Merry Christmas to all in our sailing community Christmas Get-together December 14 at LMYC (details inside) - CRUISING DIVISION - Lake Macquarie ...
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LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB
CRUISING DIVISION
December 2020 No. 372
Merry Christmas to all in our sailing community
Christmas Get-together December 14 at LMYC
(details inside)
Petra’s and Wolfie’s Jarkin 10.5 Raki
Page 2 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
Skippers Report 3 Front Cover:
Raki is a Jarkin 10.5 cen-
November Meeting Notes 4 tre cockpit sloop that has
been owned by Petra and
Christmas Dinner Information 5 Wolfie. It is now for sale
and their story can be
Cruising Notes 6 found on page 8.
Our People & Expired Flares Disposal 8
New Years Eve Cruise Notice 9
She Sails References 9
Book Review 10
Quiz 11
Technical Tips 12
Knowledge is Power 13
CD Calendar of Events 2020-21 14
Cruising Division Executive
Skipper: Committee
Tony Austin 0416 266947 Geoff Edman (LMYC Rep) Gordon Butler 0409 509578
Secretary: Ken Archer 4946 7751 Maureen Seysener 4975 2561
Trudi Butler 0407 912825 Cath Austin 4946 9928 Rob & Karen Black 0417 215300
Treasurer: Richard Masson 0422 347875 Greg Barnicoat 0497 715669
Ross Shirtley 4945 0641
Cruising Division Editor: Please address all letters for the Cruising Division to:
Any articles for the Cruiseletter can be sent to LMYC CRUISING DIVISION
Cruiseletter Editor David Baker, preferably in MS Ada Street
Word format. Belmont NSW 2280
dragonflydbl@gmail.com (0427 317109) Alternatively, letters for the Cruising Division may be left
by 25th of each month. in the ‘pigeon hole’ at the LMYC office.
LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION PAGE 3
by Tony Austin
Seasons Greetings to all CD members,
Whilst not exactly being able to say that we have ‘dodged a bullet’, we residents of Newcastle
and Lake Macquarie have had a relatively easy time during the current COVID crisis. As the
restrictions have gradually eased we have seen a steady increase in attendance at our gen-
eral meetings and a fantastic increase in the number of boats participating in our Lake Cruis-
es. Interestingly, we are also seeing quite a rise in new members! We must be doing some-
thing right!
Looking back over the past month it has been an interesting mix of highs and lows. After
many months of having the Swansea Channel effectively closed to all but shallow draught
yachts we finally have the dredge in place. Progress has been slow but hopefully we will be
left with a navigable channel that lasts more than a few months as there is no permanent
solution on the horizon. The weather has, at times, been unseasonably challenging. Despite
this we have had some excellent Lake cruises, both formal and informal. People are becom-
ing very flexible with their ‘drop in, drop’ out approach and many cruises now start on a Friday
with some participants not finishing until the Monday. We are also seeing many crews who
are unable to get out on the water join us by land. This is great as it creates some outstand-
ing opportunities to get out of the house and mix with a fantastic group of people.
A real high for November has been the official opening of the magnificent new Marine Res-
cue Lake Macquarie Radio Base and Operations Centre at Swansea Heads. This state of the
art facility reflects the important role of MRLM in providing safety services to not just Lake
Macquarie but also a large slice of the NSW coast. It is great to see so many CD members
who are serving in vital roles in this organisation. In recognition of the important contribution
that MRLM makes to LMYC, the racing and cruising groups have sponsored the manufacture
of a magnificent map and operations plotting table for the new centre.
Looking forward, we have a busy time ahead of us. Make sure that you have Monday 14
December highlighted on your calendars! The Annual CD Christmas Party is not to be missed
so check out the details and book (and pay for) your place by Monday 4 December. The next
opportunity to get together is our New Year’s Eve event at Trinity Point Marina. Trinity Point is
one of the few venues offering fireworks on the lake so come along and join the fun. Finally,
we will be running our traditional Australia Day cruise which is a great opportunity to let your
hair down, bring along the family, dress up yourselves and your boat and have a great time.
Details will be provided via email and Facebook as we get closer to the date.
