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maarif
International Year 1 Number 1 2021
Journal
President of the
Council of Higher
Education Prof. Dr.
Yekta Saraç:
“We Have 200,000
International
Students From 182
Countries”
The Maarif
Learner Profile
Individualized
Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara:
“Wisdom (Hikmat)
Education
must be the Higher
Goal of Education”
The Heart of Asia:
Afghanistan
I N G
LU N
VA AT
U C
I O
ED
CONTACT FOR YOUR DONATIONS AND GRANTS
Turkish Maarif Foundation Fund Raising Department
Email: iletisim@turkiyemaarif.org | Phone.: +90 216 323 35 35
CONTENT maarif
International
maa r i f
2021
Number 1
Year: 1, Number: 2, 2021
Year 1
nal
Inter natio
Journal
Journ al
Owner
INFOGRAPHIC Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün
In the second volume of THE MAARİF LEARNER PROFILE On Behalf of Turkish Maarif
International Maarif Journal, BOOKS DESIGNING THE
mainly Individualized FUTURE
We need a HUMAN SCHOOL. A school that may
unite us with our own soul, that may promote
Guide For Foundation
President of
the
Council of Higher
Education Prof.
Dr.
Education and the Future Education will occupy a greater part the fact that our every action has moral value, Remote Chief Editor
of Education themes are and that may raise hearts who admire modesty,
Learning P. 21
Yekta Saraç:
“We Have 200,00
International 182
0
of the agenda in the coming days. Prof. Dr. Cihad Demirli
Students From
Countries”
evaluated in all its aspects, The intensity of educational studies in pure hearts that love humanity. Nurettin Topçu
d
Individualizeon
The Maarif
Learner Profile
by academicians and expert the publishing world is a sign of this. Prof. Dr. Ayşen Gürcan Advisory Board
Educati
Kara:
Prof. Dr. İsmail t)
writers. P. 14 P. 54
“Wisdom (Hikma
Osman Nuri Kabaktepe
Higher
must be the
ion”
Goal of Educat
Asia:
The Heart of
Afghanistan
Zekeriya Akçam
Prof. Dr. Aşkın Asan
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Emre Bilgili
ARTICLE Selim Cerrah
Mustafa Göksu, PhD
THEME 74 / Disaster Response Training and the
Case of Japan Mehmet Arslan
Prof. Dr. Ayşen Gürcan
Prof. Dr. Mahmut Özer
INDIVIDUALIZED
Prof. Dr. Semih Aktekin
Prof. Dr. M. Akif Kireççi
Prof. Dr. Zarife Seçer
EDUCATION AND THE
Editorial Board
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cahit Bağcı
FUTURE OF EDUCATION
Hasan Taşçı, PhD
Nedim Kaya
Mahmut Mustafa Özdil
78
Ahmet Türkben
With the daily increase in the use of digital technologies Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusuf
Alpaydın
in education, the opportunities in individualized Metin Çelik, PhD
INTERVIEW Prof. Dr. Yekta Saraç
education have become limitless. SPECIAL EDUCATION
Ali Çiçek
P. 22
Sait Karahasan
President of the Council of Higher Education: Ahmet Yavuz
23 / Is Education Removing Itself from 32 / Future Technologies in Education 78 / Individualized Education Program (IEP)
“We Have 200,000 International
Mehmet Nezir GÜL Managing Editor
the Authority of Nation-States Nedim Kaya
Bekir Bilgili
in the Era of Digitalization and
Individualization? Prof. Dr. Semih Aktekin
35 / From The Printing House
to The Internet: Some Observations
LIFE-LONG LEARNING Students from 182 Countries” bbilgili@turkiyemaarif.org
News Reporter
28 / Why Should Education Be On Individualization In Modern 82 / Turkey’s Exemplary Institution in Life-Long The Council of Higher Education (CoHE) has Menekşe Olgun
Technology And Education Learning: İSMEK Muhammet Altıntaş, PhD
Individualized? Pedagogical
Research Assistant Sebih Oruç
restructured higher education around concepts such Interviews
Basis of Differentiated Instruction Esra Süzen
Ömer Avc, PhD 44 / Flow Systems: A Look at Artificial
ANALYSIS as goal-oriented internationalization, open science/
Photograph
Intelligence and Individualized 86 / A School Initiative in Europe: Madrasa open access, digital transformation, and critical Zekeriya Güneş
Instruction Ümit Güneş, PhD Al-Sharqiyya M. Ahmet Tokdemir, PhD technologies; through its actions, it is transforming the Design
HISTORY OF EDUCATION
system while simultaneously transforming itself. P. 60 Ahmet Said Çelik
Management Address
Altunizade Mah.
INTERVIEW Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara
66
INTRODUCTION THEME 90 / Education for Turks in the Pre-Islamic Ord. Prof. Dr. Fahrettin
Period Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taşağıl
“Wisdom (Hikmat)
Kerim Gökay Cad.
39 / From Institutional Religiosity to Erdem Sk. No: 5
04 / FUTURE OF EDUCATION THE
Must Be The Higher EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE
Individual Religiosities: “Can Religious
Education Remain The Bearer of The
CULTURE & ART Üsküdar - İstanbul
Goal Of Education”
0 216 323 35 35
Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün 93 / First Music, Then M-U-S-I-C:
Religiosity?” A Conceptual Framework About Music www.maarifdergisi.com
Prof. Dr. Nurullah Altaş
A new educational philosophy EĞİTİM GÜNDEMİ Education Yusuf İhsan Tökel instagram.com/maarifdergisi
facebook.com/maarifdergisi
is needed that will inform and ARTICLE 96 / A Masterpiece on People and Education: twitter@maarifdergisi
organize institutions, curricula, 05 / Child Wellbeing at Risk in Rich Countries Good Will Hunting Şeyma Harmanyeri ISSN 2757-5624
and educational styles 06 / Space Explorer's Software Awarded An Overview of Education
in The USA PORTRE Edition and Cover
in such a way as to 07 / Learn Turkish Online
COUNTRIES AND CULTURES
Kyocera Bilgitaş Turkey
Doküman Çözümleri A.Ş.
98 / The Man With a Diploma of Grace,
put tradition and 07 / Covid-19 Threatened A Generation, Schooling options and access to A Cultural Doyen: Ahmet Haluk Dursun
Prof. Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Cad.
