OF YURI GAGARIN'S FLIGHT - 60th ANNIVERSARY - ࡄ132/04 (5003) April 2021 - Russian ...
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№132/04 (5003) Russkaya Mysl Founded in 1880
April 2021 Russian/English www.RussianMind.com
60th ANNIVERSARY
OF YURI GAGARIN’S
FLIGHT
Not for sale
Russian Mind
No132/04(5003),
EDITOR’S LETTER APRIL 2021
ICARUS’ DREAM HEAD OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD
Victor Loupan
EDITORIAL BOARD
Anatoly Adamishin
Metropolitan Anthony
Rene Guerra
Dmitry Shakhovskoy
Peter Sheremetev
Alexander Troubetskoy
Sergey Yastrzhembsky
DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT
Alexander Mashkin
am@russianmind.com
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Karina Enfenjyan
karina@russianmind.com
POLITICAL EDITOR:
Vyacheslav Katamidze
CREATIVE PRODUCER:
Vasily Grigoriev
cp@russianmind.com
DESIGN
Yuri Nor
design@russianmind.com
ADVERTISEMENT:
sales@russianmind.com
his image began to embody a human DISTRIBUTION:
dream. In ancient Greek mythology, distribution@russianmind.com
Icarus, the son of Daedalus, dreamed of SUBSCRIBTION:
flying to the Sun – to conquer space. Af- subscription@russianmind.com
ter thousands of years of waiting, Icarus’ ADDRESS:
dream was realised by Yuri Gagarin, an 47 avenue Hoche, 75006, Paris, France.
E-mail: info@russianmind.com
ordinary man, who was born in an ordi-
60 years ago, on April 12, 1961,
a human flew into space for
the first time. This person turned out
nary Russian village.
The paradox is that there was some-
thing unusual in Gagarin’s simplicity.
COVER:
to be an ordinary Russian guy Yuri He did not pretend to be a VIP. He
Gagarin, a 27-year-old aviator of the just committed an act. The act making
Soviet Air Force. His pleasant, smiling everyone’s hearts beat. There aren’t that
face instantly appeared on the covers many people capable of equally signifi-
of all magazines in the world and on cant actions. And those whose actions
the front pages of newspapers. All radio embody our dreams can be counted on
stations and TV channels opened their the fingers of one hand.
news programs pronouncing his name. Gagarin’s flight did not last long, it Editors are not responsible for the accuracy
of the information published in news reports,
Within only one day Yuri Gagarin be- took less than two hours, and it was promotional materials and advertisements.
came the most famous person in the rather symbolic. But this is precisely Editors do not have the ability to enter into
correspondence and do not return manuscripts
world, even more famous than the most what gave it a poetic essence, without and illustrations. Editors do not provide
famous movie and pop stars. which there are no mythical heroes. background information. Reproduction of any
Such extraordinary, incredible popu- materials from the magazine “Russian Mind” is
impossible without the permission
larity arose primarily due to the fact that Victor Loupan of the editorial board.
Cases of the absence of sale of the magazine
The Publishing House “Russian Mind” expresses thanks “Russian Mind”, violations of the terms of
delivery and other shortcomings in our work
to the Foundation for Supporting and Protecting the Rights of may be reported on
Compatriots Living Abroad for the support and financial aid +44 (0) 203 205 0041
or send on e-mail:
provided to the “Russian Mind” magazine for the purpose of info@russianmind.com
the Special Issue devoted to the 60th anniversary
of Yuri Gagarin’s historic flight. CIRCULATION: 30 000 COPIES
RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 3
HIGHLIGHTS
ble without ideological
confrontation and an
YURI GAGARIN: arms race. The struggle
for primacy in space
exploration combined
A HERO OF OUR TIME these two aspects: mil-
itary technologies for
building rockets, pri-
There was something bewitchingly pleasant, unofficial, macy in the field of sci-
unpompous in the appearance of this amazing person ence and the media and
political exploitation of
VICTOR LOUPAN, the fulfilment of the hu-
Head of the Editorial Board man dream of conquer-
ing the vast expanses of
space.
A pril 12, 1961. It was a normal
working day. Parents were not
at home, they were working. The
sian guy Yuri Gagarin, a young of-
ficer of the Soviet Air Force with
such a good face and a pleasant
Two years before Gagarin’s flight,
in 1959, Khrushchev made his his-
toric visit to the United States. Look-
The fact that the So-
viet Union overtook
the United States, be-
weather was slushy in April. The smile. The other day, no one in the ing at the photographs in the Amer- came clear as early
football ground in the yard looked world knew that he existed on the ican media covering his visit, one is as in 1957, when on
more like a swamp and the game did globe, but then his photograph ap- simply amazed. Nikita Sergeevich October 4, the first ar-
not go well… peared on the front pages of the was so relaxed and plain that the tificial satellite of the
Our neighbour Uncle Senya, a se- world’s largest mass media. then largest magazine Life shot him Earth was successfully
verely shell-shocked war veteran, did It also should be noted that the as if he were a movie star, but not the launched from the 5th
not work due to his disability, but sat times were paradoxical then. On leader of the enemy state. Yes, there Field Research Facility
near the open window in his kitchen the one hand, the Khrushchev thaw, was something extravagant, sponta- of the Soviet Ministry
on the ground floor, and constantly de-Stalinisation, liberalisation of neous in Khrushchev’s behaviour, of Defense (later called
listened to the radio. Usually, he ig- intellectual and cultural life in the and it was unlike the way the super- the Baikonur Cosmo-
nored us. But this time he shouted: USSR. On the other hand, the ag- power leader behaves in the minds drome) by the Sputnik
Hey, guys! Our man flew into gravation of the all-encompassing of the average man. His unusual ap- carrier rocket. Its ap-
space! pearance, embroidered pearance and small size
We immediately ran shirts, strange hats, impressed the imagina-
to his window and be- straight and even rude tion of people so much,
gan to listen, of course, statements made the that the simple Russian
having no clue. After “premier” Khrushchev word “satellite” became
listening to the news, (that is what he was a brand, a trademark:
he turned off the radio called) a star of the then The Sputnik, Le Spout-
and began explaining us emerging pop culture. nik, etc. It weighed
something about space, After that notable only 84 kilograms with
rockets, about the fact trip, the task of “catch- the maximum diame-
that our citizen Yuri ing up and overtaking ter of 58 centimetres
Gagarin looped the America” became a true only. But the prestige
Earth. I do not know fix idea of Soviet prop- of the USSR grew with
whether we understood aganda. Even in car- each rotation of Sput- A solemn meeting of the first man in space Yuri Gagarin. Moscow. April 14, 1961
anything or not, but I toons, the “Soviet boat” nik around the Earth.