On behalf of the hardworking CD committee I would like to thank you for your participation in
the CD wish you all a great (and safe) festive season.
Safe sailing and fair winds,
Tony
Tony Austin
Skipper
Page 4 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
The November meeting was a great get-together, with 20 members meeting for dinner on the
LMYC deck beforehand. 39 members attended the meeting and, while we still need to be
wise regarding covid safety, there was a feeling of moving toward a more ‘normal’ situation.
14 December – CD Christmas Party – Monday evening at 6pm in the LMYC marquee.
Maureen Seysener spoke about the upcoming Christmas dinner. The cost will be $37.00 per
head and the quality of food and service is expected to be good following discussions with
the catering staff.
Ross Shirtley welcomed new members and presented a welcome pack to:
Bridgette & Renee Murray – Catlypso (Lightwave 38)
Hannah & David Pryke – Serendipity II (Catalina 31)
Peter Martin & Karen Boyd – Double Diamond II (Lagoon 410)
We hope that you enjoy many opportunities to cruise the lake and coast with the LMYC and
look forward to getting to know you at our social events.
As well as the Christmas Dinner, the Cruising Division plans to meet at Trinity Point for New
Years Eve.
31 December–New Year’s Eve. This event is coordinated by Gordon Butler. He has con-
firmed that fireworks on the lake are planned at Trinity Point Marina. This was a successful
event last year and many of us berthed in the marina. This year, a 2-night booking is required
@ $65 / night for 12m monohull. RPAYC CD are planning to join us and we plan to gather on
the grass area for drinks and nibbles.
The LMYC Club Register has been updated and all CD boats are included in a block regis-
tration done by Ross Shirtley. All CD members’ boats now have a sail number which they
may use if they wish. Tony Austin pointed out that a sail number is useful for identifying a
boat in a rescue situation and could be worth adding if the boat does not have one, even if
members do not plan to race their boat.
An Assets Register is planned and will be published in Facebook. LMYC also has tools be-
hind the bar which are available for lone by members, eg wire cutter, swaging tool and Loos
Gauge. We have a scaffold at Marmong Pt Marina, which is available through Patrick at
LMYC. Orientation training is required and there is a fee of $15.
The CD has two Facebook pages that are not accessible to the public. The LMYC Cruising
Division page is for general posts, and the LMYC CD Technical Tips & Tricks page is for
technical subjects. These are worth accessing and can be done by emailing Tony Austin at
ausquack@gmail.com
Dr Chris Cahill discussed Sun Safety, a really important issue for sailors, and informed us
that sunscreen does actually become less effective with time due to a breakdown in the
chemical composition of the ingredients. If the package doesn’t include a use-by-date it
should be discarded within two to three years. Chris referred members to a useful website by
Queensland health https://www.qld.gov.au/health/staying-healthy/environmental/sun
Eleanor Cunningham (Club Captain – LMYC) spoke about the She Sails Program and the
short courses being offered in a number of clubs, including Newcastle Cruising Yacht Club. A
listing of useful resources for those interested in the She Sails program is included in the
Cruiseletter.
The next meeting will be held at LMYC on Monday 11th January, 2021 at 19:00.
PAGE 5 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION Cruising Division Christmas Dinner 2020 Monday December 14 at 6:00pm What a great way to end a crazy year! We will meet in the LMYC marquee and enjoy the ulti- mate sundowner for the year to celebrate Christmas and surviving the recent upheavals. The event will be structured according to the Covid rules that apply at the time, but the commit- tee expects that we will be able to accommodate all who wish to attend. The dinner will be a two course meal with alternate choices and Christmas cake for those who wish to partake. Bookings should be made ASAP (final numbers close December 4) To book please contact Ross Shirtley rashirtley@bigpond.com as soon as you can. Payment of $37 per head can be made by electronic transfer to: Name LMYC Cruising Division BSB 112 879 A/c 482585899 If anyone has dietary requirements, please contact Maureen Seysener seysener@gmail.com Look forward to seeing you there.