No:45 Üsküdar / İstanbul
wisdom (Hikmat) Set Back Education education are as varied as the people Ahmet Yavuz
The Heart of Asia: Afghanistan (216) 339 00 20
into greater relief. 08 / Lock-Down Children Can Even Forget How of the US with regional, religious, ANALYSIS Sertifika No: 48612
I think this to Use Cutlery
philosophical, and socio-economic Afghanistan, sheltered within Bandi Turkestan and Articles in the journal are incumbent
102 / International Schools in Turkey
part needs 10 / Could Virtual Classroom Environments Be
differences. S. 48 Pamela De’amato Throughout History Kemal Şamlıoğlu, PhD
Turkistani Sughra, as well as being the homeland on their authors. Publication and
all copyrights of the articles belong
the Future of the Education? of the Seljuk Dynasty and the fatherland of Oghuz
lots of hard KURUMSAL
to the International Maarif Journal.
Authors, who sent articles are
work.
11 / Is Science Education Possible without a 50 / Catching the Future in Education Turks, is a unique country very close to Turks. P. 64 deemed to have approved this
Microscope? Ahmet Akça 107 / Turkey's Global Brand in Education: situation in advance. Quotations
P. 16 72 / Education is Increasing in Afghanistan from the articles published in the
12 / Pedagogical Content Knowledge Should 52 / Insights on Education The Turkish Maarif Foundation journal without giving a reference
Metin Zamantıoğlu Through Maarif
Include Technology Dian Schaffhauser are prohibited.
2 maarif maarif 3
INTRODUCTION EDUCATION
AGENDA 98%
2019-2020 enrollment
211.4 Billion TRY
Total budget allocated for education
rate for girls in Turkey in Turkey in 2021
THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION Child Wellbeing data on mental health across
the 41 countries, suicide is one
THE EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE at Risk in Rich of the most common causes of
We live in an age of speed. Epidemics such shaped according to a uniform worldview
as COVID-19 as well as technological de- and produced from a center just like in so- Countries death for children aged 15 to
19. Physical health indicators
velopments have an effect that accelerate cial media? These are all vital issues that
The latest in the UNICEF also give cause for concern.
humanity’s global adaptation to the digital need to be discussed urgently.
Innocenti Report Card Series, The findings of the Report
age. COVID-19 has forced people to lock At a time when theoretical approaches,
Worlds of Influence: Under- indicate that 1 in 15 infants are
themselves in their homes and globally dis- academic studies and predictions about the
standing What Shapes Child born with low birth weight,
rupted societies’ economic, cultural, and future of education all over the world are
Well-being in Rich Countries,
social relations. This situation forces peo- intensifying, the aim of the International
warns that the world's richest
ple to rethink future plans and predictions Maarif Journal is to bring new perspectives
UNICEF
Office of Research
nations must protect child
Innocenti Report Card 11
PROF. DR. BİROL AKGÜN in the field of education. In this climate, to these discussions through its internation-
governments and educational institutions wellbeing in the post-Covid
TURKISH MAARIF FOUNDATION al experience and education staff.
19 fallout. The Report, based
PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF
TRUSTEES
are faced with the great challenge of design- In this issue, we present our readers Greater Investment situation reveals that teachers
on 41 OECD and EU countries,
ing the future instead of preparing for it. with a dossier discussing the future of ed- are ill-prepared for dealing
As in every field, adapting to the dig- ucation in the context of individualization
in Teachers with the difficulties when looks at a broad range of areas
ital age in the field of education seems in education. I believe that the articles, 63 million teachers have been facing disease. affecting child wellbeing, from
anymore will be at the center of discus- prepared through the contributions of dis- affected by the COVID-19 crisis. According to the report, chances of survival, growth and
sions. In this context, dozens of questions tinguished academicians who are experts On World Teachers’ Day, UNE- only 65% of primary school protection; to whether they are
such as how will traditional institutions in their fields, articles that contain very SCO requested investments in teachers and 51% of secondary learning and feel listened to; to Child well-being
whether their parents have the in rich countries
and schools be structured, how will they important findings on behalf of the future teachers to increase in order to school teachers in sub-Saha- A comparative overview
maintain their existence in the future, of education, will make an important con- improve education. ran Africa have the required necessary resources to ade-
what will the roles of teachers and learn- tribution to intellectual efforts in this field. The latest data published minimum qualifications. This quately support their children.
ers be in the education system, and what Another issue we have opened to dis- by the UNESCO Institute of percentage only drops to 77% The Report considers well-
being across three domains - identified as a key risk to sur-
problems will parents have adapting to cussion is the internationalization of edu- Statistics, International Task in South Asia. Approximately
mental health; physical health; vival. In one in 10 countries,
the new era are vital issues that need to cation. Developed countries in particular Force for Teachers and Global 69 million new teachers are
and academic and social skills. more than a third of children
be addressed at an academic level. have made intense efforts to channel in- Education Monitoring Report needed in order to reach the
As one of the most globally wide- ternational student mobility to their coun- shows that, alongside the 2030 global education goals. The results in respect of men- are overweight or obese and
spread educational institutions, the Turk- tries. Although the pandemic has limited regional differences that exist, Calling attention to all this tal health are concerning. In 12 the number of obese chil-
ish Maarif Foundation closely follows the this mobility, digitalization requires us to 81% of primary school teachers data on World Teachers’ Day, of the 41 countries, less than dren aged 5 to 19 worldwide
developments in educational processes also be prepared for innovations in this and 86% of secondary school UNESCO asked for investments 75 per cent of children aged 15 is expected to rise from 158
in various parts of the world. Our foun- area because in this new period, having teachers have the necessary in teachers to increase in order have high life satisfaction, and million to 250 million by 2030.
dation has had the opportunity to make someone living in a remote country of Af- minimum qualifications. This to improve education. while there are no comparable UNICEF
on-site observations as to what kinds of rica get a diploma from an American or
problems may result from countries’ so- Turkish university is not a remote possi-
cio-economic and socio-cultural differ- bility. For this reason, the statements Tur- One in Every Five School-Age Children in The World is Not Enrolled
ences based on technological infrastruc- key’s Council of Higher Education Presi- The 38% increase in the number of school-age When schools close, children are removed from
ture. For example, how will students be dent Yekta Saraç has made in our journal children who’ve been affected by the closure of services such as education, support mechanisms,
able to adapt to the new era in countries about internationalizing education are schools due to COVID-19 in November has caused and food and their security becomes imperiled. The
with insufficient technology? How will the extremely important. serious difficulties for 90 million students worldwide highest cost is paid by the most marginalized children
in terms of their education and well-being. who are most likely to drop out of school entirely.
