Nationality of Sony's Hackers as Russian

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Nationality of Sony's Hackers as Russian
1

Native	
  Language	
  IdentiBication	
  (NLI)	
  Establishes	
  
Nationality	
  of	
  Sony’s	
  Hackers	
  as	
  Russian
A	
  Taia	
  Global	
  White	
  Paper	
  
	
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  services@taiaglobal.com	
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  (855)	
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Acknowledgments	
  
Jeffrey	
  Carr	
  
President/CEO	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  

Shlomo	
  Argamon,	
  PhD	
  
Chief	
  Scientist,	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  
Professor,	
  Illinois	
  Institute	
  of	
  Technology	
  

Linguistic	
  Analysis	
  Team:	
  
Shlomo	
  Argamon,	
  Chief	
  Analyst	
  
Sophie	
  Manoukian,	
  Team	
  Coordinator	
  
Linguists:	
  
   • Sophie	
  Manoukian,	
  Russian	
  
   • Sam	
  Gilbert,	
  Korean	
  and	
  French	
  
   • Joshua	
  Jonas,	
  Chinese	
  
   • Sergey	
  Kanareykin,	
  Russian	
  
   • Oliver	
  Mason,	
  German	
  

Lorenzo	
  Franceschi-­‐Bicchierai	
  shared	
  access	
  to	
  his	
  Sony	
  hacker	
  archive	
  of	
  
messages.	
  

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Native	
  Language	
  Identification	
  (NLI)	
  
Establishes	
  Nationality	
  of	
  Sony’s	
  
Hackers	
  as	
  Russian	
  

Executive Summary
The	
  United	
  States	
  government	
  has	
  charged	
  the	
  government	
  of	
  North	
  Korea	
  with	
  
responsibility	
  in	
  the	
  hacker	
  attack	
  against	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  Entertainment	
  in	
  Los	
  
Angeles,	
  CA1.	
  	
  President	
  Obama	
  has	
  promised	
  a	
  response	
  that	
  will	
  be	
  proportionate	
  
“and	
  in	
  a	
  time	
  and	
  place	
  that	
  we	
  choose”2.	
  The	
  government	
  of	
  North	
  Korea	
  has	
  
ofBicially	
  denied	
  having	
  any	
  part	
  in	
  the	
  attack.	
  

The	
  FBI’s	
  announcement	
  did	
  not	
  specify	
  who	
  actually	
  performed	
  the	
  attack,	
  but	
  to	
  
be	
  in	
  compliance	
  with	
  international	
  law3,	
  the	
  actors	
  would	
  have	
  to	
  have	
  been	
  under	
  
North	
  Korea’s	
  “overall”	
  or	
  “effective”	
  control4.	
  Professor	
  Michael	
  Schmitt	
  in	
  his	
  
article	
  on	
  international	
  law	
  and	
  the	
  Sony	
  attack	
  explains	
  it	
  clearly	
  and	
  succinctly5:	
  

To	
  constitute	
  a	
  breach	
  of	
  sovereignty,	
  an	
  action	
  must	
  be	
  attributable	
  to	
  a	
  State.	
  If	
  
North	
  Korea’s	
  Bureau	
  21	
  mounted	
  the	
  cyber	
  operation,	
  there	
  is	
  no	
  question	
  of	
  
attribution	
  since	
  its	
  hackers	
  work	
  for	
  the	
  military’s	
  General	
  Bureau	
  of	
  Reconnaissance,	
  
and	
  therefore	
  are	
  State	
  “organs”	
  whose	
  actions	
  are,	
  as	
  recognized	
  in	
  Article	
  4	
  of	
  the	
  
ILC’s	
  Articles	
  on	
  State	
  Responsibility,	
  attributable	
  to	
  North	
  Korea	
  (even	
  if	
  acting	
  ultra	
  
vires).	
  If	
  conducted	
  by	
  a	
  non-­‐State	
  group,	
  attribution	
  for	
  the	
  operation	
  would	
  attach	
  

1	
  “Update	
  on	
  Sony	
  Investigation”,	
  FBI	
  National	
  Press	
  OfBice,	
  19	
  DEC	
  2014

2	
  The	
  Guardian,	
  Summary	
  of	
  Obama	
  Press	
  Conference,	
  19	
  DEC	
  2014	
  http://www.theguardian.com/

us-­‐news/live/2014/dec/19/obama-­‐Bbi-­‐sony-­‐hack-­‐north-­‐korea-­‐
china#block-­‐549478e5e4b0c6258a8a43eb
3	
  Shackelford,	
  Scott	
  J.	
  “State	
  Responsibility	
  For	
  Cyber	
  Attacks:	
  Competing	
  Standards	
  For	
  A	
  Growing	
  

Problem”.	
  CCD	
  COE	
  Publications,	
  2010,	
  Tallinn,	
  Estonia
4	
  The	
  two	
  regimes	
  according	
  to	
  Shackleford	
  are	
  the	
  Effective	
  Control	
  doctrine,	
  which	
  recognizes	
  state	
  

responsibility	
  only	
  if	
  the	
  attackers	
  are	
  completely	
  dependent	
  upon	
  the	
  State	
  (Nicaragua	
  v.	
  United	
  
States,	
  1986,	
  p.	
  110).	
  The	
  other	
  is	
  the	
  Overall	
  Control	
  doctrine	
  (Prosecutor	
  v.	
  Tadic,	
  1995),	
  where	
  
control	
  is	
  assigned	
  if	
  the	
  state	
  has	
  a	
  role	
  in	
  supporting,	
  organizing	
  and	
  coordinating	
  the	
  activities	
  of	
  
the	
  attackers.
5	
  “International	
  Law	
  and	
  Cyber	
  Attacks:	
  Sony	
  v.	
  North	
  Korea,	
  by	
  Michael	
  Schmitt,	
  Just	
  Security	
  blog,	
  

17	
  DEC	
  2014.	
  http://justsecurity.org/18460/international-­‐humanitarian-­‐law-­‐cyber-­‐attacks-­‐sony-­‐v-­‐
north-­‐korea/

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only	
  if	
  North	
  Korea	
  directed	
  and	
  controlled	
  it	
  (Article	
  8),	
  or	
  later	
  acknowledged	
  and	
  
adopted	
  the	
  action	
  as	
  its	
  own	
  (Article	
  11).	
  

Since	
  the	
  technical	
  evidence	
  mentioned	
  in	
  the	
  FBI’s	
  press	
  release	
  is	
  vague	
  and	
  
inconclusive,	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  has	
  examined	
  the	
  written	
  evidence	
  left	
  by	
  the	
  
attackers	
  in	
  an	
  attempt	
  to	
  scientiBically	
  determine	
  nationality	
  through	
  Native	
  
Language	
  IdentiBication	
  (NLI).	
  We	
  tested	
  for	
  Korean,	
  Mandarin	
  Chinese,	
  Russian,	
  and	
  
German	
  using	
  an	
  analysis	
  of	
  L1	
  interference.	
  Our	
  preliminary	
  results	
  show	
  that	
  
Sony’s	
  attackers	
  were	
  most	
  likely	
  Russian,	
  possibly	
  but	
  not	
  likely	
  Korean	
  and	
  
deBinitely	
  not	
  Mandarin	
  Chinese	
  or	
  German.	
  	
  

The	
  Problem	
  

Attributing	
  the	
  source	
  of	
  the	
  recent	
  cyber-­‐intrusion	
  and	
  information	
  theft	
  from	
  Sony	
  
Pictures	
  Entertainment	
  is,	
  as	
  in	
  most	
  such	
  cases,	
  extremely	
  difBicult.	
  Deliberate	
  
deception	
  can	
  easily	
  spoof	
  such	
  indicators	
  as	
  IP	
  addresses	
  used,	
  provenance	
  of	
  
malware	
  code,	
  languages	
  used	
  in	
  the	
  code,	
  and	
  locale/time	
  zone	
  settings.	
  

The	
  speciBic	
  question	
  that	
  we	
  address	
  in	
  this	
  report	
  is	
  to	
  determine	
  the	
  (non-­‐
English)	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  authors	
  of	
  the	
  electronic	
  messages	
  (emails	
  and	
  
forum	
  posts)	
  signed	
  by	
  the	
  “Guardians	
  of	
  Peace,”	
  putatively	
  from	
  the	
  group	
  that	
  
hacked	
  into	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  Entertainment,	
  stole	
  their	
  data,	
  and	
  posted	
  some	
  of	
  it	
  
publicly.	
  	