PAGE 6 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION The “Consolation Cruise”, Lake Mac, 13 to 15th November 2020 By Richard Masson With the Swansea Channel dredging progress looking dubious, we decided to postpone the Port Stephens trip and undertake a cruise of the lake to drown our disappointment. Though many skippers were keen to make a longer voyage out of the lake, it turned out later that it was a good call, as boats were still getting into trouble in the channel on the weekend we were due to depart, and the weather for a lake cruise was very special after a challenging start. Because the channel issues shouldn’t stop us using our boats, the decision was made to substi- tute a lake cruise, dubbed a “Consolation Cruise”. The plan was to gather onshore at Styles on the Friday night, look at the forecast and decide on a destination for Saturday morning. This plan was rudely disrupted by a strong front blowing in from the NW on the Friday after- noon. The wind and fetch prevented some of us in exposed moorings (or the marina) from get- ting out to our boats. We stood on the shore in Croudace bay watching the surf waves breaking and thought, ‘let’s just try again in the morning’. Meanwhile, crews from Stoked, KRACKT, Windsong, Zephyr, Yorkshire Relish, Chandon, & Ocean Diamond II had made it around to Styles and were rewarded with a short thunderstorm and heavy rain for their trouble. I don’t think there was a happy hour ashore, so we weren’t off to a great start. The sun was out again on Saturday morning and the destination was chosen. Myuna bay (north side of Goonda point) is a location we haven’t visited before. Migaloo, Tethys and Jodi joined the fleet for the sail in a gentle easterly with the alternate skippers encouraged to take the helm.
PAGE 7 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
Myuna bay didn’t disap-
point with good holding and
a large well-mown grassy
reserve. Moondance,
Windy Lady, Seeadler,
Reverie & Elara joined us
for a very pleasant happy
hour ashore, with some
crews staying on to enjoy a
bbq. All 15 vessels en-
joyed a quiet and peaceful
evening at anchor.
A sunny Sunday morning saw a
pleasant morning tea ashore
where some crews expressed
an interest in having a swim, so
the move was on to the western
side of Point Wolstoncroft. This
is always a great spot with clear
water to swim or kayak and has
excellent shelter from a NE to
East wind.
The remaining crews finished
off a very relaxing weekend with
sundowners aboard Moon-
dance. Thanks Marion and
John!
PAGE 8 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
Our People
Dear sailing friends and fellow cruisers,
With a heavy heart we have recently listed RAKI for sale.
It was ten years ago when we bought our boat in Pittwater.
As we where getting ready to take her to her new home in Lake Macquarie we met the LMYC
cruising division at Coasters retreat.
Ray and Bev invited us to join in for Happy Hour and we met some nice people who offered us
advice on how to navigate the channel and the Swansea bridge.
Not long after we arrived at the lake we joined the cruising division.
We’ve had many great outings, made lots of sailing friends and will miss the camaraderie.
We have been farm sitting different properties for a few years now and this year decided to buy
our own property and do a tree change.
The last couple of months have been busy with moving and getting our new place ready.
We hope that we can catch up by the end of the year and tell you all about our new venture.
Stay safe,
Petra and Wolfie
RAKI
You will be missed Petra and Wolfie and we all hope to see you before you leave the lake.