future of the world be affected if inequal op- The positive messages our readers have
According to UNESCO data, nearly one in every Millions of children have been out of school for more
portunity in education deepens at the glob- sent to our journal reinforce our efforts in five school-age children around the world (i.e., 350 than nine months, and more children are now reliving
al level due to a lack of technological in- line with the goals we had set when we be- million children) had experienced a school closure the same process. UNICEF is concerned that a large
frastructure? Can digitalization break the gan this journey. On this occasion, I would as of December 1, 2020, resulting in an almost number of schools will be shut down unnecessarily
influence of nation-states in education and like to thank all our friends who have 90-million increase in the number of unenrolled and that sufficient attention is not being given to
lead us to an education system governed shared with us their opinions, good wishes, school-age children (232 million) as of November 1, taking the necessary steps to make schools safer
2020. against COVID-19. Source: unicef.org
by global centers where the curriculum is and criticisms about our journal.
4 maarif maarif 5
EDUCATION $43
AGENDA Billion
The Global Gaming Market Is Worth.
UNICEF SUPPORTS COVID-19 THREATENED Turkey Is
EDUCATION OF SYRIAN Space Explorer's A GENERATION, SET BACK
Competing With
CHILDREN IN TURKEY,
SAYS EXPERT
Software EDUCATION
European Gaming
Awarded After a year of the global COVID-19
Companies in The
Turkey, which hosts the largest pandemic, indicators measuring child
number of Syrian refugees, deserves The METU Rover (Unmanned and adolescent development have all Mobile Gaming
more support, while UNICEF is
supporting education activities for country. Some 1.2 million of them are Highlighting that Turkey has set
Land Vehicle) project, which
includes 25 students from
regressed with closed schools, surging
poverty, spike in forced marriages Industry
Syrian children in Turkey, UNICEF school-age children,” she said. a good example about hosting different departments operating and rising depression affected by the
Supporting Turkey’s efforts for refugees, she said: “Most of the Peak Games Strategy Direc-
Representative to Turkey Regina De within the Middle East Technical pandemic among many other factors, a
tor Ömer İnönü, who stated
Learn Turkish Online
Dominicis said on the 10th anniversary those children to participate in Syrian children are born here in University (METU) Machinery setback that heralds lasting stigma for
of the start of the Syrian civil war. schools, she stressed that “there are Turkey. They need to be supported and Innovation Community, an entire generation, UNICEF warned the very rapid growth of the
“De Dominicis, who got appointed still some 400,000 children in Turkey with equal opportunities. Turkey is has received the exclusive During the COVID-19 era that has seen a distinctive rise in Thursday. mobile penetration rate in
who are out of school.” a good example of that, and the
in October 2020, brought to light Best Scientists Award for the online learning, hundreds of thousands of students started "The number of children who are Turkey to also be rapidly
some of the problems that children Due to the pandemic, the number is international community should European Rover Challenge hungry, isolated, abused, anxious, living
increasing gradually, she added, support Turkey more, I think.” learning Turkish through the Turkish distance-learning changing mobile gaming,
in Syria face and presented some 2020, Europe’s most in poverty and forced into marriage has
statistics. The pandemic has made it difficult “When you look at the situation portal offered by Yunus Emre Institute (YEE). added, “We expect the gam-
prestigious space-and-robotics increased," Henrietta Fore, executive
“According to De Dominicis, since for families to survive and fulfill in Syria, it won’t be realistic to think competition. According to YEE’s report, director of the UNICEF, said in a statement ing market in Turkey to grow
the start of the war in 2011, nearly 6 their economic needs, forcing their that Syrians abroad will return,” De Teams controlled a vehicle hundreds of thousands of people released exactly one year since the World very fast in the near future,
children to work while refraining Dominicis said.
million babies have been born -- 4.8 provided by the committee started learning Turkish using their Health Organization (WHO) classified reaching US and European
million inside the country and more them from going to school. “Child refugees are not a burden
“UNICEF now tries to stop child for a country; besides they should
in the competition area, online courses, the demand for which COVID-19 as a pandemic. levels in this respect.”
than 1 million abroad. a simulated Mars surface "Their access to education,
labor, supporting and informing these be considered as winnings,” she has increased due to COVID-19. The digital gaming market
“Turkey hosts 3.6 million Syrian condition in Poland, by socialization and essential services
refugees, more than any other children’s families,” she noted. added. developing their own algorithms During the COVID-19 pandemic, including health, nutrition and protection is one of the fastest-growing
and transferring their software YEE has launched an online Turkish has decreased. The signs that children will entertainment sectors. It
to the vehicle. METU Rover was learning portal in response to the bear the scars of the pandemic for years has a worldwide net worth
857 Academics The research, titled Updated tists. A total of 857 people car- awarded the prestigious Best
Scientists Award. They ranked
demands from those who wish to learn to come are unmistakable," Fore said in
the statement.
of $45 billion. Drawing
Science-Wide Author Databas- rying out scientific studies in Turkish but live in countries where no YEE cultural centers attention to this fact, Inönü
From Turkey es of Standardized Citation Turkey have been included in
4th in the overall competition,
have been established yet.
Faced with such "devastating" effects,
stated, “We expect the gam-
Have Made The with 33 international teams Fore urged for children to be placed "at
Indicators and conducted by a the list of the most influential taking part in the finals. Videos teaching Turkish that have been prepared by the heart of recovery efforts," particularly ing market in Turkey to grow
“Most Influential team of scientists from the USA scientists. With 45 scientists, expert lecturers and uploaded to YEE’s official YouTube by "prioritizing schools in reopening plans." very fast in the near future,
and the Netherlands, created ITU is the Turkish university channel was the first step YEE took for teaching Turkish on reaching US and European
Scientists of The 'We were able to control UNICEF cited a series of worrying figures
a comprehensive scientific with the most academicians on the vehicle remotely' a technological platform at the beginning of the pandemic. in support of Fore's words. levels in this respect. The
World” List impact index, listing the acad- this list. The 10 Turkish univer- Team Leader Arda Özarslan handover agreement with
emicians who have conducted sities with the highest number stated that the rover they had Zynga is one of the indica-
The Most Influential developed was an unmanned
Scientists List, prepared research and published articles of academicians on the list are BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY Building projects into which effective use of laboratory tors. As part of the agree-
ground vehicle that can be
with the coordination throughout the world. as follows: used in scientific research and WILL PROMOTE THE the union was accepted in instruments and information ment, we have transferred
The study, published in the 2020. regarding laboratory safety. our mobile card games and
of Stanford University, Istanbul Technical planet exploration. Stating the
DEVELOPMENT OF The project is committed Additionally, information
includes 857 academicians journal PLOS Biology, created University: 45 vehicle to be equipped for Okey to the American com-
LIBYAN UNIVERSITIES to helping improve the sessions will be held on
from Turkey. a ranking system based on Fırat University: 29
performing tasks similar to that
academic and administrative research methods and pany Zynga for $100 million.
