Nanophosphate-based lithium-ion batteries for EV and PHEV applications - Andy Chu, Ph.D. A123Systems Watertown MA
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Nanophosphate-based lithium-ion batteries
for EV and PHEV applications
Andy Chu, Ph.D.
A123Systems
Watertown MA
• Status of the performance and cycle life of your present products/proto-type
batteries and projected near-term (5-10 years) improvements
• Current and planned demonstration vehicle projects and test data
• Cost (to an OEM) projections for high volume production of your batteries
• Discussion of any related safety issues with your batteries
• Your vision of how your batteries can be used in BEVs and PHEVs in the near-
term.
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About A123Systems • A123Systems founded in 2001. • Headquarters in Watertown, MA. • Operate 100,000 s.f. of dedicated space with facilities in Ann Arbor (Materials R&D center), China, Korea and Taiwan. • ~200 employees worldwide. 40 Masters/PhD level, ~100 operations/production. • Production contracts with multiple Fortune 500 customers in excess $100M, including: power tools, aerospace, and medical applications. • The company has raised $62M in financing to date from investors including:
Management team
• David Vieau (CEO and President):
Former VP of BD and Marketing for American Power Conversion (NASDAQ: APCC), the world leader in UPS systems
• Ed Bednarcik (VP and GM of Pack and Systems):
Former VP Global Sales at American Power Conversion, VP/GM for $1B+ product division at APC.
• Grace Chang (VP of Manufacturing):
20 year battery career, co-founder and director of production of E-One Moli
• Prof. Yet-Ming Chiang (Founder):
Co-Founder of American Superconductor (NASDAQ: AMSC) and MIT Professor
• Ric Fulop (Founder and VP BD and Marketing):
Founder of 4 venture backed startups in semiconductors, software and wireless communications
• Lou Golato (VP of Operations):
30 semiconductor ops career, most recently VP Ops with Unitrode (acq. by Texas Instruments).
• Guy Hudson (VP Sales):
15 year career in sales and management with Sanyo, world leader in rechargeable batteries
• Dr. Bart Riley (Founder and VP R&D):
Leader in developing world’s first High Temperature Superconductor wire products at American Superconductor
• Mike Rubino (CFO):
CFO of: Maker (IPO, acq. Conexant), Telephotonics (acq. DuPont), Agile (acq. Lucent), BICC (acq. 3COM)
• Outside directors and investors*
• Desh Deshpande (Chairman of A123Systems): Chairman of Cascade (NASDAQ: CSCC) and Sycamore (NASDAQ: SCMR)
• Paul Jacobs, President and CEO of Qualcomm
• Jeff McCarthy, General Partner, NorthBridge
• Michael Moritz, General Partner, Sequoia Capital*
• Howard Anderson, Prof. MIT Sloan School of Mgmt.*
Core technology behind A123’s high power chemistry
Oxide-based Li Ion A123 doped nanophosphate
(conventional technology) Better battery enabled by new nano-materials
(Nature Materials, 2002)
(Li0.99Nb0.01)FePO 4 Fe
200 nm 200 nm
P Nb
+
Li 200 nm 200 nm
Nature Materials, 2002
Li+
e - e-
+
Li -
e
Li+
10 micron
Data obtained by major automaker:
Discharge Ragone Test at 25°C
120
100
Specific Discharge Energy (Watt-hours/kg)
20 min
A123 #152
8 min A123 #172
80
5 min B #1
B #2
3.5 min C #1
2.5 min
C #2
60
D #1
D #2
E #1
E #2
40 NiMH #1
NiMH #2
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Specific Discharge Power (Watts/kg)
A123 Proprietary Information
Ragone plots of leading HEV batteries
120
100
Energy density (Wh/kg)
20 min 8 min
5 min A123
80 3.5 min
2.5 min A123
B
C
60 D
E
F
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Power density (W/kg)
Limitations of current battery technology • Cost Not just cells, but entire system including safety controls • Life Need 1000’s of deep discharge cycles, plus 100,000’s shallow HEV cycles • Safety, abuse tolerance High energy metal oxide lithium-ion chemistries suffer from poor abuse tolerance • Fast-charge capability Most high energy batteries can only be charged slowly (hours)
Advantages of A123’s battery technology
• Cost
Leverage existing high-volume production, fewer safety controls needed
• Life
Excellent deep-discharge cycle life, even at elevated temperatures
• Safety, abuse tolerance
No thermal runaway
• Fast-charge capability
High-energy battery can be fully-charged inWhy power tools are important for HEV
• Even by 2015 Power Tool volume is expected to be >2X the volume of HEV
• Power tool market provides A123Systems with economies of scale in HEV and
other high-power applications
• A123Systems is the exclusive supplier to the largest share player in power tools
Cost
Life
SafetyPHEV requires deep-discharge cycling at moderate rate
Possible PHEV specs (minimum): 300V, 30kW
Translates to 100A per cell.