Expired Flares Disposal
Collection dates and times
You can view dates and times of collections at each location in this table. More information can
be found at:
https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/maritime/safety-rules/safety-equipment/flare-disposal.html
Taree to Woy Carrington Boat Ramp, Wednesday, 13 January
7:30 10:30
Woy Carrington 2021
Taree to Woy Carrington Boat Ramp,
Sunday, 11 April 2021 7:30 10:30
Woy Carrington
Taree to Woy Blacksmiths Boat Ramp, Wednesday, 25 Novem-
14:00 16:30
Woy Blacksmiths ber 2020
Taree to Woy Blacksmiths Boat Ramp, Wednesday, 13 January
14:00 16:30
Woy Blacksmiths 2021
Taree to Woy Blacksmiths Boat Ramp,
Sunday, 11 April 2021 14:00 16:30
Woy Blacksmiths
PAGE 9 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION New Years Eve Cruise by Gordon Butler Hi all, For our New Year’s Eve activity we have decided to gather at Trinity Point Marina on New Years Eve to watch the fireworks. (There are no fireworks at Wangi this year) The marina will have a two night minimum booking, so if you are staying on the marina book in for nights of the 31st Dec and 1st January. Our plan is to have get-togethers ashore on the grass area in front of the marina office on New Year’s Eve and again on New Year’s Day. Details will be confirmed on Facebook closer to the date. The cruising group from Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club will be cruising Lake Mac at the time and will join us. What a great opportunity for us to mix with other cruisers. There is the possibility of a “rally” event with RPAYC on the 2nd Jan, possibly a sail up the lake to the yacht club and dinner there. Details for this are not yet finalised, but if possi- ble plan a bit of extra time on the lake. It won’t be wasted, it is always good to be out on our lake. There is room in Bardens Bay for boats to anchor if you want to attend but do not want to book a marina berth. Getting dinghies ashore at the marina looks to be fine. Location for the fireworks barge will be finalised on the day, so anchoring in the upwind end of the bay makes sense. You will need to arrange your berth direct with the marina. Mention that you are with LMYC CD when you book and they will try to group us together. The marina will require payment at the time of booking to secure a berth. I cannot attach the documents to Facebook, but a sep- arate email has been sent by Ross on November 11th. Get in early to ensure a berth. Gordon References to She Sails and women in sailing by Eleanor Cunningham. The beginning of She Sails at NCYC https://www.ncyc.net.au/sailing/shesails/ Australian Sailing - She Sails (Sponsored by Hamilton Island) www.shesails.org.au The Magenta Project - Women sailing in major international events www.themagentaproject.org Lisa Blair Sails the World https://lisablairsailstheworld.com 'Maiden' - first all female crew to compete in the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQyAHWkeIho Sailing Elliott 6m WMR Gold Final - Australia v Spain Full Replay - London 2012 Olympics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlJlkuLUFQY First Lady : A History making Solo Voyage Around the World – Kay Cottee Pan Macmillan Australia 1995 (ISBN 0 330 271741) All at Sea on Land and First Lady Ten Years On – Kay Cottee Random House Australia 1998
PAGE 10 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION Book Review By Brian English - Palmira Last month I thought it might be interesting to ponder the question of your all-time favourites. Say the 10 most compelling sailing books you have read, be they novels, accounts of voyages, basic skills and how to sail, heavy weather, or humour. I referred to the following 10 books as worthy of a read and gave a brief review of 8 before the editor ran out of room. So here are my thoughts on the remaining two. NOVELS Erskine Childers, The Riddle of the Sands Joseph Conrad, Typhoon ACCOUNTS OF VOYAGES Joshua Slocum, Sailing Alone Around the World Mathew Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis Francis Chichester, The Lonely Sea and the Sky Tania Aebi, Maiden Voyage BASIC SKILLS AND HOW TO SAIL Lin Pardy, Self-Sufficient Sailor Hal Roth, How to Sail Around the World HEAVY WEATHER Adlard Coles, Heavy Weather Sailing HUMOUR A. J. Mackinnon, The Unlikely Voyage of Jack de Crow HEAVY WEATHER: Adlard Coles, Heavy Weather Sailing Now in its seventh edition, totally updated and with an introduction from Robin Knox-Johnson and contributions by just about every significant blue water sailor you have ever heard of, this great book no longer cites Adlard Coles as the sole author. However, most of us were introduced to earlier editions which still bore the Coles authorship. The latest edition covers everything from yacht design and construction, meteorology, preparations for heavy weather, taking refuge, strat- egies for handling storm conditions, the use of storm sails and drag devices, and boat handling for monohulls, multi-hulls and power boats. There are also sections on seasickness, and a num- ber of accounts of major storm experiences. It is the book for all sailors, including crew members, who want to understand heavy weather conditions, be prepared for them and survive. At over $A90 it is not cheap, but it is in many libraries. Hal Roth’s Handling Storms at Sea at about $50 is a great alternative for those not wanting to own Heavy Weather Sailing. HUMOUR: A. J. Mackinnon, The Unlikely Voyage of Jack de Crow At last an Australian author! A.J. (Sandy) Mackinnon managed to turn “a couple of quiet weeks” sailing down the river Severn in a mirror dinghy, named Jack de Crow after a pet crow he had kept while teaching at a private boys school in North Shropshire, into a 2700 nautical mile jour- ney across the English Channel, through the French canals and through a dozen different rivers to end up at Sulina on the Black Sea. Along the way this neophyte sailor dispenses with the jib, does a lot of rowing and gets the occasional tow. He meets extraordinarily interesting people and is welcomed into their homes and their lives. All this despite the fact that, weather permitting, his full outfit for sailing is a pith helmet. The helmet comes into use as a covering for more than his head when modesty requires. Sandy also meets up with pirates in the Balkans, survives various mishaps, becomes something of an expert at slow travelling and is welcomed as a major guest at a great festival in Sulina, a port in Macedonia, where his home-made burgee of a black crow on a yellow field is a dead ringer for the ancient city’s flag. This one could probably go under the heading accounts of voyages, perhaps even under novels because it sounds too funny to be true. But, it certainly could not go under basic skills and how to sail.