scientific criteria such as the of Curiosity, the rover currently Our studio will continue
Istanbul University: 29 working on Mars, Özarslan said, A member of UNIMED since
staff’s capacity at Libyan trips are planned to sites
number of scientific articles universities to take on a such as the solid waste developing games as the
Koç University: 29 “Thanks to the photographs 2003, Bogazici University,
from academicians publishing taken in the area where the together with universities
more active role in scientific disposal sites in Istanbul, subsidiary Zynga Turkey. As
Hacettepe University: 27 research, especially in composting facilities,
worldwide, their impact, and competition would take place, from Italy and Portugal, Peak Games, our overarch-
Gazi University: 27 the field of environmental water treatment plants,
the number and rating of the we had made research specific participated in the IBTIKAR ing objective is to become
sciences. and wastewater treatment
citations they received. Bilkent University: 24 to this area. It was a simulation project, which aims to the largest mobile game
The Libyan academic and facilities. This is expected
Black Sea Tech. University: 23 of what can be found on Mars. promote the innovation of
The study was carried out administrative staff who to form new partnerships company in the world. We
We aim to improve Turkey in and develop research in 11
under the coordination of Stan- Middle Eastern Technical the field of robotics and space Libyan universities as part
will visit Boğaziçi University on the Mediterranean and intend to invest our capital
ford University and resulted in University: 22 will receive training on the international levels. to this end.”
by producing our own vehicles of the Erasmus+ Capacity
a list containing 161,442 scien- Ataturk University: 20 in such organizations.” Source: AA
6 maarif maarif 7
UNICEF calls for emergency funding
EDUCATION UNICEF is calling for a record $6.4 billion in emergency DRAWING
AGENDA humanitarian funding to reach the more than 190 million HASAN AYCIN
children affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.
Lock-Down losing basic skills such as how
Children Can to use utensils.
Even Forget How The majority of children in
mid-childhood are struggling
to Use Cutlery with their motor-skills develop-
A report from the English ment. The report states, "Lost
Education Watchdog has learning is unarguable but hard
indicated the presence to assess at this stage.”
of significant signs of The report states that some
children have also found the
regression in children
lock-down to be a positive
under lock-down.
experience. The opportunity
to have quality time as a fam-
The report warns some ily plays a key role for these
young children have forgot- children.
ten how to use utensils or has delivered a report about process are small children.” Among older children, Ofst-
have regressed to diapers. the impact the COVID-19 These children have suffered ed warns of a loss of concen-
This autumn, the Office for pandemic has had on children from the time spent out of tration among those returning
Standards in Education (OF- based on their visits to 900 school, developing symptoms to school and worries that any
STED), a corporation super- schools and kindergartens. such as children’s linguistic online arguments that might
vising public schools, some OSTED Chief Inspector and numeric skills regressing, have started on social media
private schools, kindergar- Amanda Spielman stated, potty-trained children revert- during the lock-down could
tens, and child-care centers, “The most affected by the ing to diapers, and children continue in the classroom.
School Violence a combination of policies and
And Bullying interventions.
This comprehensive response
Negatively Affect to school violence and bullying
Education is often referred to as the
whole-school approach and
is underpinned by nine key
Violence in schools has
components:
denied millions of children
and young people their Strong political leadership
fundamental right to with a legal and policy
education. A recent UNESCO framework for addressing
report reveals more than school violence and bullying
30% of the world’s students Training and support
to have been victims of for teachers in regard to partnerships between the
school violence and bullying Provide reporting
bullying and to have suffered
mechanisms together with education sector and a wide
devastating consequences prevention as well as positive
classroom management support and referral services range of partners (other
such as dropping out, lower
for students affected by school government sectors, NGOs,
academic achievement, and Curricula, learning,
violence and bullying
declines in physical and/or and teaching to promote a academia)
mental health. compassionate school climate, Having all stakeholders,
including parents, be involved Monitoring school
The evidence shows that students’ social and emotional
effective responses to school Student empowerment and violence and bullying;
skills, and a safe school and
violence and bullying should classroom environment in terms participation evaluating responses
be comprehensive and include of psychology and physicality Collaborations and Source: UNESCO
8 maarif maarif 9
Virtual classrooms are very important with respect to realizing
FROM THE WORLD online education and its effectiveness. In addition to education, this
OF EDUCATION technology is suitable for many different jobs and tasks where people
are not required to be in the same environment such as seminars,
video conferencing, promotions, and consultancy services.
learning. In this way, students can receive a teacher who wants to benefit from
Could Virtual instant feedback while concretizing these technologies in their class should
topics and concepts. Information tech- have a solid grasp of the technology
Classroom nologies in mathematics teaching can be in question, use teaching methods
discussed under three headings: doing that appropriately communicate
Environments math, practicing and conceptual learn- with students, master the theoretical
ing. The purposeful and strategic use of aspects of the subject, and teach the
Be the Future of these technologies supports teaching; appropriate technology in the teaching
increases learners’ problem-solving, environment using the most beneficial
the Education? reasoning, and verification skills; and teaching method. Dynamic geometry
provides conceptual learning as well software generally provides visualiza-
Zekiye Utanç
as operational skills. However, what is tions of geometric objects. It enables
important here is that a teacher who
The ability of the students students to interact with geometric
I nformation technologies help with wants to use these tools should properly to physically interact with objects, test theorems, investigate the
focusing on the main subject and design the learning environment with virtual math objects is state of the problem, and create new
avoiding the complexity of routine oper-
ations in mathematics teaching. Students
clear and understandable instructions so
that it supports students’ ability to reach
one of the most important states using its infrastructure.