  

To	
  do	
  this,	
  we	
  analyzed	
  the	
  language	
  used	
  in	
  those	
  messages,	
  looking	
  for	
  linguistic	
  
clues	
  that	
  would	
  allow	
  us	
  to	
  answer	
  the	
  following	
  questions:	
  
      1. Assuming	
  that	
  the	
  author(s)	
  of	
  the	
  messages	
  are	
  not	
  native	
  speakers/writers	
  
             of	
  English,	
  what	
  is	
  their	
  likely	
  mother	
  tongue?	
  
      2. SpeciBically,	
  what	
  is	
  the	
  likelihood	
  that	
  the	
  author(s)	
  of	
  these	
  messages	
  are	
  or	
  
             are	
  not	
  Korean	
  native	
  speakers,	
  speciBically	
  North	
  Koreans?	
  

The	
  Data	
  
For	
  our	
  analysis,	
  we	
  used	
  twenty	
  messages	
  reported	
  in	
  the	
  media	
  and	
  posted	
  to	
  
Pastebin	
  that	
  have	
  been	
  attributed	
  to	
  the	
  “Guardians	
  of	
  Peace”	
  (GOP)	
  group	
  (see	
  
Appendix	
  A).	
  These	
  messages	
  variously	
  threaten	
  Sony,	
  promise	
  and	
  announce	
  
availability	
  of	
  stolen	
  data,	
  and	
  taunt	
  Sony	
  and	
  the	
  FBI.	
  As	
  the	
  English	
  in	
  the	
  messages	
  
is	
  not	
  uniformly	
  Bluent,	
  it	
  has	
  been	
  widely	
  assumed	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  were	
  written	
  
by	
  a	
  non-­‐native	
  speaker	
  or	
  speakers.	
  

Before	
  discussing	
  our	
  analysis	
  methodology,	
  some	
  preliminary	
  notes	
  about	
  the	
  data	
  
are	
  in	
  order.	
  The	
  Birst	
  thing	
  to	
  note	
  is	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  vary	
  in	
  their	
  style	
  and	
  in	
  the	
  

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Bluency	
  of	
  their	
  English.	
  	
  Message	
  9,	
  for	
  example,	
  is	
  in	
  excellent	
  English,	
  while	
  
message	
  8	
  is	
  quite	
  odd.	
  Some	
  of	
  the	
  messages	
  themselves	
  say	
  they	
  are	
  from	
  the	
  
“head”	
  of	
  GOP,	
  while	
  others	
  say	
  they	
  are	
  from	
  a	
  member	
  of	
  the	
  group.	
  	
  

Hence	
  it	
  is	
  very	
  likely	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  were	
  not	
  all	
  authored	
  by	
  the	
  same	
  
individual,	
  and	
  that	
  apparently	
  the	
  various	
  authors	
  have	
  different	
  levels	
  of	
  expertise	
  
in	
  English.	
  

Assump:ons	
  and	
  Caveats	
  
To	
  do	
  our	
  analysis,	
  we	
  must	
  Birst	
  rule	
  out	
  two	
  alternate	
  scenarios.	
  	
  

First,	
  that	
  a	
  native	
  English	
  speaker	
  or	
  speakers	
  wrote	
  the	
  messages	
  and	
  then	
  
intentionally	
  inserted	
  errors	
  to	
  make	
  it	
  appear	
  as	
  if	
  a	
  non-­‐native	
  English	
  speaker(s)	
  
had	
  written	
  them.	
  	
  

Second,	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  are	
  the	
  result	
  of	
  automatic	
  translation	
  of	
  foreign-­‐language	
  
original	
  texts,	
  in	
  which	
  case	
  it	
  would	
  be	
  difBicult,	
  if	
  not	
  impossible,	
  to	
  Bigure	
  out	
  the	
  
original	
  language	
  from	
  the	
  English	
  texts	
  (at	
  least	
  without	
  knowing	
  speciBically	
  what	
  
translation	
  software	
  had	
  been	
  used).	
  See	
  Appendix	
  D	
  for	
  examples	
  of	
  Google	
  
Translate.	
  

The	
  main	
  reason	
  for	
  rejecting	
  the	
  Birst	
  scenario	
  is	
  that	
  if	
  a	
  native	
  speaker	
  wrote	
  the	
  
texts	
  and	
  added	
  errors	
  to	
  fake	
  being	
  a	
  non-­‐native	
  speaker,	
  we	
  would	
  expect	
  the	
  level	
  
of	
  errors	
  to	
  be	
  roughly	
  the	
  same	
  across	
  all	
  of	
  the	
  text,	
  since	
  the	
  deceptive	
  writer	
  
would	
  try	
  to	
  make	
  sure	
  all	
  the	
  text	
  looked	
  “non-­‐native”.	
  However,	
  this	
  is	
  not	
  the	
  case.	
  

Even	
  in	
  texts	
  that	
  are	
  clearly	
  non-­‐Bluent,	
  we	
  see	
  whole	
  sentences	
  that	
  are	
  perfectly	
  
good	
  English.	
  For	
  example,	
  in	
  message	
  7,	
  which	
  is	
  quite	
  non-­‐Bluent,	
  we	
  have	
  the	
  
nearly	
  perfect	
  sentence:	
  “But	
  the	
  FBI	
  cannot	
  Bind	
  us	
  because	
  we	
  know	
  everything	
  
about	
  what's	
  going	
  on	
  inside	
  the	
  FBI.”	
  	
  

Similarly,	
  message	
  12	
  is	
  quite	
  non-­‐Bluent,	
  but	
  contains	
  the	
  sentence:	
  “If	
  you	
  don’t,	
  
not	
  only	
  you	
  but	
  your	
  family	
  will	
  be	
  in	
  danger.”	
  Another	
  reason	
  to	
  reject	
  the	
  “fake	
  
non-­‐native”	
  scenario	
  is	
  that	
  the	
  errors	
  are	
  nearly	
  all	
  linguistically	
  plausible	
  –	
  unless	
  
the	
  faker	
  is	
  an	
  expert	
  linguist	
  (as	
  well	
  as	
  a	
  hacker),	
  this	
  is	
  quite	
  unlikely.	
  

The	
  second	
  scenario,	
  that	
  the	
  texts	
  are	
  the	
  result	
  of	
  automatic	
  translation	
  from	
  
another	
  language,	
  is	
  not	
  entirely	
  out	
  of	
  the	
  question.	
  However,	
  the	
  high	
  language	
  
quality	
  of	
  the	
  messages	
  –	
  even	
  when	
  they	
  are	
  not	
  perfect	
  English,	
  they	
  are	
  nearly	
  
always	
  very	
  comprehensible	
  –	
  means	
  that	
  the	
  source	
  language	
  would	
  have	
  to	
  be	
  one	
  
for	
  which	
  there	
  is	
  very	
  high-­‐quality	
  translation	
  available	
  to	
  English.	
  While	
  this	
  is	
  the	
  
case	
  for	
  Western	
  European	
  languages,	
  this	
  is	
  not	
  the	
  case	
  for	
  less	
  studied	
  Indo-­‐
European	
  languages,	
  let	
  alone	
  Asian	
  languages	
  like	
  the	
  primary	
  candidate,	
  Korean.	
  	
  

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For	
  these	
  reasons,	
  we	
  assume	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  were	
  written	
  by	
  individuals	
  whose	
  
native	
  language(s)	
  are	
  not	
  English.	
  	
  	
  	
  

A	
  second	
  assumption	
  that	
  we	
  make	
  is	
  that	
  all	
  the	
  message	
  authors	
  have	
  the	
  same	
  
native	
  language.	
  This	
  assumption,	
  while	
  reasonable	
  and	
  plausible,	
  is	
  not	
  
independently	
  justiBiable,	
  and	
  so	
  must	
  be	
  taken	
  into	
  account	
  when	
  evaluating	
  the	
  
results	
  of	
  our	
  analysis.	
  We	
  note,	
  however,	
  that	
  such	
  an	
  assumption	
  is	
  necessary	
  to	
  do	
  
any	
  analysis	
  of	
  the	
  linguistic	
  style	
  of	
  the	
  messages,	
  due	
  to	
  the	
  small	
  amount	
  of	
  data	
  
available.	
  