remember how every- was catching up and The Communist idea conquered the also screened in 1957) was awarded truly classical, elite and at the same
one, as one, looked up overtaking the “Amer- minds of thinking people, no longer in 1958 the Palme d’Or which is the time real folk art flourishes.
at the cloudy rainy sky ican boat”. “Corn – the as a utopia, but as a reality. World highest award granted at the pres- Space exploration should be
with their heads up. I think, we stared competition between the USA and queen of the fields” was also an “im- tours not only of the Bolshoi Thea- tigious International Cannes Film viewed from a cultural perspective,
for a couple of hours, until our grand- the USSR, which will lead to the con- ported idea” brought by Khrushchev tre, but also of the Red Banner Song Festival. especially in its early, romantic stage
mothers called us to dinner. struction of the Berlin Wall and the from the United States. But it was all and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Just 10–15 years after the crush- of development. Space is the dream
It is difficult to imagine today Cuban Missile Crisis just a year after for internal use. In the global arena, Army took place with a full house in ing victory over Nazi Germany, the of humanity. Our most ancient
what a global event the first manned Yuri Gagarin’s flight. The Cuban Cri- there was a struggle for spheres of in- London, Paris and Brussels. A won- Soviet Union, which had risen from ancestors, in the most prehistoric
flight into space was! And this man sis put the world on the very brink of fluence, or rather, for the redivision derful film “The Cranes Are Flying” the ruins, declared itself as a country times, looked at the sky with horror
turned out to be an ordinary Rus- nuclear war. of the world. Redivision is impossi- by Mikhail Kalatozov (by the way, where not vulgar-commercial, but and admiration, as is poetically ev-
4 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 5
granddaughter Rita.
The military officers
and local collective
farmers arrived at the
scene soon. One group
of military men took
the descent vehicle un-
der protection, and the
other took Gagarin to
the location of the unit.
From there, Gagarin
reported by phone:
“Please, tell the Air
Force Commander:
I have completed the
task, landed in the spec-
ified area, I feel good,
there are no bruises or
breakdowns. Gagarin”.
A helicopter immedi-
ately took off from the
Engels airfield and eas-
ily found the descent
vehicle, but the cosmo-
idenced by the mysterious statues Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, April 20. Knowing this, he scheduled naut was not nearby.
on Easter Island. Strange stone idols 1934. In 1961 he was only 27 years the launch no later than April 17, The officers were in-
mystically gaze into the sky, as if ex- old. On the day of departure, April 12, 1961 (in fact, the first American John formed that he left in a
pecting someone’s arrival. Likewise, 1961, he, a senior lieutenant, was early Glenn flew into space almost a year passing truck. The heli-
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, promoted to a major in the Air Force. after Yuri Gagarin.) copter immediately set
astronomers and progenitors of He wrote a report asking for admis- Due to the lack of time during cre- off in pursuit and eas-
space exploration, were staring at sion to the group of cosmonaut can- ation of the Vostok-1 spacecraft, a ily caught up with the
the heavens. And Konstantin Edu- didates at the age of 25. The selection number of extraordinary decisions truck moving along the
ardovich Tsiolkovsky too. I do not was strictest. Initially the detachment were made. For example, they had bumpy road. Hearing
know, was it intentionally or not, was supposed to include 20 people. to abandon the emergency rescue the rotor of the Mi-4,
but the launch of Sputnik coincided The candidates were selected by a systems at the start and soft landing Gagarin jumped out of
with the centenary of the birth of special group of specialists from the of the ship. In addition, a redundant the cockpit and waved
that great Russian and Soviet scien- Central Military Research Aviation brake system was removed from the his hands. Just like in
tist. Tsiolkovsky, like Brahe and Ke- Hospital. Psychologists noticed design. the movies!
pler, was a scientist and thinker be- that “Gagarin loves performances in During takeoff, Gagarin uttered a Due to the maxi-
ing ahead of his time. As a promoter which heroism, the will to win, the simple word: “Let’s go!” It immedi- mum level of secrecy,
of the idea of space exploration, Tsi- spirit of competition prevail. In sports ately became legendary and historic. the launch of Gagarin into space was the hero’s lace was untied on his right continued flying, put his life at risk
olkovsky, back in the 1920s, came to games, he takes the initiative, leader- During the flight, which lasted 1 not previously covered. All the won- boot. The footage clearly shows how again testing new aircrafts.