However, augmented reality technolo-
Is Science insufficient. Other reasons were listed
such as the location being unsuitable,
features of augmented
can interpret, generalize, and examine the determined goals/achievements. This reality in educational gy is a new technology that enables Education the biology curricula being overloaded,
a problem in a laboratory environment.
Information technologies play an impor-
is discussed in the literature under the
topic of technological pedagogical con-
applications. objects in the real world to be visualized
as opposed to creating virtual images
Possible without and teachers’ microscope use being
inadequate. Unfortunately, similar
tant role in meaningful and permanent tent knowledge. According to this model, such as in dynamic geometry software; a Microscope? problems in using microscopes are
augmented reality technology helps experienced in many other countries.
students differentiate through physical Saniye Yalçın Countries’ development levels and
interaction. Augmented reality is a economic conditions should be taken
technology that supports the real world into consideration on this point.
with virtual objects instead of replacing
it with virtual ones. One of the most
important features of augmented reality
H aving students design and conduct
an experiment and use a microscope
is important for developing scientific
A general consensus exists that the use
of microscopes is specific to biology
classes. However, microscopes can also
in educational applications is that research skills. be used in other earth sciences as well
students can see virtual mathematical According to research conducted in 73 as physics and chemistry classes.
objects in the learning environment as if primary and 30 secondary schools in Teachers from branches other than
they really exist, interacting with them Croatia, 94% of schools have a monocular biology may be hesitant to use micro-
naturally and physically as if they were microscope, the use of which is very scopes. Teachers who are not competent
interacting with real objects. Though important in science education; 43% of in using microscopes can be trained.
technical usage may be required to the teachers use the demonstration Teachers can practice knowledge,
provide various interactions, students method while operating the microscope, experiments, and techniques in the
can experience it in its most basic form while 37% have their students perform classroom after their training.
by just walking around the class with a practical applications. The most frequent- Providing science education without a
tablet or smartphone in their hands. ly used samples in the demonstration microscope seems impossible. The
Furthermore, the teacher can help classes are taken from animal and plant importance of teachers’ training as well
students with their own device when tissues, while plant cells, protists, and as students’ experimentation and
necessary. reproductive cells are preferred in practice in the classroom cannot be
In conclusion, the purpose of practical classes. Only 61% of the teachers overlooked. Learning through practice
augmented reality is to improve and rarely use a microscope during the and experience, which are two of the
support current reality with its features academic year; 53% of the teachers stated most basic requirements of active
rather than altering reality or the that the reason for rarely using micro- learning, is also an indispensable
environment. scopes is the number of microscopes is element of science education.
10 maarif maarif 11
FROM THE WORLD
OF EDUCATION
Pedagogical
Content
Knowledge The TPACK framework describes seven
different combinations pivoting around these
it is used, what it does, and how it can be
used in accordance with the goals.
Should Include three basic forms of knowledge. These
combinations are the three basic forms of
The 3 pairs of combinations of the three
basic forms of knowledge and lastly the triad
Technology pedagogical, content, and technological
knowledge followed by the paired combina-
are as follows:
Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The
Esra Süzen tions of pedagogical content knowledge, tech- knowledge of how to teach a particular field
nological content knowledge, and technologi- pedagogically. For example; while the
T he world is witnessing a pandemic
during which education is carried
out hand in hand with technology. The
cal pedagogical knowledge and topped off
with the triad of technological pedagogical
content knowledge.
subject of numbers in mathematics is a part
of content knowledge, the knowledge
related to a student's age and whether they
world has seen that classrooms are able to According to the TPACK framework, the are in the concrete operational stage is
come out of the school space and occur in information that a teacher should have pedagogical knowledge. The combination of
a virtual space. This experience has raised mastered can be classified as follows: these two forms of knowledge generates the
questions about the ways in which technol- Content Knowledge: Knowledge included knowledge of how to communicate the
ogy can be used most effectively in the field in learning objectives related to the specific subject of numbers to a student who is in
of education. The theory of technological fields of education (mathematics, science, the concrete operational period.
pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) social science etc.) such as information, skills, Technological Content Knowledge:
has come to the agenda in relation to the concepts, rules, and theories. The knowledge related to the use of
question of how to teach lessons most ef- Pedagogical Knowledge: The knowledge technology in teaching a particular field
fectively in classrooms that have moved out of processes and practices or methods of efficiently.
of schools and into dynamic spaces. This teaching and learning. Technological Pedagogical Knowl-
theory, developed by Mishra and Koehler in Technological Knowledge: Knowledge edge: This form of knowledge includes
2006, reveals the dilemmas faced by teach- related to the nature of the technology, how understanding how the learning and
ers from different branches while using teaching process is affected when certain
technology in their lessons. technologies are used. It involves being
Technological knowledge, pedagogical Technological Pedagocical aware of the pedagogical advantages or
Content Knowledge (TPACK)
knowledge, and content knowledge are the limitations of the technologies in use.
basic interrelated forms of knowledge that Technological Technological Technological Pedagogical Content
Pedagocical Content
teachers should have according to the Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge: This form of knowledge allows
TPACK theoretical framework. The lack of (TPK) Technological (TCK) teachers who know how their field should
Knowledge
even one of these forms of knowledge can (TK) be taught to decide which technology will
pose an obstacle in achieving the predeter- be more appropriate for a particular field in
mined educational goals. So, what are these relation to pedagogical knowledge and to
three basic forms knowledge that a teacher apply it. This form of knowledge, which is at
should have? According to TPACK, content Pedagocical Content the intersection of three forms of basic
Knowledge Knowledge
knowledge covers the subject area the (PK) (CK) knowledge, is in itself a necessity, as has
teacher teaches, pedagogical knowledge been experienced during the pandemic.
covers the teaching methods and informa- This is because a teacher who is quite
tion about students’ learning processes, successful in face-to-face education may
Pedagocical Content
and technological knowledge covers how Knowledge (PCK) have difficulties in maintaining this success
technology will be included in the learning when they have to use technology in
Kaynak: https://tmf.mrooms.net/course/view.php?id=3739
and teaching processes. distance education.