Finally,	
  the	
  fact	
  that	
  the	
  amount	
  of	
  data	
  is	
  so	
  small	
  –	
  less	
  than	
  2000	
  words	
  in	
  total	
  –	
  
means	
  that	
  statistical	
  tests	
  on	
  the	
  signiBicance	
  of	
  the	
  frequency	
  of	
  different	
  linguistic	
  
features	
  are	
  virtually	
  impossible.	
  Hence	
  we	
  need	
  to	
  Bind	
  meaningful	
  features	
  of	
  the	
  
texts	
  to	
  examine	
  that	
  both	
  have	
  very	
  strong	
  predictive	
  value	
  and	
  linguistic	
  relevance.	
  

Methodology	
  
We	
  apply	
  a	
  two	
  pronged	
  methodology	
  to	
  analyzing	
  the	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  
messages’	
  authors.	
  First,	
  we	
  examine	
  a	
  number	
  of	
  possible	
  candidate	
  languages,	
  
including	
  Korean,	
  to	
  see	
  if	
  we	
  can	
  rule	
  them	
  out,	
  and	
  if	
  not,	
  which	
  one	
  does	
  seem	
  the	
  
most	
  likely	
  native	
  language.	
  	
  

Second,	
  as	
  a	
  further	
  check,	
  we	
  perform	
  an	
  independent	
  test	
  for	
  the	
  messages’	
  
similarity	
  to	
  English	
  written	
  by	
  native	
  Korean	
  speakers	
  to	
  see	
  how	
  similar	
  the	
  non-­‐
Bluencies	
  are.	
  

Ruling	
  Out	
  Candidate	
  Languages	
  

For	
  the	
  Birst	
  test,	
  the	
  messages	
  were	
  examined	
  to	
  Bind	
  words,	
  phrases,	
  and	
  
grammatical	
  structures	
  that	
  are	
  highly	
  marked	
  ungrammatical,	
  or	
  meaningless	
  in	
  
English.	
  These	
  were	
  categorized	
  roughly	
  either	
  as	
  lexical	
  (L)	
  or	
  as	
  syntactic	
  (S)	
  
errors	
  (Appendix	
  B).	
  The	
  two	
  sets	
  of	
  errors	
  give	
  us	
  two	
  independent	
  tests	
  of	
  the	
  
plausibility	
  of	
  a	
  given	
  language	
  being	
  the	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  authors.	
  If	
  most	
  of	
  
the	
  L	
  errors	
  are	
  not	
  consistent	
  with	
  the	
  properties	
  of	
  a	
  given	
  language,	
  that	
  is	
  
evidence	
  against	
  it	
  being	
  the	
  native	
  language;	
  similarly	
  for	
  the	
  S	
  errors.	
  If	
  however	
  
neither	
  the	
  L	
  nor	
  the	
  S	
  errors	
  allow	
  a	
  language	
  to	
  be	
  ruled	
  out,	
  it	
  is	
  a	
  very	
  plausible	
  
candidate.	
  

The	
  L	
  errors	
  are	
  phrases	
  which,	
  while	
  sometimes	
  having	
  reasonably	
  clear	
  intended	
  
meanings	
  (though	
  not	
  always),	
  are	
  not	
  proper,	
  idiomatic	
  US	
  English.	
  The	
  test	
  for	
  
consistency	
  with	
  a	
  candidate	
  language	
  is	
  whether	
  the	
  phrase	
  could	
  be	
  a	
  nonce	
  
calque,	
  a	
  word-­‐for-­‐word	
  translation	
  into	
  English	
  from	
  a	
  meaningful	
  phrase	
  in	
  the	
  
candidate	
  language.	
  If	
  so,	
  it	
  would	
  be	
  evidence	
  that	
  the	
  candidate	
  language	
  may	
  be	
  
the	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  author,	
  who	
  arrived	
  at	
  the	
  non-­‐English	
  phrase	
  by	
  word-­‐
for-­‐word	
  translation	
  from	
  their	
  native	
  language	
  phrase.	
  

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The	
  S	
  errors	
  are	
  (mostly)	
  general	
  grammatical	
  features	
  which	
  are	
  not	
  characteristic	
  
of	
  US	
  English	
  and	
  which	
  appear	
  at	
  least	
  once	
  in	
  the	
  messages.	
  If	
  one	
  of	
  these	
  
grammatical	
  structures	
  is	
  not	
  present	
  in	
  a	
  candidate	
  language,	
  it	
  is	
  evidence	
  against	
  
that	
  language	
  being	
  the	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  authors.	
  

The	
  languages	
  that	
  were	
  tested	
  were:	
  Korean,	
  Mandarin	
  Chinese,	
  German	
  and	
  
Russian.	
  Linguists	
  with	
  native-­‐level	
  expertise	
  in	
  each	
  language	
  were	
  given	
  a	
  
questionnaire	
  to	
  Bill	
  out,	
  which	
  tested	
  the	
  consistency	
  of	
  the	
  L	
  and	
  S	
  errors	
  in	
  the	
  
relevant	
  language.	
  Results	
  were	
  analyzed	
  to	
  determine	
  the	
  consistency	
  of	
  the	
  L	
  and	
  S	
  
errors	
  with	
  the	
  characteristics	
  of	
  each	
  language,	
  as	
  is	
  detailed	
  below	
  in	
  the	
  results	
  
section.	
  

Similarity	
  to	
  Korean	
  L2	
  English	
  

As	
  a	
  second	
  check	
  of	
  the	
  likelihood	
  of	
  the	
  main	
  a	
  priori	
  hypothesis	
  that	
  the	
  authors	
  
are	
  native	
  Korean	
  speakers,	
  we	
  compared	
  the	
  errors	
  found	
  in	
  the	
  messages	
  with	
  
errors	
  found	
  in	
  a	
  corpus	
  of	
  essays	
  written	
  by	
  Korean-­‐speaking	
  students	
  of	
  English	
  as	
  
a	
  second	
  language6	
  (hereafter,	
  “GLC”).	
  Due	
  to	
  the	
  comparatively	
  large	
  amount	
  of	
  text	
  
(16,111	
  documents	
  and	
  1.57	
  million	
  words)	
  in	
  the	
  GLC,	
  a	
  sample	
  of	
  common	
  error	
  
patterns	
  were	
  found	
  by	
  manually	
  examining	
  both	
  (a)	
  all	
  sequences	
  of	
  5	
  words	
  (5-­‐
grams)	
  that	
  appear	
  between	
  10	
  and	
  50	
  times	
  in	
  the	
  corpus	
  (“S10-­‐50”),	
  and	
  (b)	
  a	
  
random	
  selection	
  of	
  200	
  5-­‐grams	
  (“S200”).	
  	
  

The	
  error	
  patterns	
  that	
  were	
  found,	
  with	
  representative	
  examples,	
  are	
  given	
  in	
  
Appendix	
  C.	
  If	
  most	
  of	
  these	
  error	
  patterns	
  are	
  found	
  in	
  the	
  messages,	
  and	
  most	
  of	
  
the	
  message	
  error	
  types	
  are	
  found	
  in	
  these	
  error	
  patterns,	
  that	
  is	
  evidence	
  that	
  the	
  
native	
  language	
  of	
  the	
  authors	
  might	
  be	
  Korean.	
  If	
  not,	
  then	
  any	
  evidence	
  to	
  rule	
  
Korean	
  out	
  would	
  be	
  strengthened.	
  

6	
  The	
  Gachon	
  Learner	
  Corpus	
  2.1	
  -­‐	
  http://koreanlearnercorpusblog.blogspot.com/p/corpus.html	
  

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Results:	
  Candidate	
  Languages	
  
We	
  have	
  done	
  analysis	
  on	
  Korean,	
  Mandarin	
  Chinese,	
  Russian,	
  and	
  German	
  to	
  see	
  if	
  
we	
  can	
  rule	
  any	
  of	
  them	
  out,	
  and	
  to	
  judge	
  which	
  is	
  most	
  likely	
  the	
  native	
  language	
  of	
  
the	
  authors.	
  	
  

The	
  results	
  of	
  the	
  analysis	
  are	
  given	
  below.	
  Raw	
  results	
  for	
  the	
  L	
  features	
  are	
  given	
  in	
  
Appendix	
  C;	
  the	
  results	
  are	
  summarized	
  in	
  the	
  Bigure	
  below.	
  