the conclusion of deploying “rocket ship, captains the team. His favourite hour and 48 minutes, Gagarin con- derful shots that we saw and loved it dangles, which, in my opinion, is Yuri Gagarin died in a plane crash
trains” – in fact, they were proto- word is “work”. He is self-confident. ducted the simplest experiments: he were not filmed on April 12, 1961, very touching! This unique chronicle on March 27, 1968. To investigate its
types of today’s multistage rockets. He takes workouts in his stride. He ate, drank, and made notes with a but post factum, especially for news- was shown many years later, during causes, a special State Commission
At the same time, he comprehend- is educated very harmoniously. Sin- pencil. His feelings and everything reels. He repeated before the cameras the times of glasnost and perestroika. was established. The colossal report
ed the problem of human survival cere. Persevering. Does not hesitate that he saw through the window, he everything that he really did. That record is widely available today. in 29 volumes was classified. It is only
in weightlessness during long space to defend the point of view, which he recorded using the onboard tape re- In Moscow, Gagarin was received The uniqueness of Yuri Gagarin’s known with certainty that the MiG-
flights. It is also remarkable that considers to be correct”. corder. with unheard-of fanfare. Khrush- personality also lies in his simplicity. 15UTI plane collided with the Earth
the basis of Tsiolkovsky’s works Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the chief The return to Earth turned out to chev was waiting for him at Lenin’s There was something bewitchingly and the crew was killed.
putting him ahead of everyone and designer being responsible for the be so unusual that it is impossible to mausoleum. The cosmonaut drove pleasant, unofficial, unpompous in The fate of Yuri Gagarin is like the
everything and being fantastic at the entire space program of the USSR, miss talking about it. The first peo- up in an open ZIL car and marched the appearance of this amazing per- life of ancient Greek mythical heroes –
time, included nothing more than was in a hurry. Because, according ple who met the cosmonaut after the to the steps leading to the podium son. Having become an unprecedent- people who performed heroic deeds
mathematics with attempts to use to Soviet intelligence, the Americans flight were the forester’s wife Anna of the mausoleum. Soviet television ed world star, he continued working. simply doing their duty. And their fate
the “mathematical apparatus”. intended to send a man into space on Takhtarova and her six-year-old did not show these shots, because No one could have imagined that he inspires subsequent generations.
6 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 7
SOCIETY
formal than usual. I also felt that Her
Majesty would prefer to be given a
CELEBRATING daffodil flower than the more heral-
dically correct Welsh leek!”
This year’s coin has 95 mils, which
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN’S is a change from the number nor-
mally used on sovereigns of Eliza-
beth II – each symbolising a year of
95TH BIRTHDAY The Queen’s life. Another exception
is 1957 and sovereigns of this year
have significantly more mils than
those struck after this date. The
2021 Sovereign will also feature a
unique privy mark – a Royal Crown
with 95 entwined.
The 2021 Sovereign retains Pis-
trucci’s St George design, which is
revered as one of the greatest works
of numismatic art. The Royal Mint
ensures that each Sovereign is struck
to the proof standard that built the
Sovereign’s iconic reputation.
Clare Maclennan, Divisional Di-
rector of the Consumer Division at
The Royal Mint said, “The launch of
the annual Sovereign Collection is
eagerly anticipated amongst coin col-
lectors and this year we mark a very
special royal occasion as we celebrate
Her Majesty the Queen’s 95th Birth-
day. To celebrate this remarkable
milestone, the 2021 Sovereign will
include two extra special elements –
B orn on 21 April 1926, Her Maj-
esty The Queen celebrates her
95th birthday in 2021. Currently
of the people throughout the United
Kingdom and the Commonwealth,
thanks to her earnest commitment
bouquet is often presented to The
Queen, perhaps on her birthday, and
that this could be a tribute from the
a unique privy mark and a change
to the milled edge of the coin. The
unique privy mark represents the
the world’s longest reigning head and devotion to her people. four nations of the United Kingdom. royal cypher crown with the number the world’, while its role has changed sets. From the limited striking of the
of state and the longest reigning The Royal Mint has struck every I wanted it to look suitably royal but ‘95’ to mark the celebration of Her over the years that followed, it main- Proof coin sets, one was gifted to the
monarch in British history, she has UK coin of The Queen’s reign, from with an element of informality for Majesty’s 95th birthday. As a classic tains a global reputation for accuracy, British Museum and another to the
overseen a period of extraordinary the first ones that marked her cor- the personal nature of the occasion. symbol of royalty, the crown makes reliability and quality. Royal Collection. One set was kept
change. Throughout, The Sovereign onation to the coinage of an expe- I also enjoy gardening, which I find a fitting choice for this extraordinary When Elizabeth II was official- at The Royal Mint Museum, where it
has remained a symbol of quality rienced and much-loved monarch. relaxing and creative as well as an in- moment in British royal history.” ly proclaimed queen, thousands of remains in the collection today, along
and stability. The year 2021 signifies a personal spiration for my work,” said Timothy During the 19th century the Sover- people lined the streets to catch a with the pattern pieces and the origi-
With a record-breaking reign char- milestone for Her Majesty and Royal Noad. eign was known as ‘the chief coin of glimpse of their young queen, while nal dies. This special striking heralded
acterised by unprecedented achieve- Mint be celebrating with the nation “I wanted to create a tapestry-like millions more watched the the return of The Sovereign coin. Just
ments and milestones, it’s hard to as the Queen turns 95, making her effect, with the Royal Cypher stand- ceremony on television. a few years later, in 1957, the highly
believe that Her Majesty was once a the first British monarch to reach ing out against a dense, circular mass It was the perfect regarded gold coin was also struck as
princess that nobody ever expected such a grand age. The coin’s reverse, of leaves and flowers. I originally ex- moment for The bullion, becoming the flagship coin
to become queen. designed by Timothy Noad, is a floral perimented with using spring flowers Royal Mint to wel- of The Royal Mint, famous across the
Born third in line to the throne, tribute, featuring The Queen’s own but eventually settled on the national come the return world as a symbol of quality, accuracy
it was due to her uncle’s abdication words, ‘My heart and my devotion,’ floral emblems, which are tried and of The Sovereign and a masterpiece of design. For this
and the unexpected loss of her father as the inscription. tested in coin designs and clearly coin, marking the reason, The Sovereign was also stock-
that she found herself being crowned “Her Majesty The Queen is well- connect The Queen to the four UK historic occasion piled as an emergency ransom fund
at 25. However, Her Majesty very known as a lover of flowers and gar- nations. For this design, I made the by striking a hand- by the military during the 1950s, in
quickly earned a place in the hearts dens. I like the idea that a posy or flowers more naturalistic and less ful of Sovereign Proof case of war in the Middle East.
