a
conditions for their implementation in the product of a speech-making process, possessing
context of specifically taken oral creativity of the completeness, objectified in the form of a written
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL
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SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758
https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjpsCURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
document, literary processed in accordance with information: content-factual (reports of facts,
the type of this document ... "[4, p. 18]. Z.Y. events occurring in reality), content-conceptual
Turaeva, adhering to opinions of I.R. Halperin (the author's understanding of reality) and
that the text is a segment of written speech, content-subtext (hidden information extracted
nevertheless considers it possible to understand from the content due to associative and
the text as a product of not only written, but also connotative meanings) [4, p. 27].
oral communication [5, p. 12]. Informativeness is associated with the theory of
I.V. Arnold does not agree that the text is only a text articulation. I.R. Halperin points out that the
work of written speech, and indicates the oral articulation of the text is a function
form of the text [6, p. 43]. Defining the text as the compositional plan of the work with a certain
highest communicative unit, which is a structural size of parts and taking into account all the
and informational whole, N.S. Valgina highlights features of the content-factual information [4, p.
its main characteristics: meaningfulness, 50].
functionality, communication [7,with. 15]. A dictation, according to the definition of
According to M. Ya. Blokh, the text is called Professor M.Ya. A flea is an “elementary unit
“thematically organizational speech - written or thematization of the text, formed by sentences
oral, complete or unfinished, genre-marked or ”[12, p. 178]. The thematic aspect of the text has
unmarked” [8, p. five]. In the "Dictionary of a tiered structure. Through the hierarchy of
linguistic terms" T.V. Foal under the text is meant private topics is determined by the topic of the
"verbal, oral or a written work, which is a unity entire text, dictate the same, in turn, is the lowest
of some more or less complete content level of this hierarchy[10, p. 178]. Being a
(meaning) and speech that forms and expresses thematically and stylistically designed
this content ”[9, p. 394]. Having considered all segmentary unit of the language, the dictema
the definitions, it should be noted that the main serves as a building the material of the literary
the properties of the text are coherence and text, with the help of which all types of
integrity. In our study, we adhere to the position information are realized: factual (objective
of M.Y. Flea, since in this work the text is reflection of the phenomena of reality),
considered as thematically related structural intellectual (reflection of the relationship
whole based on dictema theory [8, p. five]. A between the phenomena of reality in
literary text has the same characteristics and consciousness person), impressive-aesthetic
highly linguocultural value. So, Professor N.A. (reflection of the emotional state of th author [8,
Nikolina defines literary text of epics “As a p. 6]. When passing the thematic content of
private aesthetic system of linguistic means, microtexts from of the lower-lying level to the
characterized by a high degree of integrity and higher-lying in the dictema, four functional-sign
structuredness” [10, p. 15]. aspects of speech are revealed: (naming facts,
Based on all the definitions of the text we have phenomena of reality), predication (attribution
considered, we come to the conclusion that the of the name to reality), thematization (reflection
integrity and structural organization of the text of the informative part of the dictema in the
of epics provides its semantic content. It is content of the whole text) and stylization
known that the transfer of the meaning and (targeted emotional impact to the listener) [11,
content of a literary text occurs through p. 63]. Narrowing thematic content of the
linguistic informational content [4,p. 51]. I.R. functional purpose of the text to the level of the
Halperin distinguishes three types of dictemic aspect speech, it is necessary to
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL
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SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758
https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjpsCURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
highlight the general signs of the actualization of V.A. Nikonov, among the listed functions of a
artistic reproduction: dictema, as well as the proper name by meaning, distinguishes an
theme of the whole text message, implemented ideological function: a kind of dedication
through informative-representative content, function. For example, the name of the lake
nominative-thematic reflections of reality and Victoria, embodies the idea of freedom [15, p.
emotive-expressive impact. All events that take 62].