	
  
                                                    Lexical                                  Syntactic

    Korean

Mandarin

 Russian

 German

                0                               4                              8                              12                               16

As	
  seen	
  in	
  the	
  graphs,	
  Russian	
  matches	
  most	
  of	
  the	
  L	
  errors	
  and	
  most	
  of	
  the	
  S	
  errors,	
  
and	
  so	
  neither	
  test	
  rules	
  Russian	
  out	
  as	
  a	
  candidate	
  language.	
  Mandarin	
  is	
  
conclusively	
  ruled	
  out	
  by	
  the	
  L	
  errors,	
  though	
  it	
  has	
  good	
  consistency	
  for	
  the	
  S	
  
errors,	
  Germany	
  is	
  clearly	
  ruled	
  out	
  by	
  both	
  tests,	
  and	
  Korean	
  is	
  ruled	
  out	
  by	
  both	
  
tests	
  (though	
  we	
  note	
  that	
  the	
  L	
  error	
  test	
  for	
  Korean	
  is	
  not	
  conclusive	
  as	
  nearly	
  half	
  
of	
  the	
  L	
  errors	
  are	
  consistent	
  with	
  Korean).	
  

Based	
  on	
  this	
  test,	
  we	
  can	
  deBinitively	
  rule	
  out	
  Chinese	
  and	
  German,	
  conclude	
  that	
  
Korean	
  is	
  unlikely	
  but	
  possible,	
  and	
  that	
  Russian	
  is	
  most	
  likely	
  to	
  be	
  the	
  native	
  
language	
  of	
  the	
  authors	
  of	
  the	
  messages.	
  

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Results:	
  Korean	
  L2	
  English	
  
Our	
  second	
  analysis	
  was	
  a	
  comparison	
  of	
  the	
  messages	
  to	
  features	
  of	
  Korean	
  native	
  
speakers	
  writing	
  in	
  English.	
  Analysis	
  of	
  two	
  samples	
  from	
  the	
  GLC	
  corpus	
  (described	
  
above)	
  revealed	
  the	
  following	
  Korean	
  L2	
  errors	
  (each	
  occurring	
  more	
  than	
  once	
  in	
  
the	
  corpus).	
  Errors	
  occurring	
  in	
  both	
  samples	
  are	
  in	
  boldface.	
  

Errors	
  in	
  S10-­‐50,	
  in	
  order	
  of	
  frequency:	
  
   • Omitted	
  article	
  (“a”	
  or	
  “the”)	
  
   • Omitted	
  auxiliary	
  verb	
  
   • Putting	
  "should"	
  at	
  the	
  front	
  of	
  a	
  clause	
  instead	
  of	
  with	
  the	
  verb	
  
   • Omitted	
  copula	
  	
  
   • Omitted	
  possessive	
  apostrophe	
  “s”	
  
   • Added	
  “the”	
  where	
  not	
  appropriate	
  

Errors	
  in	
  S200	
  (frequency	
  not	
  estimated):	
  
   • Omitted	
  copula	
  
   • Omitted	
  “have”	
  main	
  verb	
  
   • Omitted	
  article	
  (“a”	
  or	
  “the”)	
  
   • Added	
  “the”	
  where	
  not	
  appropriate	
  
   • Error	
  in	
  number	
  agreement	
  between	
  verb	
  and	
  object	
  
   • Improper	
  verb	
  tense	
  

The	
  features	
  on	
  this	
  list	
  that	
  appear	
  in	
  the	
  GOP	
  messages	
  are:	
  
   • Omitted	
  article	
  (“a”	
  or	
  “the”)	
  
   • Added	
  “the”	
  where	
  not	
  appropriate	
  
   • Error	
  in	
  number	
  agreement	
  between	
  verb	
  and	
  object	
  
   • Omitted	
  article	
  (“a”	
  or	
  “the”)	
  
   • Error	
  in	
  number	
  agreement	
  between	
  verb	
  and	
  object	
  

Features	
  in	
  this	
  list	
  that	
  we	
  would	
  expect	
  to	
  see	
  in	
  the	
  GOP	
  messages	
  if	
  they	
  were	
  
written	
  by	
  Korean	
  L2	
  authors,	
  but	
  that	
  we	
  do	
  not	
  see,	
  are:	
  
   • Putting	
  "should"	
  at	
  the	
  front	
  of	
  a	
  clause	
  instead	
  of	
  with	
  the	
  verb	
  –	
  “should”	
  is	
  
       always	
  used	
  correctly	
  in	
  the	
  messages.	
  
   • Omitted	
  possessive	
  apostrophe	
  “s”,	
  although	
  most	
  possessives	
  in	
  the	
  
       messages	
  are	
  formed	
  using	
  “of”	
  
   • Omitted	
  copula	
  	
  
   • Improper	
  verb	
  tense	
  

The	
  remaining	
  Korean	
  L2	
  features	
  are	
  neither	
  consistent	
  nor	
  inconsistent	
  with	
  the	
  
messages,	
  since	
  they	
  do	
  not	
  contain	
  expressions	
  where	
  we	
  would	
  expect	
  them.	
  
To	
  summarize	
  –	
  there	
  are	
  some	
  features	
  that	
  are	
  consistent	
  with	
  Korean	
  L2	
  use,	
  and	
  
some	
  that	
  are	
  not.	
  	
  Due	
  to	
  the	
  small	
  quantity	
  of	
  data,	
  these	
  results	
  are,	
  therefore,	
  
inconclusive.	
  However,	
  the	
  fact	
  that	
  there	
  are	
  several	
  features	
  of	
  Korean	
  L2	
  writing	
  

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that	
  are	
  inconsistent	
  with	
  the	
  messages	
  means	
  that	
  it	
  is	
  implausible	
  that	
  they	
  were	
  
written	
  by	
  a	
  native	
  Korean	
  speaker,	
  while	
  not	
  ruling	
  out	
  the	
  possibility	
  entirely.	
  

Conclusions	
  
We	
  conclude	
  that	
  it	
  is	
  unlikely	
  that	
  the	
  messages	
  were	
  written	
  by	
  native	
  Korean	
  
speakers,	
  though	
  it	
  is	
  not	
  impossible.	
  It	
  is	
  far	
  more	
  likely	
  that	
  they	
  were	
  written	
  by	
  
native	
  Russian	
  speakers.	
  It	
  is	
  virtually	
  impossible,	
  however,	
  that	
  they	
  were	
  written	
  
by	
  native	
  German	
  or	
  Mandarin	
  Chinese	
  speakers.	
  

This	
  study	
  is	
  limited	
  by	
  the	
  small	
  number	
  of	
  languages	
  that	
  were	
  studied,	
  as	
  well	
  as	
  
by	
  the	
  limited	
  comparison	
  with	
  L2	
  English	
  samples.	
  We	
  plan	
  an	
  expanded	
  study	
  of	
  
the	
  messages,	
  comparing	
  against	
  a	
  wider	
  sample	
  of	
  candidate	
  languages	
  as	
  well	
  as	
  
performing	
  statistical	
  comparisons	
  against	
  L2	
  samples	
  in	
  Korean	
  and	
  other	
  
languages.	
  Taia	
  Global	
  is	
  looking	
  for	
  linguists	
  with	
  academic	
  backgrounds	
  to	
  join	
  this	
  
research	
  project	
  commencing	
  in	
  early	
  January	
  2015.	
  Interested	
  candidates	
  should	
  
contact	
  Dr.	
  Shlomo	
  Argamon.	
  

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Appendix	
  A:	
  The	
  GOP	
  Messages	
  
1
Warning:	
  We've	
  already	
  warned	
  you,	
  and	
  this	
  is	
  just	
  a	
  beginning.	
  We	
  continue	
  till	
  our	
  
request	
  be	
  met.	
  We've	
  obtained	
  all	
  your	
  internal	
  data	
  including	
  your	
  secrets	
  and	
  top	
  
secrets.	
  	
  	
  
If	
  you	
  don't	
  obey	
  us,	
  we'll	
  release	
  data	
  shown	
  below	
  to	
  the	
  world.	
  Determine	
  what	
  
will	
  you	
  do	
  till	
  November	
  the	
  24th,	
  11:00	
  (GMT)	
  

2	
  
I	
  am	
  the	
  head	
  of	
  GOP.	
  
I	
  appreciate	
  you	
  for	
  calling	
  us.	
  