8 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 9
HISTORY
plant that morning, thought that of all that was best in the mature So- In reflecting these aspirations,
in contrast to the grey suited busi- viet system, he seemed to represent Gagarin struck a chord with a work-
YURI GAGARIN nessmen and the dark overalls of
the factory workers Gagarin cut an
‘unbelievable’ figure in his bright
the embodiment of the new ‘Social-
ist Man’ and delighted his audience
at the union offices by declaring that
force who lived under the constant
threat of thermo-nuclear war and
attempted to capture something of
IN MANCHESTER green uniform; and that he looked as
though he had been filmed in ‘tech-
nicolour, thrown into a stark contrast
he was ‘still a foundryman at heart’.
Presented with the honorary mem-
bership of the Foundry Workers’ Un-
the spirit of Khrushchev’s new, more
open and vibrant U.S.S.R. That the
dreams of rapprochement and social-
JOHN CALLOW by the monotone which surrounded ion, and a medal bearing the hopeful ist advance, cherished by the Soviet
him. In an age before the Beatles, inscription ‘Together moulding a premier and his protege, were ulti-
when rock music stood on the flimsi- better world’, Gagarin paid tribute mately to evaporate amidst Kenne-
E xactly three months to the day
after his flight in Vostok I had
ushered in a new age of space explo-
Although Whitehall chose to re-
main aloof, the situation in Manches-
ter was very different.
Gagarin’s reception are not hard to
discern. In marked contrast to the
ageing Soviet leadership, Yuri was
est of foundations and the role of the
pop singer was still ill-defined, the
first man in space was guaranteed a
to ‘a union which ranks among the
oldest in the world and has such fine
traditions’, before wishing its mem-
dy’s blockage of Cuba and a return to
the arms race, was by no means clear
in the summer of 1961. The subtle
ration [i.e. 12 July 1961], the trim Gagarin’s visit to the city had been young, dynamic and glamorous. Pos- status normally reserved for visiting bers ‘every success in… champion- manner in which Gagarin’s visit to
figure of Yuri Gagarin strode down organised in advance, under the aus- sessing an unaffected charm and an royalty and Hollywood film stars. ing working class rights and interests, Britain had been handled – as op-
the gangway of a Brit- outgoing personality, The young Martin Kettle plastered and working for a world of peace. posed to the heavy handed treatment
ish Viscount airliner his fame rested securely pictures of Gagarin on his bedroom These sentiments were expand- afforded to his later and quite disas-
and walked briskly out on his own bravery, skill walls, while in the pages of the Times ed upon during his address, later in trous mission to Gomulka’s Poland –
across the runway of and athleticism. one correspondent captured the feel- the day, to the workforce at the Met- ensured that the reputation of the
Manchester airport to- As a result, he ap- ings of many, for whom ‘space-men ro-Vickers factory: then the largest U.S.S.R. probably stood higher with
wards a sea of expectant pealed equally to both have been the wildest fiction’, the industrial plant in Western Europe. the British public at that moment
faces, and flashing cam- men and women, the stuff of popular novels, comic books Skilfully circumventing many of the than at any point since May 1945,
era bulbs. young and the old. Small and radio programmes until sudden- most intransigent problems created while the order books of the Soviet
Heavy banks of children dressed up in ly ‘one morning, this fantastic fiction’ by the Cold War, Yuri stressed the firms who exhibited at Earls Court
cloud had obscured home-made space suits, had become scientific fact. Who, he need for arms reduction and peaceful were filled in record time by their
the aircraft’s final de- and stayed away from asked, ‘would not… walk a few hun- co-operation in pushing forward the anxious commercial rivals.
scent, and a ferocious their lessons in order to dred yards to see this incredible’ man, boundaries of science and technolo- Khrushchev had scored a valuable
downpour had lashed wave at him from street who ‘visits us and talks to us. gy, and in pursuing a policy of under- public relations success in the West,
the tarmac, soaking corners. Teenage girls If Gagarin’s popularity with the standing the detente. He explained while for Gagarin himself, the visit
the top hats and tails crowded the platform people of Manchester was undenia- that ‘Although only one person was had been nothing short of a triumph:
of the waiting dignitar- constructed for him at ble, then the nature and long-term po- aboard the spaceship, it took tens of confirming his diplomatic skills and
ies. However, what the Trafford Park, and surged litical significance of his visit was still thousands of people to make it a suc- conferring upon him a political role
rain could not damp- through the police lines in doubt, and was to be hotly debated cess. Over 7,000 scientists, workers which had not yet become onerous.