place within one epic, correlate with the actions Authors of epics call their heroes unusual
of the heroes. Therefore, in the center of any names, deliberately giving them an emotional
work of art describes the actions of the actors and expressive coloring (for example, the
who are endowed with the corresponding anthroponym Sobakevich). The expressive
personal names. So, the name of any character in function of proper noun has been highlighted
a literary work carries a certain semantic load, at A.V. Superanskaya [14, p. 273]. Such proper
the same time, being part of the dictum, builds names reflect the targeted emotional impact on
the thematic organization of the text. the reader, which is easy comes to light in the
The proper name of a work of art, endowed with dictem: in the aspect of stylization. In this sense,
ideological content, contains openly expressed the aesthetic function of a literary text should
or veiled information. Consider functions of also be highlighted, which is realized in the text
proper names at the semantic level, since in in through a dictemic proper name.
our case, the informativeness of a proper name is All these functional features of antroponym,
important to us. So, A.A. Reformed will highlight which is informationally significant in the dictem,
the nominative function of a proper name [13, p. can be traced through the analysis of
29]. The nominative aspect is possessed by and linguocultural research, since it is appellative
dictema, naming facts, phenomena, events of meaning at the semantic level reveals hidden
reality. author's meaning. The basic material of our
A proper name refers to an object or person. research, as noted earlier, was the names own
Antroponyms in a epic work play the role of medieval period of English epics. At this time,
landmarks in time and space. They reflect the the traditions of Anglo-Saxon naming were
artistic world of a certain social group in a formed, a striking example of which is the epic
certain era [14, p. 30]. Based on this statement, "Beowulf" [16] and also formed the onomasticon
one can to conclude that antroponyms express of knightly courtly novels by Thomas Malory
the author's reality in a literary text, which (Death of Arthur) [17] and Jeffrey Chaucer (The
means that, together with the nominative Canterbury Tales) [18].
function, proper names are related to the aspect Due to the linguocultural analysis of proper
of predication. Such functionally significant names, which are part of the dictema, we were
aspects of speech are mentioned in the dictema able to trace the thematic filling of literary texts
theory, which gives us in English Middle Ages. So, antroponyms in the
the right to correlate antroponym with a dictate. epic "Beowulf", being symbols of the world of the
Antroponyms in epics concretize and combine heroic era, they reflect the military subject. They
all actions and characters into one single contain the names of various weapons and
thematic system. Without them, the reader loses protection (Ecglaf - from old English ‘blade’,
a sense of certainty in time and space of events. ‘blade’, ‘sword’ and lāf ‘legacy’, ‘inheritance’;
Garmund - from OE gār ‘spear’ and mund ‘Hand’,
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL
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https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjpsCURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
‘protector’), concepts with the meaning of glory components of the names of the pagan gods (Ing,
and power (Breca - from old.-scand. breki ælf, guð, goð, ōs) and some concepts of deities.
‘destroyer’; Folcwalda - from Old German. Name However, such names in the poem is not much:
Folco, derived from folc, folk ‘people’ and from among them there are Ingeld (from Old German.
old Eng. weal, wald ‘Power wielding’; Hrethric - Ing, Ingwi (divine ancestor of Ingewon tribes)
from old English. hrēð ‘glory’ and ric ‘king’) [19]. and geld, gelt, gild ‘Retribution’, ‘reward’,
Despite the fact that the epic "Beowulf" is ‘sacrifice’), Guthlaf (from Old-Skelet guð, goð
dedicated to heroic battles, the text traces the ‘god’, ‘Deity’ and lāf ‘heritage’, ‘inheritance’),
theme of peace and prosperity. Names with Aelfhere (from OE ælf
meanings of wealth, happiness, of the world are ‘Elf’ and here ’army’), Oslaf (from OE ōs ‘ac’,
found in the names Eadgils (from OE eād ‘deity’ and lāf ‘Legacy’, ‘inheritance’).
‘wealth’, ‘Prosperity’, ‘luck’, ‘happiness’ and gīsel A special role in the epic "Beowulf" is played by
‘bail’), Freawaru. Perhaps the first component of the names of kings and their wives. The
Frea named Freawaru is a derivative the female description of the three kings should be
name Frederika, which is derived from the highlighted here: Hrothgar, Beowulf, Offa. The
ancient Germanic name Fridrih (frithu, fridu origin of King Offa's name has not been revealed.