The	
  data	
  will	
  soon	
  get	
  there.	
  
You	
  can	
  Bind	
  what	
  we	
  do	
  on	
  the	
  following	
  link.	
  
https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-­‐Guardians-­‐Of-­‐Peace/604245239697994	
  
God	
  bless	
  us.	
  
God's	
  Apostles	
  

3	
  
[Title]	
  Gift	
  of	
  GOP	
  for	
  2nd	
  day:	
  ConBidential	
  data	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  
You	
  can	
  download	
  a	
  part	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  internal	
  data	
  the	
  volume	
  of	
  which	
  is	
  tens	
  
of	
  Terabytes	
  on	
  the	
  following	
  addresses.	
  
These	
  are	
  all	
  conBidential	
  and	
  include	
  data	
  related	
  to	
  sales	
  plan	
  of	
  SPE.	
  
Password:	
  diespe123	
  
1.	
  List	
  of	
  computers	
  in	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  hacked	
  by	
  GOP	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
2.	
  Special	
  bonus	
  to	
  the	
  friends	
  of	
  GOP	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
3.	
  Torrent	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
4.	
  Mega	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
5.	
  RapidGator	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
6.	
  FilesFlash	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  

4	
  
[Title}	
  Gift	
  of	
  GOP	
  for	
  3rd	
  day	
  Financial	
  data	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  
Anyone	
  who	
  loves	
  peace	
  can	
  be	
  our	
  member.	
  
Please	
  tell	
  your	
  mind	
  at	
  the	
  email	
  address	
  below	
  if	
  you	
  share	
  our	
  intention.	
  
Peace	
  comes	
  when	
  you	
  and	
  I	
  share	
  one	
  intention!	
  
	
  	
  	
  

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jack.nelson-­‐63vrbu1@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  
You	
  can	
  download	
  a	
  part	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  internal	
  data	
  the	
  volume	
  of	
  which	
  is	
  tens	
  
of	
  Terabytes	
  on	
  the	
  following	
  addresses.	
  
These	
  include	
  many	
  pieces	
  of	
  conBidential	
  data.	
  
	
  	
  	
  
The	
  data	
  to	
  be	
  released	
  next	
  week	
  will	
  excite	
  you	
  more.	
  
	
  	
  	
  
Password:	
  diespe123	
  
	
  	
  	
  
             1.	
  Torrent	
  
             [Links	
  Redacted]	
  
             	
  2.	
  Rapidgator	
  
             [Links	
  Redacted]	
  

5	
  
[Untitled]	
  
by	
  GOP	
  
	
  	
  	
  
We	
  are	
  the	
  GOP	
  working	
  all	
  over	
  the	
  world.	
  
We	
  know	
  nothing	
  about	
  the	
  threatening	
  email	
  received	
  by	
  Sony	
  staffers,	
  but	
  you	
  
should	
  wisely	
  judge	
  by	
  yourself	
  why	
  such	
  things	
  are	
  happening	
  and	
  who	
  is	
  
responsible	
  for	
  it.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
6	
  
[Title]	
  Message	
  to	
  SONY	
  
We	
  have	
  already	
  given	
  our	
  clear	
  demand	
  to	
  the	
  management	
  team	
  of	
  SONY,	
  however,	
  
they	
  have	
  refused	
  to	
  accept.	
  
It	
  seems	
  that	
  you	
  think	
  everything	
  will	
  be	
  well,	
  if	
  you	
  Bind	
  out	
  the	
  attacker,	
  while	
  no	
  
reacting	
  to	
  our	
  demand.	
  
We	
  are	
  sending	
  you	
  our	
  warning	
  again.	
  
Do	
  carry	
  out	
  our	
  demand	
  if	
  you	
  want	
  to	
  escape	
  us.	
  
And,	
  Stop	
  immediately	
  showing	
  the	
  movie	
  of	
  terrorism	
  which	
  can	
  break	
  the	
  regional	
  
peace	
  and	
  cause	
  the	
  War!	
  
You,	
  SONY	
  &	
  FBI,	
  cannot	
  Bind	
  us.	
  
We	
  are	
  perfect	
  as	
  much.	
  
The	
  destiny	
  of	
  SONY	
  is	
  totally	
  up	
  to	
  the	
  wise	
  reaction	
  &	
  measure	
  of	
  SONY.	
  
	
  	
  	
  
Their	
  Privacy	
  
Amy	
  Pascal(Co-­‐Chairman	
  SPE	
  &	
  Chairman	
  MPG),	
  Stephen	
  Mosko(President,	
  SPT)	
  
Password:	
  diespe123	
  
	
  	
  	
  
1.	
  Torrent	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
	
  	
  	
  
2.	
  Turtobit	
  

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14

[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
	
  	
  	
  
3.	
  Filenuke	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
	
  	
  	
  
4.	
  Previous	
  data	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  

7	
  
[Title]:	
  Gift	
  of	
  Sony	
  for	
  5th	
  day:	
  My	
  Life	
  At	
  The	
  Company	
  -­‐	
  Part	
  1	
  
It	
  will	
  get	
  more	
  interesting	
  in	
  the	
  coming	
  days.	
  
by	
  GOP	
  
To	
  SPE	
  employees.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  SPE	
  employees!	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Don't	
  believe	
  what	
  the	
  executives	
  of	
  SPE	
  says.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  They	
  say	
  as	
  if	
  the	
  FBI	
  could	
  resolve	
  everything.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  But	
  the	
  FBI	
  cannot	
  Bind	
  us	
  because	
  we	
  know	
  everything	
  about	
  what's	
  going	
  on	
  
inside	
  the	
  FBI.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  still	
  have	
  huge	
  amount	
  of	
  sensitive	
  information	
  to	
  be	
  released	
  including	
  your	
  
personal	
  details	
  and	
  mailboxes.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  If	
  continued	
  wrongdoings	
  of	
  the	
  executives	
  of	
  SPE	
  drive	
  us	
  to	
  make	
  an	
  unwanted	
  
decision,	
  only	
  SPE	
  should	
  be	
  blamed.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Now	
  is	
  the	
  time	
  for	
  you	
  to	
  choose	
  what	
  to	
  do.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  have	
  already	
  given	
  much	
  time	
  for	
  you.	
  
My	
  Life	
  At	
  The	
  Company	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
Password:	
  diespe123	
  
1.	
  Torrent	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
2.	
  Turbobit	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
3.	
  Letibit	
  &	
  180Upload	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  
4.	
  Previous	
  data	
  
[Links	
  Redacted]	
  

8	
  
We've	
  got	
  great	
  damage	
  by	
  Sony	
  Pictures.	
  
The	
  compensation	
  for	
  it,	
  monetary	
  compensation	
  we	
  want.	
  
Pay	
  the	
  damage,	
  or	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  will	
  be	
  bombarded	
  as	
  a	
  whole.	
  
You	
  know	
  us	
  very	
  well.	
  We	
  never	
  wait	
  long.	
  
You'd	
  better	
  behave	
  wisely.	
  
From	
  God'sApstls	
  

9	
  
Hi,	
  

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I	
  am	
  the	
  boss	
  of	
  G.O.P.	
  
A	
  few	
  days	
  ago,	
  we	
  told	
  you	
  the	
  fact	
  that	
  we	
  had	
  released	
  some	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  Bilms	
  
including	
  Annie,	
  Fury	
  and	
  Still	
  Alice	
  to	
  the	
  web.	
  
Those	
  can	
  be	
  easily	
  obtained	
  through	
  internet	
  search.	
  
For	
  this	
  time,	
  we	
  are	
  about	
  to	
  release	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  data	
  to	
  the	
  web.	
  The	
  volume	
  of	
  
the	
  data	
  is	
  under	
  100	
  Terabytes.	
  
You	
  can	
  get	
  some	
  of	
  the	
  data	
  at	
  [Links	
  Redacted]	
  
We	
  will	
  release	
  all	
  of	
  the	
  data	
  at	
  [Links	
  Redacted]	
  and	
  [Links	
  Redacted]	
  (tags:	
  Sony,	
  
SPE,	
  GOP)	
  in	
  a	
  short	
  time(the	
  minimal	
  time	
  needed	
  for	
  handling	
  tens	
  of	
  TBs	
  of	
  data).	
  
The	
  password	
  of	
  the	
  document	
  is	
  "diespe123".	
  