en was the warmth of which surrounded Ring- over the course of the next few weeks, and engineers just like yourselves Yet perhaps the most durable
Gagarin’s smile and the raw enthu- pices of the local trades councils, and way airport and the union offices at in the pages of the local and national were decorated for con- effect of his visit to these
siasm of the crowds who thronged had received the blessing of the civic Brooks Bar, anxious to obtain an au- press. Commentators, from both the tributing to the suc- shores, and the one
the concourse: pushing at the safe- leaders who were only too happy to tograph, to present a bouquet of flow- left and the right, were agreed that the cess of the flight’, which Gagarin
ty barriers and seizing every van- organise a lavish reception for him at ers, or to steal a kiss. Seasoned factory tour had done little to alter the do- and concluded would proba-
tage point in an attempt to catch a the Town Hall. As the rain cleared, workers rushed to shake his hand or to mestic political landscape, to remove to the sound bly have been
glimpse of their hero. the Red Flag fluttered beside the slap him on the back, stumbling over deeply held prejudices, or to prompt a of thunderous best pleased
The sheer scale of public enthusi- Union Jack over Albert Square and a their words of praise, while outside thorough-going reassessment of Brit- applause that with, was the
asm for the visit, which came at the brass band struck up the national an- their training ground the United team ain’s Cold War alignment. However, ‘There is plenty sense of ideal-
height of the Cold War, had else- them of the U.S.S.R. to welcome the broke off their practice to wave at the the prestige of the labour movement of room for all ism and hope
where caught the authorities by sur- arrival of the first cosmonaut. «Magellan of the Cosmos». as a whole, and the Foundry Work- in outer space which he had
prise. The Macmillan government, Against the background of the Ber- After the drab years of post-war ers’ Union in particular, had been … I visualise the inspired in the
which had initially been reluctant lin crisis, the escalating conflict in austerity, there seemed something greatly enhanced by the presence of great day when hearts and minds
to invite the cosmonaut to Britain, Vietnam and the abortive American almost magical about the first hu- the youthful cosmonaut. Gagarin was a Soviet spaceship of British working
hastily added an extra day to his invasion of Cuba, this spontaneous man being to have broken the a potent symbol of the power of or- landing on the moon people. This, at least,
schedule and offered a grudging of- outpouring of popular sentiment in bounds of the earth and viewed ganised labour and socialist thought. will disembark a party of was enough to transcend
ficial sanction to what had originally honour of a Soviet airman, acting as ‘through the portholes [of his space- Born into a peasant family, he had scientists, who will join British and the harsh realities of the Cold War
been conceived as a trades union- an unofficial ambassador, may at first ship] … a diamond-field of shining, served his time as a foundry appren- American scientists working in ob- era and to signal a better way ahead.
sponsored tour, aimed at promoting sight appear incongruous. Howev- bright, cold stars. tice before finding fame through his servatories in the spirit of peaceful
economic co-operation between the er, upon closer inspection the rea- Mary McClellan, who had travelled own efforts, and sustained hard work. co-operation and competition rather First published in Working Class
East and West. sons behind the genuine warmth of up to the rally at the Metro-Vickers As both the product and expression than thinking on military lines. Movement Library Bulletin no 10, 1990
10 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 11
HISTORY
didates. It was intended had logged more flight time than the
that Tereshkova would all the US Mercury astronauts who
THE FIRST AND TODAY’S be launched first in
Vostok 5, with Ponom-
aryova following her in
had flown to that date combined.
Both Tereshkova and Bykovsky were
record-holders. Bykovsky had spent
WOMEN IN SPACE Vostok 6.
However, this plan
was changed in March
nearly five days in orbit and even to-
day he retains the record for having
spent the longest period of time in
1963: Vostok 5 would space alone.
E uropean Space Agency looks
back at the incredible achieve-
ments of females in space – starting
carry a male cosmo-
naut, Valeri Bykovsky,
flying the mission with Today’s women in space
with Valentina Tereshkova who has a woman in Vostok 6 in Peggy Whitson. Photo: ESA/NASA
made history as the first woman in June. The Russian space The assignment of women to space
space, and celebrating today’s female authorities nominated Tereshkova to cation with Bykovsky in Vostok 5, missions is no longer regarded in the
astronauts. make the joint flight. marking the second time that two same ‘historic’ way that it was in years
manned spacecraft were in space at gone by. In 2012, NASA’s Sunita Wil-
the same time. With the radio call liams was only the second woman in
Valentina Tereshkova Flight of the ‘Seagull’ sign ‘Chaika’ (‘seagull’), Tereshkova history to command an Internation-
had become the first woman in space. al Space Station Expedition and this
Valentina Tereshkova was born After watching the launch of Vostok She was 26. was barely mentioned in the media.
in Maslennikovo, near Yaroslavl, in 5 at Baikonur Cosmodrome on 14 Tereshkova’s televised image was Men and women work alongside
Russia on 6 March 1937. Her father June, Tereshkova completed prepa- broadcast throughout the Soviet each other in space as members of
was a tractor driver and her mother rations for her own flight. On the Union and she spoke to Khrushchev expert teams on the International
worked in a textile factory. Interest- morning of 16 June, Tereshkova and by radio. She maintained a flight Space Station. There is no difference
ed in parachuting from a young age, her backup Solovyova both dressed log and performed various tests to between the training given to male or
Tereshkova began skydiving at a lo- in spacesuits and were taken to the collect data on her body’s reaction female astronauts, or in the responsi-
cal flying club, making her first jump launch pad by bus. After completing to spaceflight. Her photographs of bilities given in space missions. It is
at the age of 22 in May 1959. At the checks of communication and life Earth and the horizon were later commonplace for female astronauts
time of her selection as a cosmonaut, support systems, she was sealed in- used to identify aerosol layers with- to fly several times in space.
she was working as a textile worker in side her spacecraft. in the atmosphere. Susan Helms jointly holds the re-
a local factory. After a two-hour countdown, Her mission lasted just under three cord for the longest spacewalk, while
After the first human spaceflight by Vostok 6 lifted off without fault and, days (two days, 23 hours, and 12 Peggy Whitson (first female Space
Yuri Gagarin, the selection of female within hours, she was in communi- minutes). With a single flight, she Station commander) has spent more
cosmonaut trainees was authorised than a year of her life off the planet.
by the Soviet government, with the Whitson and South Korean astro-
aim of ensuring the first woman in naut Soyeon Yi flew the first space-
space was a Soviet citizen. craft reentry in which women out-
On 16 February 1962, out of more numbered men on a crew.
than 400 applicants, five women NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg,
were selected to join the cosmonaut flying with ESA’s Luca Parmitano
corps: Tatyana Kuznetsova, Irina on Expedition 36/37 is working on
Solovyova, Zhanna Yorkina, Valenti- the Space Station on the anniver-
na Ponomaryova and Valentina sary of Valentina Tereshkova’s pio-
Tereshkova. The group spent several neering flight.
months in training, which included Nyberg said, “I grew up in an age
weightless flights, isolation tests, cen- where it was OK to do what you
trifuge tests, 120 parachute jumps wanted to do as a girl, but I know that
and pilot training in jet aircraft. before this, it was not necessarily so.