12 maarif
BOOK REVIEW
PAGE EDITORS
Esra Süzen, Menekşe Olgun, Zekiye Utanç, Saniye Yalçın
Books LEARNING FROM SINGAPORE: THE
POWER OF PARADOXES
Testament, when all the people
of the earth spoke in a single
tongue. This unified them and
Designing
Author: Pak Tee Ng, facilitated cooperation to such
Translators: Ali Ünal-Ümit Cura, a degree that they undertook
Publisher: Anı Yayıncılık a collective project to do the
The Future
seemingly impossible: They
Learning From Singapore: The would build a tower in the city
Power of Paradoxes discusses the of Babel that was so high, they
international success of Singapore’s could simply climb their way
into heaven.” In response to
Education will occupy a
education system as a country in the
far East. The book objectively explains their arrogance, God sent His
Wrath, and even if their lives
greater part of the agenda
the smart success of Singapore in EDUCATION FOR THINKING
education and the realities behind were spared, their languages
Author: Deanna Khun were not. People have forgotten
in the coming days. The
it. According to the author, the steps
taken and reforms realized on the path Publisher: Harvard University Press their common language. But in
the case of mathematics, we are
intensity of educational
to this success were not just about
changing structures. While reading the talking about the most successful
The book begins with an answer to global language ever spoken.
studies in the publishing
book, one understands that reforming a question, one of the most basic
an education system is a painful and This book discusses equations
questions in the world of education: from Newton, Bernoulli, Faraday, THE AIMS OF EDUCATION AND
world is a sign of this.
difficult process where the experiences FIVE EQUATIONS THAT
“What is the purpose of education?” Clausius, and Einstein and how OTHER ESSAYS
of other countries are also important. In CHANGED THE WORLD
Deanna Kuhn, a professor at they emerged. These people Author: Alfred North Whıtehead
addition, the book testifies to a central
I
Columbia University’s Faculty of Author: Michael Guillen
organization and the autonomy of were exceptional artists skilled in Publisher: FOL KİTAP
Education, answers this question in Publisher: TÜBİTAK using the broad vocabulary and
teachers and administrators, as well as her book titled Education for Thinking, Date of Publication: 2020
In these times of COVID-19, one THE ONE WORLD SCHOOL HOUSE- an understanding that contains many published in 2005 by Harvard
complex grammatical structure
paradoxes. The paradoxes emphasized Michael Guillen argues in his of the mathematical language. Translator: Hasan Ünder, Raşit Çelik
of the most discussed topics in EDUCATION REIMAGINED
in this book include issues such as
University Publications. Although book that mathematics is not The book reminds the reader
Author: Salman Khan the understanding that suggests the
the whole world is education and variables and constants, egalitarian purpose of education to be to enable
just numbers but a poetic form that mathematics is not just about
Publisher: Yapı Kredi Publications meritocracy, centralized localization/ of expression. The following numbers and that the people According to Whitehead (p. 50),
its future. This issue is one of the students to acquire knowledge is sentence quoted from the behind numbers and formulas
indigenization, and a learning-oriented partially correct, the answer to the “Every intellectual revolution
hottest topics in various environments This work from Salman Khan, founder education approach as opposed to a book (p. 1) sums up the author’s should not be ignored by which has ever stirred humanity
of Khan Academy, discusses the story question of how much and which purpose very well: “There was offering sections of these artists’
from academia to daily newspapers. New and goals of the academy and includes
teaching-oriented one. Furthermore, information should be taught remains a time, according to the Old relationships with mathematics.
into greatness has been a
the book mentions some other factors ambiguous, especially at a time when passionate protest against inert
publications can be encountered every noteworthy details in his criticism of the that have brought about this success ideas.” The author defends that
current education system and how he information is produced at such
day in this area. In education, the world in education. The author also draws an incredible speed and quantity. static thoughts should to be
envisages the future of education. attention to some basic factors such as avoided when educating children
is witnessing a time in which classical Khan tells the story in his book of how educator quality, parental roles, and the
Just as the approach that favors
and states that no room exists
knowledge transfer, the understanding What do we know about the brain,
theories have been shaken, all parameters the idea for the academy had emerged in a effects of social culture. Lessons can that focuses on skill acquisition is the human black box? Is it in the lap for inert information and static
way that reflects the assumption that each be taken from Singapore’s impressive thoughts in education.
are being reviewed, and futuristic success. This book, which tells a
unclear as to what skills should be of the gods to take control of our
individual has their own learning speed, taught. In particular, whether the behavior, emotions, and thoughts According to the author, the
approaches have come to the fore due learning needs, and learning environment; tangible and real success story, can be skills determined by the business or is it in our brains? Michio Kaku main goal in raising people is to
to the rise of digitalization. Instead of he states that the academy had advanced an inspiration for other countries. world in line with their needs actually attempts in this book to convey the equip them with knowledge and
by taking individuals’ different needs prepare students for life outside of past, present, and future of the mind experience both culturally and
preparing for the future, designing the into account. Khan offers suggestions for in a specific field. Thus, while
business needs to be questioned. The to the reader by benefiting from
future has become the priority of states realizing the ideal education system, one function of education to select people developing neuroscience studies and specialized knowledge provides
designed for individuals by underlining the with certain knowledge and skills a basis for one’s perspectives,
and institutions. Following the new importance of individual differences. He
artificial intelligence research based
has caused education to be exam- on studies that have been carried their sophistication shows them
approaches and theories in the field of affirms digitalization in education due to its oriented. After these discussions, out in leading laboratories. The the paths to higher levels such as
potential to provide an environment where
education is necessary in order to play an all these different needs can be taken
the author argues in the rest of the book, which consists of three main philosophy and art.
book that the purpose of education chapters, leads off with the chapter In this book, the author
active role in the future. In this issue of into consideration. The academician, who is to teach students to think. Kuhn “The Mind and Consciousness,”
prepares content accessible by everyone emphasizes that dynamism and
our journal, we introduce the books that states the acquisition of questioning then touches on brain studies and process should be at the center
in the digital environment, argues that the and argumentation skills to be the their surprising results with the
have made great impacts in the world of advantages or disadvantages caused by most important goal of education chapters “Mind More Over Matter”
of education and states that
education has a rhythm. He states
education. social, cultural, and economic conditions and explains how these skills have and “Altered Consciousness.” The THE FUTURE OF THE MIND the thoughts that enter the mind
directly affecting the individual will lose improved developmentally in schools structure and function of the brain
their importance and that inequalities can Yazar: Michio Kaku without being made useful or
by giving examples from her own have inspired science fiction just as experienced to be static thoughts
be overcome with the opportunities the studies. Through education, students much as artificial intelligence. The Publisher: ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı
digital environment provides. Yayıncılık that idly occupy the minds of
should learn how to use their inquiry author gives clues about the future of students. This is why he defends
Of course, the reader may want to see and reasoning skills in their current the mind based on what humans can, Translator: Emre Kumral the need for an educational
some self-criticisms of the academy on and potential contexts outside cannot, and have the potential to do reform initiative, stating that those
the point of developing content directed of school in real life. The author with consciousness and the mind and who follow such an education
at equal opportunity with a single source. emphasizes these thinking skills to presents scientific studies about the program, as the history of
However, the book makes no indication develop not only in individual but also brain and consciousness in the style education shows, leave fruitless
of this. in collective (social) cooperation. of science fiction. programs for future generations.