Besides,	
  we	
  have	
  much	
  more	
  interesting	
  data	
  than	
  you	
  know.	
  
If	
  you	
  Bind	
  special	
  interest,	
  send	
  an	
  email	
  in	
  a	
  method	
  we	
  have	
  explained	
  before.	
  
Thanks,	
  

10	
  
Hi,	
  
We	
  have	
  released	
  the	
  data	
  of	
  SPE	
  here	
  [Links	
  Redacted]	
  
Today	
  more	
  interesting	
  data	
  will	
  be	
  presented	
  for	
  you.	
  
Thanks,	
  

11	
  
Hi,	
  
We	
  have	
  released	
  the	
  data	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  here	
  http://pastebin.com/zUyA0EiX	
  
And	
  you	
  can	
  Bind	
  data	
  as	
  it	
  adds	
  in	
  PASTEBIN	
  using	
  tags	
  of	
  GOP,	
  SONY,	
  SPE	
  and	
  etc.	
  
Today	
  more	
  interesting	
  data	
  will	
  be	
  presented	
  for	
  you.	
  
Thanks,	
  

12	
  
I	
  am	
  the	
  head	
  of	
  GOP	
  who	
  made	
  you	
  worry.	
  
Removing	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  on	
  earth	
  is	
  a	
  very	
  tiny	
  work	
  for	
  our	
  group	
  which	
  is	
  a	
  
worldwide	
  organization.	
  And	
  what	
  we	
  have	
  done	
  so	
  far	
  is	
  only	
  a	
  small	
  part	
  of	
  our	
  
further	
  plan.It’s	
  your	
  false	
  if	
  you	
  if	
  you	
  think	
  this	
  crisis	
  will	
  be	
  over	
  after	
  some	
  time.	
  
All	
  hope	
  will	
  leave	
  you	
  and	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  will	
  collapse.	
  This	
  situation	
  is	
  only	
  due	
  to	
  
Sony	
  Pictures.	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  is	
  responsible	
  for	
  whatever	
  the	
  result	
  is.	
  Sony	
  Pictues	
  
clings	
  to	
  what	
  is	
  good	
  to	
  nobody	
  from	
  the	
  beginning.	
  It’s	
  silly	
  to	
  expect	
  in	
  Sony	
  
Pictures	
  to	
  take	
  off	
  us.	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  makes	
  only	
  useless	
  efforts.	
  One	
  beside	
  you	
  can	
  
be	
  our	
  member.	
  
Many	
  things	
  beyond	
  imagination	
  will	
  happen	
  at	
  many	
  places	
  of	
  the	
  world.	
  Our	
  
agents	
  Bind	
  themselves	
  act	
  in	
  necessary	
  places.	
  Please	
  sign	
  your	
  name	
  to	
  object	
  the	
  
false	
  of	
  the	
  company	
  at	
  the	
  email	
  address	
  below	
  if	
  you	
  don’t	
  want	
  to	
  suffer	
  damage.	
  
If	
  you	
  don’t,	
  not	
  only	
  you	
  but	
  your	
  family	
  will	
  be	
  in	
  danger.	
  
Nobody	
  can	
  prevent	
  us,	
  but	
  the	
  only	
  way	
  is	
  to	
  follow	
  our	
  demand.	
  If	
  you	
  want	
  to	
  
prevent	
  us,	
  make	
  your	
  company	
  behave	
  wisely.	
  

13	
  

                           Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
16

We	
  are	
  an	
  international	
  organization	
  including	
  famous	
  Bigures	
  in	
  the	
  	
  politics	
  and	
  
society	
  from	
  several	
  nations	
  such	
  as	
  United	
  States,	
  United	
  	
  Kingdom	
  and	
  France.	
  We	
  
are	
  not	
  under	
  direction	
  of	
  any	
  state.	
  
Our	
  aim	
  is	
  not	
  at	
  the	
  Bilm	
  The	
  Interview	
  as	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  suggests.	
  But	
  it	
  is	
  widely	
  
reported	
  as	
  if	
  our	
  activity	
  is	
  related	
  to	
  The	
  Interview.	
  This	
  shows	
  how	
  dangerous	
  
Bilm	
  The	
  Interview	
  is.The	
  Interview	
  is	
  very	
  dangerous	
  enough	
  to	
  cause	
  a	
  massive	
  hack	
  
attack.	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  produced	
  the	
  Bilm	
  harming	
  the	
  regional	
  peace	
  and	
  security	
  and	
  
violating	
  human	
  rights	
  for	
  money.	
  The	
  news	
  with	
  The	
  Interview	
  fully	
  acquaints	
  us	
  
with	
  the	
  crimes	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures.	
  Like	
  this,	
  their	
  activity	
  is	
  contrary	
  to	
  our	
  
philosophy.	
  We	
  struggle	
  to	
  Bight	
  against	
  such	
  greed	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures.	
  
We	
  won't	
  give	
  up	
  this	
  attack	
  unless	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  collapse	
  to	
  the	
  end.	
  

14	
  
Hi,	
  
I	
  am	
  a	
  mem	
  of	
  guard-­‐of-­‐pis	
  
Information	
  of	
  new	
  data	
  is	
  posted	
  at	
  the	
  following	
  addresses.	
  
You	
  can	
  Bind	
  more	
  interesting	
  here.	
  

13	
  
Important	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  executives	
  
I've	
  sent	
  you	
  a	
  message.	
  
ConBirm	
  your	
  mailboxes.	
  

14	
  
hi,	
  
Im	
  a	
  m	
  of	
  Gard.Of.P	
  
Information	
  of	
  new	
  data	
  is	
  posted	
  at	
  the	
  following	
  addresses.	
  
https://friendpaste.com/6XKs8gGjJa4dbRuaES88VA	
  
http://pastebin.com/x4MrXxYG	
  
thx	
  in	
  adv	
  

15	
  
by	
  GOP	
  
	
  	
  
We	
  are	
  preparing	
  for	
  you	
  a	
  Christmas	
  gift.	
  
The	
  gift	
  will	
  be	
  larger	
  quantities	
  of	
  data.	
  	
  
And	
  it	
  will	
  be	
  more	
  interesting.	
  
The	
  gift	
  will	
  surely	
  give	
  you	
  much	
  more	
  pleasure	
  and	
  put	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  into	
  the	
  
worst	
  state.	
  
Please	
  send	
  an	
  email	
  titled	
  by	
  “Merry	
  Christmas”	
  at	
  the	
  addresses	
  below	
  to	
  tell	
  us	
  
what	
  you	
  want	
  in	
  our	
  Christmas	
  gift.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  emma.brooks-­‐0oc6m7bl@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  marc.parker-­‐1ojn2dp2@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  axel.turner-­‐4oqbyjui@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐boz2uaul@yopmail.com	
  

                          Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
17

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐0o7jacx4@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  The	
  sooner	
  SPE	
  accept	
  our	
  demands,	
  the	
  better,	
  of	
  course.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  The	
  farther	
  time	
  goes	
  by,	
  the	
  worse	
  state	
  SPE	
  will	
  be	
  put	
  into	
  and	
  we	
  will	
  have	
  
Sony	
  go	
  bankrupt	
  in	
  the	
  end.	
  
	
  	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  Staffers	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  have	
  a	
  plan	
  to	
  release	
  emails	
  and	
  privacy	
  of	
  the	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  employees.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  If	
  you	
  don't	
  want	
  your	
  privacy	
  to	
  be	
  released,	
  tell	
  us	
  your	
  name	
  and	
  business	
  
title	
  to	
  take	
  off	
  your	
  data.	
  
	
  	
  
Their	
  Privacy	
  (3)	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  O'Dell	
  Steven	
  (President,	
  International	
  Releasing)	
  

16	
  
Gift	
  of	
  Sony	
  for	
  the	
  8th	
  day:	
  GOP	
  at	
  Christmas	
  (2)	
  
by	
  GOP	
  
We	
  are	
  preparing	
  for	
  you	
  a	
  Christmas	
  gift.	
  
The	
  gift	
  will	
  be	
  larger	
  quantities	
  of	
  data.	
  	
  	
  
And	
  it	
  will	
  be	
  more	
  interesting.	
  
The	
  gift	
  will	
  surely	
  give	
  you	
  much	
  more	
  pleasure	
  and	
  put	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  into	
  the	
  
worst	
  state.	
  