Four candidates passed the final Valentina Tereshkova. Photo: ESA A lot of the scientists, engineers and
examinations in November 1962, astronaut females who came before
after which they were commis- space, since technically these were launched on solo Vostok flights on me, set the stage for me. It’s incredi-
sioned as lieutenants in the Soviet only honorary ranks). consecutive days in March or April ble what some of those women prob-
air force (meaning Tereshkova also Originally a joint mission was 1963. Tereshkova, Solovyova and ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano and NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg. ably had to go through to make it no
became the first civilian to fly in planned that would see two women Ponomaryova were the leading can- Photo: ESA/NASA question for me.”
12 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 13
HISTORY
dition 1 in November
of 2000. The station is
SPACE EXPLORATION – serviced by a variety
of visiting spacecraft:
the Russian Soyuz and
A BRIEF HISTORY Progress; the American
Dragon and Cygnus;
the Japanese H-II Trans-
fer Vehicle; and former-
H umans have al-
ways looked up
into the night sky and
craft had sent back detailed images of
Jupiter and Saturn, their rings, and
their moons.
ly the Space Shuttle and
the European Automat-
ed Transfer Vehicle. It
dreamed about space. Skylab, America’s first space sta- has been visited by as-
In the latter half of the tion, was a human-spaceflight high- tronauts, cosmonauts,
20th century, rockets light of the 1970s, as was the Apollo and space tourists from
were developed that Soyuz Test Project, the world’s first 17 different nations.
were powerful enough internationally crewed (American Space launch systems
to overcome the force and Russian) space mission. have been designed to
of gravity to reach or- In the 1980s, satellite communi- reduce costs and im-
bital velocities, paving cations expanded to carry television prove dependability,
the way for space ex- programs, and people were able to safety, and reliability.
ploration to become a The International Space Station pick up the satellite signals on their Most U. S. military and
reality. Here are the key home dish antennas. Satellites dis- scientific satellites are
highlights and milestones in the his- Armstrong took “one giant leap for covered an ozone hole over Antarc- launched into orbit
tory of space exploration, according mankind” as he stepped onto the tica, pinpointed forest fires, and gave by a family of expend-
to the Aerospace Corporation. moon. Six Apollo missions were us photographs of the nuclear power able launch vehicles
made to explore the moon between plant disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. designed for a variety
1969 and 1972. Astronomical satellites found new Landing on the moon: Apollo 12 launches for second moon landing Nov. 14, 1969 of missions. Other na-
1957–1962 During the 1960s, unmanned stars and gave us a new view of the tions have their own
spacecraft photographed and probed center of our galaxy. shuttle for most civilian and military tle flight operations were suspended launch systems, and there is strong
On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviet Union the moon before astronauts ever space missions. Twenty-four success- for more than two years. competition in the commercial
launched the first artificial satellite, landed. By the early 1970s, orbiting ful shuttle launches fulfilled many Discovery was the first of the launch market to develop the next
Sputnik 1, into space. Four years later communications and navigation sat- Space shuttle scientific and military requirements three active space shuttles to be re- generation of launch systems.
on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt. Yuri ellites were in everyday use, and the until Jan. 28,1986, when just 73 sec- tired, completing its final mission on
Gagarin became the first human to Mariner spacecraft was orbiting and In April 1981, the launch of the onds after liftoff, the space shuttle March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on
orbit Earth in Vostok 1. His flight mapping the surface of Mars. By the space shuttle Columbia ushered in Challenger exploded. The crew of June 1. The final shuttle mission was The future of space
lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin end of the decade, the Voyager space- a period of reliance on the reusable seven was killed, including Chris- completed with the landing of Atlan- exploration
reached an altitude of 327 kilometers ta McAuliffe, a teacher from New tis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-
(about 202 miles). Hampshire who would have been the year space shuttle program. Modern space exploration is reach-
The first U.S. satellite, Explorer first civilian in space. Space systems continue to become ing areas once only dreamed about.
1, went into orbit on Jan. 31, 1958. The Columbia disaster was the sec- more and more integral to homeland Mars is focal point of modern space
In 1961, Alan Shepard became the ond shuttle tragedy. On Feb. 1, 2003, defense, weather surveillance, com- exploration, and manned Mars ex-
first American to fly into space. On the shuttle broke apart while re-enter- munication, navigation, imaging, and ploration is a long-term goal of the
Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn’s historic ing the Earth’s atmosphere, killing all remote sensing for chemicals, fires, United States. NASA is on a jour-
flight made him the first American seven crew members. The disaster oc- and other disasters. ney to Mars, with a goal of sending
to orbit Earth. curred over Texas, and only minutes The International Space Station is humans to the Red Planet in the
before it was scheduled to land at the a research laboratory in low Earth 2030s.
Kennedy Space Center. An investiga- orbit. With many different partners NASA and its partners have sent
Landing on the Moon tion determined the catastrophe was contributing to its design and con- orbiters, landers, and rovers, increas-
caused by a piece of foam insulation struction, this high-flying laboratory ing our knowledge about the planet.
“Landing a man on the moon and that broke off the shuttle’s propellant has become a symbol of cooperation The Curiosity Rover has gathered
returning him safely to Earth within tank and damaged the edge of the in space exploration, with former radiation data to protect astronauts,
a decade” was a national goal set by shuttle’s left wing. It was the second competitors now working together. and the MARS 2020 Rover will
President John F. Kennedy in 1961. During Exploration Mission-1, Orion will venture thousands of miles beyond the loss of a shuttle in 113 shuttle flights. The station has been continuously study the availability of oxygen and
On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil moon during an approximately three-week mission. (Image: NASA) After each of the disasters, space shut- occupied since the arrival of Expe- other Martian resources.