14 maarif maarif 15
INTERVIEW
Knowledge, understanding,
İsmail Kara:
and interpretation are not
only cumulative, heaping
“Wisdom (Hikmat) must
and piling up over one
another, but rather are also
simultaneous expansions
be the Higher Goal of and transcendences,
the expansion and
Education”
transcendence of the mind,
heart, and soul of the people
being instructed.
A new educational philosophy is needed that will inform
and organize institutions, curricula, and educational styles
in such a way as to put tradition and wisdom (Hikmat)
by the remark “Whoever hasn’t tasted (it)
into greater relief. I think this part needs lots of hard work. will never know,” this is the kind of language
First, this new approach must be theorized that can be used in tekkes. I think saying that the tekke
improved, modified, and revised with practice. hierarchy was more independent compared
to the madrassas would be an overstate-
ment. It would be better to add some extra
Interviewer: Bekir Bilgili
notes to this statement. One wonders, if tek-
P
kes are independent… from whom are they
rofessor Dr. İsmail Kara is one sas and tekkes [dervish lodges]. How among these structures that conduct ed- drassas, the ulama, and their hierarchy. Tekkes [dervish lodges] seem to be more independent? If one were to make this state-
of the leading scholars phi- have these two institutions shaped our ucation-training activities, and this is nor- Madrassas and educational institutions independent. However, we can talk about ment, it would be based on tekkes’ structural
losophizing about the role of current understanding of traditional mal. However, what is important is what is (maktabatul ‘ilmiyyah) are of central im- transitivity here, considering the ulema characteristics, such as how they appeal to
tradition in Turkey and have education? transitional among them and the process- portance as the founding and sustaining were mostly Sufis at the same time in Ot- all sections of society, keep their doors open
changed Turks’ views on it. Ismail Kara, Madrassas and tekkes as we know them es that nurture one another. The phrase forces of intelligence that, so to say, serve toman Empire. In other words, tekkes and to men and women alike, appealing to the
who has produced pivotal works on the today came into being around the same Sheikh-Khalifa has to be the finest phrase as societies’ mechanism of balance. madrassas were intertwined in a way. heart rather than the head, paving the way
history of education in Turkey and the time between the 10th and 12th centuries, showing this transitivity. Sheikh is a term Through divine decrees and scriptural How does Sufism correspond to the inner for art at every possible level, particularly
Ottoman Empire, has made important ob- though their sources and traditions ap- both used for a great scholar or mudarris sources, the ulama stand in the middle as ulama hierarchy in the Ottoman period? with regard to religious music, and assum-
servations on the changing landscape of peared at the dawn of Islam. Of course, (as in Shaykh al-Islam) as well as for a lead- tools among Muslims, because the mean- We mentioned that the madrassas and tek- ing an all-inclusive character.
education from the times of the Ottoman we should add mosques, masjids, and er of a dervish order or sheikh of a trade ing and spirit of the scriptural sources are kes were founded at around the same time. These differences are a bit exaggerat-
Empire to the present day, especially in re- perhaps guilds as well as other prevalent guild. The same goes for Khalifa, as you passed down to believers through their They had also emerged to meet the needs ed today so I should say again that tekkes’
gard to madrassas and modern education- education institutions. As you know, a know the word kalfa [master builder] in interpretations. They stand between so- and aspirations of a certain period. The doors are not closed to madrassas, nor are
al institutions. Ismail Kara and I discussed significant part of today’s technical and Turkish derives from the word Khalifa. ciety and state as a bridge, ensuring jus- scholastic part of Sufism resembles that madrassas’ doors closed to tekkes. They
traditional educational institutions and vocational training is structured around tice on the part of the state and, in turn, of madrassas while their approaches to re- had been built side by side in large com-
the form education will take in the future. the master-apprentice relationship At this point, may we talk a bit about the obedience from society. The ulama also ligious sources and their priorities differ. plexes. As you also have said, sometimes
within the trade/craftsman community. characteristics of madrassas and edu- draw and functionalize the framework When compared to madrassas, tekkes and one person can be a hodja in a madrassa
Professor Kara, before starting with the Moreover, the cultural and ethical con- cational institutions (Maktabatul 'ilm- of both justice and obedience. They Sufism take a more flexible approach to and at the same time be a sheikh in a tekke
interview questions, I would like to thank tributions of the communities that have iyyah)? How would you assess these in- also stand between the past and future ethics, life, and the ways to experience life, and the preacher in a mosque. They also
you on behalf of the International Maarif built the neighborhoods, villages, and stitutions, taking into consideration the of Muslim societies. They carry the past which is in part emotively deep and pow- had their conflicts, especially in times of
Journal for letting us interview you today. even city structures around mosques ulama’s relation to society and state? and, by adapting it to present conditions, erful. Religious/mystical experience mostly transition and crisis, because of the differ-
In your works, you have identified two cannot be understated. If we are going to make a distinction in they also carry it into the future, laying outstrips knowledge itself; in other words, ences in their respective methods and ways
pillars that have underpinned educa- We can say the following: differenc- knowledge and wisdom, we can attribute the cornerstones, paving the paths, and knowledge exists tightly connected to this of verbal-written articulation. This also
tion after the coming of Islam: madras- es in method and content certainly exist knowledge as an area of interest to ma- building future concepts. kind of personal experience. As expressed should be of no great surprise.