‘world’ and ric ‘king’). The second component of Of notes by OA Smernitskaya and Steblin-
waru comes from OE. waru with the meaning Kamensky to the epic "Beowulf" it is known that
'care', ‘Care’ or from the collective suffix -waru, Offa was the king of the continental Angles and
present in the names of the population of a the ancestor of Offa of Mercia, who lived in the IV
particular locality [19]. century [21, p. 736]. King Offa was by nature
Along with the military events, the poem domineering and wise. The main feature of his
"Beowulf" reflects some ideas of religious beliefs character was generosity, as he loved give gifts to
in the Early Middle Ages. The work traces a vigilantes. Perhaps his name reflects all these
mixture of Christianity and paganism. From the qualities. The linguocultural meaning of the
very beginning of the epic, it is already said about names of others noble heroes can be traced quite
God, and when with this he seems to acquire easily. So, for example, the king of the Danes
several kennings names. So, God can be called Hrothgar was successful in battles and is famous
the Almighty - from OE. Liffrea or Life-Giver - large numbers of troops. The merits of the king
from OE. Wealdend [20]. Embodying the idea of correspond etymological origin of his name:
Christianity, the author mentions the names Abel Hrothgar - from the ancient germ. hroth ‘glory’
(from the Hebrew name (Hebel) ‘breath’), and from OE. gār ‘spear’. The name of the
Cain (from the Hebrew name )ןיקKayin) protagonist the epic
‘acquired’), and also endows his heroes with Beowulf has two elements: English-Saxon. beo
biblical names: ‘bee’ and other German. wolf, wulf ‘wolf’, literally
Eanmund (the first component ean is derived ‘bee wolf’. In turn, the name Beowulf means
from the Hebrew name Ean - ) י ןYohanan) 'bear', which indicates the use of the name-
‘Yahweh is merciful’, ‘Yahweh is merciful, kenning in the text. Kenning names serve a
rewards’), Hama (from the Hebrew name ) descriptive function in works, and for in
Ham) ‘hot’; one of Noah's sons) [19]. medieval literature, this phenomenon was
The ideology of paganism in "Beowulf" is natural. It is believed that the elongated face of
reflected by the names containing the the bear resembles a dog or wolf. And when the
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL
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https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjpsCURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
bear destroys the hive in search of honey, then of historical reality.
he also eats bees. Therefore, he was nicknamed The names of the heroes in the poem "Beowulf"
the bee wolf. This interpretation of the name determine the dictemic structure of the text,
Beowulf is confirmed in the epic when describing which sets the thematic corpus of the work. The
the protagonist: “he overcame thirty warriors aspect of stylization by dictems is embodied in
with one hand ”[20]. In the poem, the hero names, containing components of fantastic,
Beowulf is endowed with the unthinkable magical phenomena, as well as components that
physical strength, courage and devotion to their reflect the facts of reality.
people. The image of the hero personifies the
power of his tribe, so he devoid of individual Conducted linguocultural analysis of
traits. In appearance, Beowulf is different antroponyms artwork by Thomas Malory and
relatively tall and rather strong in body, which Jeffrey Chaucer testifies to the variety of use of
corresponds to the illustrious name of the hero. onyms of various origins. The French names
reflect the Norman conquest of England. In the
An additional information tool in describing the novel by Thomas Malory "Dare Arthur" (Morte
heroism of the characters is their pedigree. At the d'Arthur, 1469) [17] there are the following well-
beginning the epic mentions Scyld Scefing, who is known names: Perceval, Tristan, de la Roche, le
still in infancy was found in a boat off the coast of Porte, the Table Round, the Siege Perilous. The
Denmark [16]. At that time, the people did not French names borrowed by the author are
had his own king, and therefore Skild became the embodied in the English novel not only the
ruler of Denmark. themes of various legends, where these names
The name Scyld comes from OE. scield ‘shield’, are taken from, while maintaining the spirit of
and this name becomes generic, as it speaks of courtly novels, but also speak of the rich the
the foundation the royal dynasty of the clan cultural heritage of the French elite. In the
Danes (modern Danes) [22]. The nickname Canterbury stories ”Geoffrey Chaucer [18]
Scefing from Old English means 'foundling', described the real life of a person. Despite the
which reflects the legend of its origin. Gender depiction of believable images, the names
indication, to to whom the hero belongs, not only medieval knights continue to live in its heroes.