14 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 15
SCIENCE
sion I have had many opportu- agnostics, Mini-EUSO
nities to grow as a professional. experiments, already on
ITALIAN ASTRONAUT Leading Spaceship EAC, our team
of students and young researchers
working on technologies for lunar
board on the ISS, and on
which Luca Parmitano
has already worked dur-
SAMANTHA CRISTOFORETTI exploration, and being part of the
iHAB programme, providing an as-
tronaut’s perspective in the early de-
ing the ESA Beyond
mission in 2019.
RETURNS TO SPACE velopment of the habitation module
that ESA will provide to the Lunar
Gateway, were both enriching pro-
Europe in low-
Earth orbit
fessional experiences. I also had the
T he European Space Agency
(ESA) astronaut Samantha Cris-
toforetti has been assigned a second
sion, returning to Earth in a Russian
Soyuz vehicle after 200 days in space.
“It gives me great pleasure to an-
2021/22 astronaut selection. I look
forward to her continuing the essen-
tial work of European scientists in
chance to live for 10 days underwa-
ter as the Commander of NASA’s
NEEMO23 crew, experiencing a Soyuz training for ESA astronaut Samantha
During ESA’s
Space19+ ministerial
council, Member States
space mission and will fly to the In- nounce Samantha’s second space orbit as she inspires all Europeans to close analogue to a space mission,” Cristoforetti at Star City, Moscow in Russia. supported the Agency’s
ternational Space Station in spring mission,” said ESA Director General explore farther and reach higher for said Samantha. Photo: ESA/GCTC continued commitment
2022. Samantha first flew to the In- Josef Aschbacher. “Samantha is an the benefit of Earth.” “But going back to the Internation- to the International
ternational Space Station in 2014 for excellent role model for anyone ap- “I am grateful that in the years al Space Station, my home away from Space Station until at least 2030 and
Italy’s space agency ASI ‘Futura’ mis- plying to ESA’s recently announced since I returned from my first mis- home, has always remained my aspi- Reflecting on Futura the provision of second flights for all
ration. I am honoured astronauts from ESA’s class of 2009.
to be entrusted with a During Futura, Samantha support- Samantha’s flight follows the sec-
second space mission ed an extensive scientific programme ond flights of her classmates Alexan-
and look forward to rep- of experiments in physical science, der Gerst in 2018, Luca Parmitano in
resenting again Europe biology and human physiology as 2019 and Thomas Pesquet in 2021,
in orbit, as we continue well as radiation research and tech- and could see a direct on-Station
to pursue scientific dis- nology demonstrations. handover with Matthias Maurer who
covery and technolog- Samantha also oversaw the un- is scheduled to fly his first mission to
ical excellence,” added docking of ESA’s fifth and final Au- the Space Station later this year.
Samantha. tomated Transfer Ve-
hicle (ATV) marking
the end of a successful
Preparation programme that paved
in progress the way for the Euro-
pean Service Modules
Training for Saman- currently being pro-
tha’s second mission is duced for NASA’s Ori-
already under way and on spacecraft that will
has included Interna- travel around and to the
tional Space Station re- Moon.
fresher sessions at ESA’s
European Astronaut
Centre in Cologne, Italian
Germany, and NASA’s involvement
Johnson Space Center in the mission
in Houston, Texas.
In the coming The call for applica-
months, her schedule tions of the new ASI
will intensify as she experiments is still on-
brushes up on Space going. While waiting
Station systems and to train on the new ex-
procedures and trains periments, Samantha Samantha Cristoforetti poses in the Cupola module
for the specific experi- Cristoforetti will follow of the International Space Station with two 100-day
Samantha Cristoforetti training for spacewalks in NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in Houston, USA. Diving ments and tasks she will among others LIDAL, patches to mark her 200th day in space.
underwater is as close as it gets to experiencing weightlessness on Earth for long periods of time. Photo: NASA/ESA perform in space. NUTRISS, Acoustic Di- Photo: ESA/NASA
16 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 17
SCIENCE
According to Robert Hogg, Mars The sheer volume of imagery and scientist for Perseverance. “Butler
2020 Perseverance rover deputy mis- data already coming down on this inspired and influenced the plane-
PERSEVERANCE: sion manager, the first test of the ro-
botic arm was “a big moment”. “That’s
the main tool the science team will
mission has been a welcome bounty
for Matt Wallace, who recalls wait-
ing anxiously for the first images to
tary science community and many
beyond, including those typically
under-represented in STEM fields.”
DRIVING ON MARS use to do close-up examination of
the geologic features of Jezero Crater,
and then we’ll drill and sample the
trickle in during NASA’s first Mars
rover mission, Sojourner, which ex-
plored Mars in 1997. On March 3,
“I can think of no better person to
mark this historic landing site than
Octavia E. Butler, who not only grew
FOR THE FIRST TIME ones they find the most interesting.
When we got confirmation of the ro-
botic arm flexing its muscles, includ-
Wallace became the mission’s new
project manager. He replaced John
McNamee, who is stepping down as
up next door to JPL in Pasadena, but
she also inspired millions with her vi-
sions of a science-based future,” said
ing images of it working beautifully he intended, after helming the pro- Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA associate
N ASA’s Mars 2020
Perseverance rov-
er performed its first
after its long trip to Mars – well, it
made my day,” said Hogg.
Upcoming events and evaluations
ject for nearly a decade.