PAGE 11 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION This Month’s boating quiz Questions taken from the General Boat Knowledge Quiz 1)When travelling UPSTREAM (away from the sea), on which side should you keep a flash- ing green light to stay within the channel? Keep it on: a) Your port (left-hand) side b) Your starboard (right-hand) side c) Either side (it does not matter) d) Stay in the middle of the channel regardless of the marker 2)You are driving a power boat at night and you see a vessel off your port bow (in front of you, to your left). Who should give way? a) The other vessel b) The vessel that you are driving c) The driver of the slowest vessel d) The driver of the smaller vessel 3)When must an inflatable lifejacket be serviced? a) When there is evidence of damage b) Every 12 months or when the manufacturer recommends it c) After it has been activated d) All of the above 4)When navigating near whales, which of the following is correct: a) Stay at least 100 metres from any whale b) Stay at least 500 metres away if a calf is present c) Wait ahead in the path of the whales rather than chase them d) All of the above Answers on p.13
PAGE 12 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
A few ideas from the Tricks and Tips page
Power Winch Winder
by Greg Barnicoat
I've been looking at power winch op-
tions for some time. Comparing
eWinch, right angled drills and other
options.
Finally settled on a new Makita cordless
drill DHP481. This drill uses a brushless
motor with electronic control including
torque. In low gear it is rated at 125Nm
and 60Nm in high gear. 125Nm is equal
to a force of 42 kg on a 10 inch winch
handle. It comes with a support arm
that is about 30 cm long.
It worked really well on my main halyard and headsail sheet winches. Cost is $329 (skin
only) any where. I already have 3 batteries and charger.
Gordon Butler commented: on Breathe, we use the electric winches to do the bulk work,
but always do the final tensioning by hand. The winch noise changes as the winch loads
up, but there is limited feedback as to how much tension you are applying and doing the
final tension by hand minimises the risk of damage.
Of course, Greg’s solution with a drop in electric drive would reduce this risk somewhat be-
cause you need to anchor the end of the electric drive by hand.
Jib Furler Bearings
Gordon also contributed the following observation regarding his jib furler.
This morning we dropped Breathe’s jib to lubricate the furler bearings. I was surprised by
the amount of dirt in the top swivel bearing. We had lubricated this last August, when it was
all pretty clean. Today there was significant dust and dirt in the bearing, with the grease in
a poor state. I am guessing a result of summers dust and smoke issues.
Our furler is a Selden Furlex, which needs grease. On Comfortably Numb we had a “Reefit”
furler that did not need grease (a great design). If you rarely drop the jib then it might be
worthwhile doing that and checking the top swivel bearing
Mooring Ropes by Ken Archer
I just had my mooring serviced, and was chatting to the contractor about mooring tech-
niques and he gave me a handy hint. Perhaps everyone else is aware of it, apart from
me?? Anyway, I was asking him about the length of the ropes, and to make sure they were
long enough so I did not have to lift the chain when securing the ropes onto the cleats. He
confirmed they would be long enough, but also suggested that before casting the mooring
ropes off when leaving the mooring, that I should drive the boat forward a few meters to put
some slack into the chain etc, which gives a bit more slack in the system when pulling the
ropes up onto the cleats. This especially applies if there have been recent strongish winds
to pull the chains tight .PAGE 13 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
Alternate Skipper - Knowledge is Power
Skill of the Month
Skill 3
Boat Handling
There is so much to boat handling skills, from simple steering while motoring or under sail, to
the more complicated reversing into a marina berth. You might like to break this area down
further, depending on your circumstances. Our Alternate Skipper Manual, Part 3 is a great
place to start.