Please	
  send	
  an	
  email	
  titled	
  by	
  “Merry	
  Christmas”	
  at	
  the	
  addresses	
  below	
  to	
  tell	
  us	
  
what	
  you	
  want	
  in	
  our	
  Christmas	
  gift.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  emma.brooks-­‐0oc6m7bl@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  marc.parker-­‐1ojn2dp2@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  axel.turner-­‐4oqbyjui@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐boz2uaul@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐0o7jacx4@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  The	
  sooner	
  SPE	
  accept	
  our	
  demands,	
  the	
  better,	
  of	
  course.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  The	
  farther	
  time	
  goes	
  by,	
  the	
  worse	
  state	
  SPE	
  will	
  be	
  put	
  into	
  and	
  we	
  will	
  have	
  
Sony	
  go	
  bankrupt	
  in	
  the	
  end.	
  
	
  	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  Staffers	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  have	
  a	
  plan	
  to	
  release	
  emails	
  and	
  privacy	
  of	
  the	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  employees.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  If	
  you	
  don't	
  want	
  your	
  privacy	
  to	
  be	
  released,	
  tell	
  us	
  your	
  name	
  and	
  business	
  
title	
  to	
  take	
  off	
  your	
  data.	
  
	
  	
  
Their	
  Privacy	
  (3)	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  O'Dell	
  Steven	
  (President,	
  International	
  Releasing)	
  

                                Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
18

17	
  
The	
  1st	
  day	
  of	
  Christmas	
  gift:	
  This	
  is	
  the	
  beginning	
  
by	
  GOP	
  
Notice	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  have	
  already	
  promised	
  a	
  Christmas	
  gift	
  to	
  you.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  This	
  is	
  the	
  beginning	
  of	
  the	
  gift.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Please	
  send	
  an	
  email	
  titled	
  by	
  “Merry	
  Christmas”	
  at	
  the	
  addresses	
  below	
  to	
  tell	
  
us	
  what	
  you	
  want	
  in	
  our	
  Christmas	
  gift.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  emma.brooks-­‐0oc6m7bl@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  marc.parker-­‐1ojn2dp2@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  axel.turner-­‐4oqbyjui@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐boz2uaul@yopmail.com	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  rose.martin-­‐0o7jacx4@yopmail.com	
  
Warning	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  will	
  clearly	
  show	
  it	
  to	
  you	
  at	
  the	
  very	
  time	
  and	
  places	
  “The	
  Interview”	
  be	
  
shown,	
  including	
  the	
  premiere,	
  how	
  bitter	
  fate	
  those	
  who	
  seek	
  fun	
  in	
  terror	
  should	
  
be	
  doomed	
  to.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Soon	
  all	
  the	
  world	
  will	
  see	
  what	
  an	
  awful	
  movie	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  Entertainment	
  
has	
  made.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  The	
  world	
  will	
  be	
  full	
  of	
  fear.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Remember	
  the	
  11th	
  of	
  September	
  2001.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  We	
  recommend	
  you	
  to	
  keep	
  yourself	
  distant	
  from	
  the	
  places	
  at	
  that	
  time.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  (If	
  your	
  house	
  is	
  nearby,	
  you’d	
  better	
  leave.)	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Whatever	
  comes	
  in	
  the	
  coming	
  days	
  is	
  called	
  by	
  the	
  greed	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  
Entertainment.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  All	
  the	
  world	
  will	
  denounce	
  the	
  SONY.	
  
Christmas	
  gift:	
  Michael	
  Lynton	
  

18	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  
The	
  sooner	
  SPE	
  accept	
  our	
  demands,	
  the	
  better,	
  of	
  course.	
  
The	
  farther	
  time	
  goes	
  by,	
  the	
  worse	
  state	
  SPE	
  will	
  be	
  put	
  into	
  and	
  we	
  will	
  have	
  Sony	
  
go	
  bankrupt	
  in	
  the	
  end.	
  
Message	
  to	
  SPE	
  Staffers	
  
We	
  have	
  a	
  plan	
  to	
  release	
  emails	
  and	
  privacy	
  of	
  the	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  employees.	
  
If	
  you	
  don’t	
  want	
  your	
  privacy	
  to	
  be	
  released,	
  tell	
  us	
  your	
  name	
  and	
  business	
  title	
  to	
  
take	
  off	
  your	
  data.	
  

19	
  
Hi,	
  
I'm	
  a	
  mem	
  of	
  GOP.	
  
There	
  is	
  Christmas	
  gift	
  for	
  FBI	
  at	
  the	
  following	
  address.	
  
http://pastebin.com/mtFznt6A	
  
Thanks	
  

                               Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
19

20	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
Christmas	
  gift	
  to	
  FBI	
  
By	
  GOP	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
The	
  result	
  of	
  investigation	
  by	
  FBI	
  is	
  so	
  excellent	
  that	
  you	
  might	
  have	
  seen	
  what	
  we	
  
were	
  doing	
  with	
  your	
  own	
  eyes.	
  
We	
  congratulate	
  you	
  success.	
  
FBI	
  is	
  the	
  BEST	
  in	
  the	
  world.	
  
You	
  will	
  Bind	
  the	
  gift	
  for	
  FBI	
  at	
  the	
  following	
  address.	
  
[LINK	
  EDITED]	
  
Enjoy!	
  

                                                     Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
20

Appendix	
  B:	
  English	
  Errors	
  Iden:fied	
  in	
  the	
  Messages	
  
Lexical	
  Errors	
  and	
  Infelici:es	
  (L)	
  

 Original	
  phrase                                                   Intended	
  meaning	
  (from	
  context)
 ...an	
  email	
  titled	
  by	
  ...                                “an	
  email	
  entitled”
 ...Bind	
  special	
  interest,	
  ...                               “Bind	
  an	
  interest	
  in”
 ...is	
  called	
  by	
  the	
  greed...	
                           “is	
  called	
  for	
  by	
  the	
  greed”,	
  or	
  “is	
  caused	
  
                                                                      by	
  the	
  greed”
 ...is	
  very	
  dangerous	
  enough	
  ...                          “is	
  dangerous	
  enough”
 ...it	
  is	
  a	
  very	
  tiny	
  work	
  for	
  us...             “is	
  a	
  very	
  tiny	
  job	
  for	
  us”
 ...judge	
  by	
  yourself...	
                                      “judge	
  for	
  yourself”
 ...object	
  the	
  false	
  of	
  the	
  company...                 “object	
  to	
  the	
  faults	
  of	
  the	
  company”
 ...recommend	
  you	
  to	
  keep...                                 “recommend	
  that	
  you	
  keep”
 ...share	
  our	
  intention...	
                                    “share	
  our	
  intentions”
 ...tell	
  your	
  mind...                                           “express	
  your	
  thoughts”
 ...measure	
  of	
  SONY                                             “measured	
  reaction	
  of	
  SONY”?
                                                                      “quality	
  of	
  SONY”?
 ...the	
  wise	
  reaction...                                        “the	
  wisdom	
  of	
  the	
  reaction”
 ...to	
  take	
  off	
  us...	
                                      “to	
  harm	
  us”
 ...unless	
  the	
  company	
  collapse	
  to	
  the	
               “unless	
  the	
  company	
  totally	
  collapses.”
 end.
 ...you	
  should	
  wisely	
  judge...                               “you	
  should	
  decide”
 It’s	
  your	
  false	
  if	
  you	
  ...                            “It’s	
  your	
  fault	
  if	
  you”
 One	
  beside	
  you	
  can	
  be	
  our	
  member.                  ??	
  “Anyone	
  besides	
  you	
  can	
  be	
  our	
  
                                                                      member”	
  ??
 Our	
  agents	
  Bind	
  themselves	
  act	
  in	
                   “Our	
  agents	
  will	
  act	
  in	
  the	
  necessary	
  
 necessary	
  places.                                                 places.”
 Peace	
  comes	
  when...                                            “Peace	
  will	
  come	
  when”
 They	
  say	
  as	
  if	
  ...                                       “They	
  talk	
  as	
  if”
 We	
  are	
  perfect	
  as	
  much.                                  “We	
  are	
  perfect.”
 We’ve	
  got	
  great	
  damage...                                   “We’ve	
  done	
  great	
  damage”

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  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
21

Syntac:c	
  Errors	
  and	
  Infelici:es	
  (S)	
  
   1. The	
  use	
  of	
  the	
  dummy	
  verb	
  “do”	
  at	
  the	
  beginning	
  of	
  an	
  imperative	
  clause.	
  
      Example:	
  “Do	
  carry	
  out	
  our	
  demand	
  if	
  you	
  want	
  to	
  escape	
  us.”	
  