complements the characterization of the Chaucer does not give personal names to his
character, but also glorifies him. characters: they acquire nicknames by
Kenning names can also indicate siblings occupation, thereby embodying the collective
character relationships, that is, to reveal the images of various human types. Among the Old
generic hierarchy the hero, for example, Finn is English names, a lot of an important role in the
called Folcwaldan sunu (son of Volkwald). The novel is played by names and nicknames of
Kennings also point to the distinctive features of French origin, pointing to preservation of the
the images. Examples of distinguishing a hero customs of naming the heroes of the English
from others can be the kennings of eodor knightly Novels: Religioun (from Art.-Fr. religion
Sceldinga ‘support of the Skildings’ for Wiglaf ‘churchman’, ‘priest’), Eglentyne (from the Old
(Wiglaf), frean Scyldinga ‘Lord of the Skildings’ French églantine ‘rose hips’) [23]. Names of Latin
or Scyldes eafera 'Skild seed' for Beowulf. Thanks origin indicate that the representatives of the
to the kennings the poetic world of the Old church environment used the Latin language. In
English period, the heroic images of the poem the dictum composition, the Latin anthroponyms
"Beowulf" carry information about isolated facts of Thomas Malory in mostly reflect Roman
generic names and contain additional
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL
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SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758
https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjpsCURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(5): 72-78,
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
characteristics of the bearer associated with its attempt to present a magical the world in contact
external appearance: the King Klaudas (claudus with reality. Such an artistic device emotionally
'lame'), the King Clarince (clarens ‘clear’, ’light’, affects the reader and is another functional sign
‘shining’), the Emperer Lucius (lux ‘Light’), Sir the aspect of dictemic expression is stylization.
Florence (florens ‘blooming’, ‘prosperous’) [24]. Really existing names of people reflect all the
Along with the Latin church names in Malory's diversity of the believable world that exists in the
novel, there is a wide distribution of names, cycle of historical events of Medieval England.
connected with the culture of Christianity. The belonging of anthroponyms to the realities of
Biblical motives are reflected in the names of the different languages and eras depict the path of
heroes. For example, the name Joseph comes the formation of the English people from the
from OE. יand has the meaning ‘Yahweh will Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance.
repay’ or ‘Yahweh has given (multiplied)’. King The choice of antroponyms in the epics is
Lot himself bears a Hebrew name. Lot), and it is functionally significant because they serve the
formed from the name with the meaning purpose of revealing the ideological and artistic
'cover', 'Covered', 'hidden' [19]. Heroes of the intention author, thereby filling the artistic text
Canterbury Tales J. Chaucer are named after the with various semantic content, which determines
saints of Hebrew origin: Palamon (meaning not its dictemic composition. Antroponyms acting as
clear), Solomon (‘peace’). Some images in the text catalysts implementations of private themes
acquire a secondary nomination containing the provide the theme of the whole text. The
names of religious saints, for example, linguocultural analysis of onyms allowed us to
Frankeleyn is called Kenning Seint Julian. establish the plot-thematic structure of the
Mythological legends of Ancient Greece, Ancient works of English epics.
Scandinavia, Germanic tribes are preserved in
the explored our works thanks to the use of the
names of pagan gods. Thematic aspect of Thomas
Malory's dictation names in the novel The Death
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May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-17
ISSN 2767-3758
©2021 Master Journals
Accepted25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021
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