16 maarif maarif 17INTERVIEW
I suppose modern emotional level. But at high school and in
One can become human only
We see that the modern educational in- educational university, this student must learn about
stitutions had become widespread in the
when they strip themselves systems harbor
the strengths and weaknesses of Mehmed
rather conformist
Ottoman geography during the Tanzimat of their physical being and or egoistic II and compare him to other padishahs and
(Reform Period). There exists this per- move towards timeless and anarchical their contemporary statesmen in order to
inclinations that
ception of traditional educational insti- existence – Allah. One can see different ideas and interpretations. I
do not cater to the
tutions as having become more and more only make this possible higher stages of have encountered academicians working
dysfunctional over time from that point knowledge. at the department of history at universities
by rebelling against their
onwards. Was the process of this modern- who look at Ottoman history, Mehmed II, or
ization obligatory? In your opinion, why
ambitions and feelings as Sultan Abdülhamid at an emotional level,
did madrassas fall behind in this process? well as those imposed by who have accumulated knowledge but have
It is only an allegation left unassessed that the community and political underdeveloped interpretative and compar-
madrassas and tekkes had fallen behind, a structure. We can call this ative skills. I am sure that you have also met
rumor that they themselves had been the going through all the lower such people.
very reason for underdevelopment. levels of obedience to reach This will never work. I think a successful
However, the Islamic world judged found- educational system would have students
absolute obedience.”
ing new educational institutions to be neces- experience and learn from these stages; it
sary; it was in the face of Western Europe’s would be a system that ensures the transi-
militaristic rise and effective expansion when tion between these stages.
it became apparent that the modern educa- dismissing one side of it, not by reconciling
tion born out of new institutionalization pro- and uniting two ends or incorporating them There are some comments about modern
cesses and approaches could not be realized in legal terms. We are still communally expe- education valuing knowledge only within
through traditional educational institutions riencing difficulties because of this. the context of its functional benefit. This in
such as madrassas, tekkes, Enderun schools, with the particularity of religion. Think of monotypic expressions that depend on ac- comparisons featuring more variables and turn forces curricula to be very fragment-
janissaries, or guilds. As you know, the first As you have also pointed out, Turkey has this as reconciling religion with science. This ceptance and internalization without paying with evaluations and criticism, including ed. In terms of bringing the comprehen-
modern school formations, which were apt- experienced some splits in terms of culture may also be an opportunity at the same time them a second thought. For this very rea- self-criticism. Knowledge, understanding, sive understanding about the universe,
ly named secular school formations by West- starting with the modernization process in as a diversity, but it is also a serious problem. son, it is emotional but valuable knowledge. and interpretation are not only cumulative, humans, and most importantly maybe
ern researchers, started with the imperial the Tanzimat, which continued through- The discordancy or entanglement of oppor- In high school education (middle in- heaping and piling up over one another, but ourselves back again, is making use of tra-
military engineering schools in the last quar- out the Republican period. It has impacted tunities and problems has resumed today. I struction), while not denying the previous rather are also simultaneous expansions and ditions feasible?
ter of the 18th century. Then, especially from the educational sphere the most. What re- think that our instructors and savants do not knowledge, we should add to it and improve transcendences, the expansion and tran- We are faced with this question, as is
the second half of the 19th century onward, sults did this cultural break have individu- give the attention to this serious problem upon it with the ability to compare, the skills scendence of the mind, heart, and soul of everyone else around the world: Does the
modern education became widespread. ally, socially, and intellectually? that it deserves. of reasoning, thinking straight, arriving at the people being instructed. modern education system want to raise a
This was natural and necessary. Yet, these These processes were also not painless for knowledge through deduction, thinking for Consider a primary school child in awe human who recognizes themself as well as
processes catalyzed certain difficult prob- other societies, including Western Europe. In one of your conferences, you mentioned one’s self, and coming to a judgment. At this during a visit to the Sulaymaniyah Mosque. the political gravitational force, one who
lems, such as causing a split in education, This is because a shift had occurred from three educational stages. The stages of stage, the regular information is not mono- If, having grown, this young person, already makes decisions, who questions and crit-
the dichotomous thinking that resulted in an education/discipline system, the rules of emotionality, regular information, and typic anymore, it should at least differenti- in university, experiences the same emotion icizes, who holds people to account, and
raising people with divergent ideas and caus- which for the most part had been defined by philosophy-wisdom. Would you clarify ate between similarities and differences. Let as they visit the mosque day in and out, if who grows intellectually and spiritually?
ing conflicts between religion and science. religion, towards an instruction/education these concepts? us say that the concepts of the human con- that emotion is not cultivated through ad- Or does it want to produce some half-wit
From my perspective, we have yet to be able information system centered around the To simplify these stages, let us call them pri- dition, homeland, nation, and history are vanced knowledge, better tastes, increased who is easily manageable or leadable who
to solve this issue. We can even say it has got- human-mind-experiment trio formulated mary, middle, and higher instruction. In the also important here, albeit leveled up a bit, interpretational skills, and aesthetic aware- has no understanding or transcendency?
ten larger and deeper in some respects. Also, by a secular and irreligious understanding. first stages of education, we emotionally and a few more steps upward, with the varying ness, then being learned has added nothing; Making use of traditions is also not mono-
it is not an easy problem to tackle. We are As a result, conflicts, breaks, and problems enthusiastically instruct kids (as we should) judgments and knowledge and the breaking one might even say it has served no pur- typic, in my opinion. I would like to say
often told that this dichotomy was resolved have occurred. One of the additional chal- all about the human condition, concepts of down of equations. pose. The same applies to a primary school that, for us, tradition is a phenomenon that
with the Tawhid-i Tadrisat Kanunu (The lenges we and the Islamic world have been nature, family, homeland, as well as national When we ascend to the level of phi- child seeing Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror is continuously being reproduced; it can be
Unification of Education Law); in a sense this exposed to is the aspiration, or even asser- heroes and values. Lyrical poems, boastful losophy-wisdom (higher instruction), we as this world-renowned pro-enlightenment used to raise meek and insensitive people.
is correct, but it resolved the dichotomous tion, of reconciling the philosophically sec- expressions, unforgettable sayings that in- learn about the capacities of abstraction padishah and a big hero with a sharp sword. It in fact has been used this way. Tradition
structure by chopping off and completely ular modern schools and their mindscape crease love and loyalty… These are generally and principles; we advance with broader I do not mind this at all. It is brilliant on an and knowledge (’irfan) act and are put into
18 maarif maarif 19You can also read