   2. Ergative	
  use	
  of	
  the	
  verb	
  “add”.	
  Example:	
  “And	
  you	
  can	
  Bind	
  data	
  as	
  it	
  adds	
  in	
  
      PASTEBIN...”	
  	
  
   3. Elision	
  (omission)	
  of	
  a	
  direct	
  object,	
  when	
  understood	
  from	
  the	
  context.	
  	
  
   4. Prepositional	
  phrase	
  attached	
  to	
  a	
  verb	
  placed	
  next	
  to	
  the	
  verb,	
  rather	
  than	
  
      after	
  the	
  direct	
  object.	
  Example:	
  “We	
  are	
  preparing	
  for	
  you	
  a	
  Christmas	
  gift.”	
  	
  
   5. Use	
  of	
  the	
  preposition	
  “by”	
  in	
  cases	
  where	
  other	
  preporisions	
  such	
  as	
  “for”	
  or	
  
      “to”	
  would	
  be	
  appropriate.	
  Examples:	
  "judge	
  by	
  yourself"	
  or	
  "did	
  damage	
  
      by	
  Sony".	
  

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  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
22

Appendix	
  C:	
  Languages	
  Matching	
  L	
  &	
  S	
  Errors	
  

L	
  Errors	
  

 Original	
  phrase                                                   Korean Mandarin Russian German
 ...an	
  email	
  titled	
  by	
  ...
 ...Bind	
  special	
  interest,	
  ...                                    X                                       X
 ...is	
  called	
  by	
  the	
  greed...	
                                X                                  X
 ...is	
  very	
  dangerous	
  enough	
  ...                                               X                  X
 ...it	
  is	
  a	
  very	
  tiny	
  work	
  for	
  us...                  X               X                  X    X
 ...judge	
  by	
  yourself...	
                                           X                                  X
 ...recommend	
  you	
  to	
  keep...                                      X                                  X
 ...share	
  our	
  intention...	
                                         X                                  X    X
 ...tell	
  your	
  mind...
 ...measure	
  of	
  SONY                                                                                     X
 ...the	
  wise	
  reaction...                                             X               X                  X
 ...to	
  take	
  off	
  us...	
                                                                              X
 ...unless	
  the	
  company	
  collapse	
  to	
  the	
                                                       X    X
 end.
 ...you	
  should	
  wisely	
  judge...                                    X                                  X
 One	
  beside	
  you	
  can	
  be	
  our	
  member.                                                          X
 Our	
  agents	
  Bind	
  themselves	
  act	
  in	
                                                           X
 necessary	
  places.
 Peace	
  comes	
  when...                                                 X               X                  X
 They	
  say	
  as	
  if	
  ...                                                                               X
 We	
  are	
  perfect	
  as	
  much.
 We’ve	
  got	
  great	
  damage...
                                     TOTAL                              9/20            3/20           15/20      4/20

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  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
23

S	
  Errors	
  

 Error	
  Type                                           Korean Mandarin Russian German
 Dummy	
  verb	
  before	
  imperative	
  clause                              X
 Ergative	
  “add”                                                            X               X
 Direct	
  object	
  elision                                  X                               X   X
 Prepositional	
  phrase	
  verb	
  attachment                                X               X   X
 Preposition	
  “by”	
  use                                                   X
                      TOTAL                                 1/5             4/5             3/5   2/5

                      Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
24

Appendix D: Google Translations of Native Language
Texts
Original Message:

We have already promised a Christmas gift to you. This is the beginning of the
gift.

Warning. We will clearly show it to you at the very time and places “The
Interview” be shown, including the premiere, how bitter fate those who seek fun
in terror should be doomed to. Soon all the world will see what an awful movie
Sony Pictures Entertainment has made.

The world will be full of fear. Remember the 11th of September 2001. We
recommend you to keep yourself distant from the places at that time. (If your
house is nearby, you’d better leave.) Whatever comes in the coming days is
called by the greed of Sony Pictures Entertainment. All the world will denounce
the SONY.

Russian Translation:

Мы обещали рождественский подарок для вас. Это начало подарка.

Предупреждение. Мы четко его покажем вам в то время, и там где
"Интервью" будет показано, включая премьеры, как горько судьба для тех,
кто ищет удовольствие в терроре, и они должны быть обречены. Скоро весь
мир увидит какой ужасный фильм Sony Pictures Entertainment составил.

Мир будет полон страха. Помните, 11 сентября 2001 г. Мы рекомендуем вам
держать себя на дистанции от тех мест в то время. (Если ваш дом
находится поблизости, вам лучше уйти.) Все, что придёт в ближайшие дни,
вызывается жадностью Sony Pictures Entertainment. Весь мир будет
денонсировать SONY.

Google Translate:

We promised a Christmas gift for you. This is the beginning of a gift.

Warning. We clearly show it to you at that time, and where "Interview" will be
shown, including premieres, how bitter fate for those seeking fun in terror, and
they should be condemned. Soon the whole world will see what a terrible film
was Sony Pictures Entertainment.

                Copyright	
  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
25

The world is full of fear. Remember September 11, 2001. We encourage you to
keep yourself at a distance from the locations at the time. (If your home is nearby,
you'd better leave.) All that will come in the next few days, caused by greed Sony
Pictures Entertainment. The whole world will denounce SONY.

Korean Translation:

우리가	
  이미	
  당신에게	
  크리스마스	
  선물을	
  약속했습니다.	
  그	
  선물의	
  시작입니다.	
  

경고.	
  "인터뷰"가	
  공개될	
  영화의	
  첫날	
  포함하여	
  바로	
  그	
  시간과	
  장소에서	
  당신에게	
  
보여	
  줄	
  예정입니다,	
  재미를	
  찾는	
  사람들이	
  격렬한	
  운명을	
  찾개될것입니다.	
  곧	
  모든	
  
세상이	
  소니	
  픽쳐스	
  엔터테인먼트가	
  만든	
  서투른	
  영화를	
  볼수	
  있을겁니다.	
  

세계는	
  공포로	
  가득	
  할	
  것입니다.	
  2001	
  년	
  9	
  월	
  11	
  일을	
  기억하십시오.	
  그	
  때의	
  장소
에서	
  멀리	
  떨어져있는것을	
  추천합니다	
  (집이	
  그	
  근처	
  일	
  경우,	
  그	
  근처에서	
  떠나십시
오.)	
  요	
  다음	
  몃칠에	
  일어날	
  사고들은	
  소니	
  픽쳐스	
  엔터테인먼트의	
  탐욕에	
  의해	
  실현
될것입니다.	
  모든	
  세상이	
  SONY를	
  비난할것입니다.	
  

Google	
  Translate:	
  

We	
  have	
  already	
  promised	
  you	
  a	
  Christmas	
  present.	
  The	
  start	
  of	
  the	
  gift.	
  

Warning.	
  "Interview"	
  is	
  the	
  Birst	
  day	
  included	
  by	
  just	
  going	
  to	
  show	
  you	
  in	
  the	
  time	
  
and	
  place	
  of	
  the	
  Bilm	
  to	
  be	
  released,	
  and	
  people	
  looking	
  for	
  fun	
  will	
  chatgae	
  a	
  violent	
  
fate.	
  Soon	
  the	
  whole	
  world	
  will	
  be	
  a	
  clumsy	
  see	
  movies	
  made	
  by	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  
Entertainment.	
  

The	
  world	
  will	
  be	
  Billed	
  with	
  fear.	
  Remember	
  September	
  11th,	
  2001.	
  It	
  is	
  
recommended	
  that	
  in	
  place	
  at	
  that	
  time	
  far	
  away	
  (if	
  the	
  house	
  near	
  him,	
  then	
  away	
  
from	
  the	
  neighborhood.)	
  My	
  next	
  thought	
  will	
  happen	
  in	
  the	
  myeolchil	
  are	
  realized	
  
by	
  the	
  greed	
  of	
  Sony	
  Pictures	
  Entertainment.	
  All	
  the	
  world	
  is	
  gonna	
  have	
  to	
  blame	
  
SONY.

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  2014	
  Taia	
  Global,	
  Inc.	
  All	
  Rights	
  Reserved
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