The first point in our manual is about “walk”. Our old boat had a quite significant “prop walk”
when reversing. Our current boat has much less. Again, every boat behaves differently, so
learn your own boat.
Some extra points to consider:
We are very lucky on the lake! We have plenty of room to practice maneuvering the boat.
Use it! The racing markers are a great point to use. They usually have a lot of room and
depth around them. Just don’t use them for practice on racing day.
Now we have extra public moorings on the lake, as well. Use these, when they are empty, as
a focus point for your boat maneuvering trials.
We can also use our LMYC marina to practice coming into and leaving a jetty. Practice using
all approaches. There are 3 sides available at LMYC.
Where can you stand on your boat for reversing? On my boat, we cannot stand behind the
pedestal as suggested in the manual, as then we can’t reach the throttle. Work out your
place to stand, on your own boat.
Is your boat susceptible to being taken by the wind? Breathe’s bow is very susceptible when
reversing or even when anchoring. Learn your own boat.
Where are the pivot points on your boat when moving forward or backwards? Learn what
happens if you give quick bursts of throttle when trying to turn your boat. It’s very handy in
tight spaces to be able to pivot your boat on its axis.
As listed in our resource sheet, great resources for this skill topic is the RYA Boat Handling
Training manual, which is available to borrow from our CD.
Also, I can thoroughly recommend Above and Beyond Boating resources, found at
https://aabboating.com/
Who picks up a mooring on your boat? The person with the longest reach and strongest
muscle? Knowing how to handle your boat may mean you can swap jobs at any time.
Let us know how you go with this skill area.
Trudi
Answers to quiz 3: 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) APAGE 14 LAKE MACQUARIE YACHT CLUB CRUISING DIVISION
LMYC CD Calendar of Events – 2020 & 2021
NB: All General Meetings are held in the Marquee at LMYC, beginning at 7pm. On water activi-
ties will generally start on the Friday and finish on the Sunday. Coffee mornings are not being
held at the moment due to COVID restrictions. If this changes a note will appear in Facebook and
the Cruiseletter.
A date is now set for the 2021 Pittwater Cruise: 14 - 26 February at Pittwater.
Date Event Comment
2020
5-6 September LMYC Sailing Season Opening Sail past at LMYC followed by CD gathering
14 September General Meeting Guest Speaker: Mast Climbing Forum
28 September Committee Meeting
12 October General Meeting Guest Speaker
16 - 24 October Cruise – Circumnavigate Lake Locatioon: Lake Mac; Theme
Macquarie
26 October Committee Meeting
9 November General Meeting Guest Speaker: Eleanor Cunningham
13-15 November Cruise to Port Stephens Coordinator: Richard Masson
30 November Committee Meeting
14 December Christmas Party LMYC Marquee – Starts at 1800 hrs.
31 December New Years Eve Cruise Location: TBA
2021
11 January General Meeting
25 January Committee Meeting
26 January Australia Day & Family Outing Co-ordinator: TBC Location: Black Jack’s Point
8 February General Meeting Guest Speaker:
12-14 February Monthly Activity Location & Co-ordinator: Seeking a Volunteer
February Committee Meeting
14 - 26 February Annual Pittwater Cruise NEW DATE
27 February Sydney Harbour Mini Cruise
6 March LMYC Commodore’s Charity Ball
8 March General Meeting & AGM Guest Speaker: Nil due to AGM To be confirmed
CD members are reminded that participation in CD activities is entirely volun-
tary. It is the responsibility of the skipper of the vessel to ensure that the ves-
sel and crew are adequately prepared for the conditions that might occur
during the activity.You can also read