If 25Ah cell, discharge rate = 4C (15 minute discharge)
60kW, 500V 120A
If 30Ah cell, discharge rate = 4C
A123 cells on 10A-10A (4C-4C), 100% DOD cycling
Although energy is still main focus, Cell temperature: 65 and 100 °C
PHEV applications are not low rate! 2.5
6565˚C
°C cell
Two solutions: Discharge capacity (Ah) 2.0
• Larger battery (reduce C-rate)
More EV-range, more costly 1.5
100 °C cell
• Battery with power capability 100 ˚C
Most commercial Li-ion are low power 1.0
Higher-rate cycling reduces cycle life
0.5
A123 offers designers a choice
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Cost Cycle #
Life
SafetyA123Systems demonstrates superior cycle life
during deep-discharge cycling at 60ºC
Commercially-available high power batteries
Cost
Life
SafetyCalendar life
Storage at 50% SOC @ 23,38,45 °C
Capacity loss during OCV storage at 50% SOC
50%
23C_50%
38C_50%
40%
45C_50%
5 years
Capacity loss (%)
30% 15 years
Log. (38C_50%)
Log. (23C_50%)
20% Log. (45C_50%)
10%
0%
0 1 10 100 1000
5 years 15 years
-10%
Months
Cost
Life
Safety A123 Proprietary InformationLithium Ion Abuse Tolerance (or lack thereof!) Originates
with the Active Materials and in the Charged State
a) LiCoO2 b) LiFePO4
O
Li+ P
deintercalation
upon charging O
Fe2+→Fe3+ (stable)
Co3+→Co4+
(unstable!)
Li+ deintercalation
upon charging
LiCoO2 and its nickel-containing derivatives used as the positive electrode in lithium-ion batteries
experience an oxidation of Co3+ to unstable Co4+ (or Ni3+ to unstable Ni4+) as Li+ ions are removed from the
Cost
lattice upon charging. In contrast, a phosphate-based cathode such as LiFePO4 undergoes oxidation of
Life Fe2+ to the stable Fe3+ state, resulting in a safer, fault-tolerant cell chemistry.
SafetyComparison: Conventional vs. A123 Nanophosphate Technology
500
Thermal runaway accompanied
Cell Surface Temperature (C)
by flame and explosion
400
Conventional
Li-ion cell
300
200
phosphate cell
100
0
20 40 60 80
Time (min)
Sandia National Lab test chamber
Comparison of conventional lithium-ion battery exhibiting thermal runaway followed by flaming and
explosion, with intrinsically safer phosphate-based lithium ion cells. (Test data performed at Sandia
National Laboratory on full-size cylindrical cells. Charged cells are instrumented with thermocouples and
Cost heated at constant rate to seek thermal events.)
Life
SafetyBalance between energy and power
Tradeoff between battery and engine (ICE) exists on continuum
A123’s current M1 product balances energy and power
– good for power tools, bus/truck HEV, other power applications that require energy
A123 is developing higher-power technology optimized for power-assist HEV
If auto industry moves to charge-depleting hybrids, A123 is well-positioned
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Power S- Engine
caps Micro (start-stop) hybrid
Mild hybrid
Charge-sustaining, strong hybrid
ESS
Heavy-duty truck, bus HEV
Charge-depleting PHEV
Battery E
Energy A123 energy
Electric vehicle 120
100
Energy density (Wh/kg)
A123
80
A123
B
C
60 D
E
F
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Power density (W/kg)What drives the decision for A123?
Q: Why develop a PHEV battery?
A: To make money
Satisfy investors
Attract top people
National interest
Three areas which will help battery developers:
1. Market demand
OEM commitment to develop PHEV products
NRE to pay for development costs
Customers who are willing to pay for PHEVs (corporate fleets)
2. Government assistance (federal, state, local)
Examples: DoE-USABC funding, NYSERDA initiative, tax credits
3. Ability to sell same cell to other customers
A123 Proprietary InformationConclusion
A123’s technology is well-suited for PHEV applications and through partnerships we
are already working in this area.
Development of PHEV must make economic sense for battery companies to pursue
this as a business.
The Arsenal on the Charles
One Kingsbury Ave
Watertown MA, 02472
Main Office Phone: 617-778-5700
Main Office Fax: 617-778-5749
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