“John has provided unwavering
support to me and every member of
administrator for science. “Her guid-
ing principle, ‘When using science,
do so accurately,’ is what the science
drive on Mars March include more detailed testing and the project for over a decade,” said team at NASA is all about. Her work
4, covering 21.3 feet calibration of science instruments, Wallace. “He has left his mark on this continues to inspire today’s scientists
(6.5 meters) across the sending the rover on longer drives, mission and team, and it has been my and engineers across the globe – all
Martian landscape. The and jettisoning covers that shield privilege to not only call him boss in the name of a bolder, more equita-
drive served as a mobil- both the adaptive caching assembly but also my friend.” ble future for all.”
ity test that marks just (part of the rover’s Sample Caching Butler, who died in 2006, authored
one of many milestones System) and the Ingenuity Mars such notable works as “Kindred,”
as team members check Helicopter during landing. The ex- Touchdown site named “Bloodchild,” “Speech Sounds,” “Par-
out and calibrate every perimental flight test program for able of the Sower,” “Parable of the
system, subsystem, and the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter will With Perseverance departing from Talents,” and the “Patternist” series.
instrument on Perse- also take place during the rover’s its touchdown site, mission team sci- Her writing explores themes of race,
verance. Once the rov- commissioning. entists have memorialized the spot, gender, equality, and humanity, and
er begins pursuing its Through it all, the rover is send- informally naming it for the late sci- her works are as relevant today as
science goals, regular ing down images from the most ad- ence fiction author Octavia E. But- they were when originally written
commutes extending vanced suite of cameras ever to travel ler. The groundbreaking author and and published.
656 feet (200 meters) to Mars. The mission’s cameras have Pasadena, California, native was the
or more are expected. already sent about 7,000 images. first African American woman to win
“When it comes to On Earth, Perseverance’s imagery both the Hugo Award and Nebula The mission
wheeled vehicles on flows through the powerful Deep Award, and she was the first science
other planets, there are Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech Space Network (DSN), managed fiction writer honored with a MacAr- A key objective of Perseverance’s
few first-time events by NASA’s Space Communications thur Fellowship. The location where mission on Mars is astrobiology, in-
that measure up in significance to space. To help better understand the program that helped land Persever- and Navigation (SCaN) program. In Perseverance began its mission on cluding the search for signs of ancient
that of the first drive,” said Anais dynamics of a retrorocket landing on ance with one they will rely on to in- space, several Mars orbiters play an Mars now bears the name “Octavia microbial life. The rover will charac-
Zarifian, Mars 2020 Perseverance the Red Planet, engineers used Per- vestigate the planet. equally important role. E. Butler Landing.” terize the planet’s geology and past
rover mobility test bed engineer at severance’s Navigation and Hazard More recently, the controllers “Orbiter support for downlink of Official scientific names for places climate, pave the way for human ex-
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Avoidance Cameras to image the checked out Perseverance’s Radar data has been a real gamechanger,” and objects throughout the solar sys- ploration of the Red Planet, and be
in Southern California. “This was spot where Perseverance touched Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experi- said Justin Maki, chief engineer for tem – including asteroids, comets, the first mission to collect and cache
our first chance to ‘kick the tires’ and down, dispersing Martian dust with ment (RIMFAX) and Mars Oxygen imaging and the imaging scientist and locations on planets – are desig- Martian rock and regolith.
take Perseverance out for a spin. The plumes from its engines. In-Situ Resource Utilization Exper- for the Mars 2020 Perseverance nated by the International Astronom- Subsequent NASA missions, in
rover’s six-wheel drive responded iment (MOXIE) instruments and rover mission at JPL. “When you ical Union. Scientists working with cooperation with ESA (European
superbly. We are now confident our deployed the Mars Environmental see a beautiful image from Jezero, NASA’s Mars rovers have traditionally Space Agency), would send space-
drive system is good to go, capable of More Than Roving Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) in- consider that it took a whole team given unofficial nicknames to various craft to Mars to collect these sealed
taking us wherever the science leads strument’s two wind sensors, which of Martians to get it to you. Every geological features, which they can samples from the surface and return
us over the next two years.” The rover’s mobility system is not extend out from the rover’s mast. An- picture from Perseverance is relayed use as references in scientific papers. them to Earth for in-depth analysis.
The drive, which lasted about 33 the only thing getting a test drive dur- other significant milestone occurred by either the European Space Agen- “Butler’s protagonists embody de- The Mars 2020 Perseverance mis-
minutes, propelled the rover for- ing this period of initial checkouts. on March 2, or sol 12, when engi- cy’s Trace Gas Orbiter, or NASA’s termination and inventiveness, mak- sion is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars
ward 13 feet (4 meters), where it On Feb. 26 – Perseverance’s eighth neers unstowed the rover’s 7-foot- MAVEN, Mars Odyssey, or Mars ing her a perfect fit for the Persever- exploration approach, which in-
then turned in place 150 degrees to Martian day, or sol, since landing – long (2-meter-long) robotic arm for Reconnaissance Orbiter. They are ance rover mission and its theme of cludes Artemis missions to the Moon
the left and backed up 8 feet (2.5 me- mission controllers completed a soft- the first time, flexing each of its five important partners in our explora- overcoming challenges,” said Kath- that will help prepare for human ex-
ters) into its new temporary parking ware update, replacing the computer joints over the course of two hours. tions and our discoveries.” ryn Stack Morgan, deputy project ploration of the Red Planet.
18 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 19ORTHODOX MESSENGER
“beginning” of our re- That is how grace,
demption. healing and protection
TODAY IS THE BEGINNING The belief that the
Lord Jesus was cruci-
fied and died on the
from the Lord’s cross
are poured out on the
world. The cross is not
OF OUR SALVATION cross is an important
dogma of the Church.
In the creed, we con-
only past and present
but also the future. The
Church is waiting… on
AUGUSTIN SOKOLOVSKI, fess our faith in “the the return of the cross.
Doctor of Theology, priest Lord Jesus, Christ, the We are waiting for the
Son of God, who was Lord’s return according
crucified for us under to the Bible.
T oday is the beginning of our sal-
vation, / the revelation of the
eternal mystery! / The Son of God
portant holiday concerning the fol-
lowing of its occurrence is Easter.
Easter is celebrated on the first Sun-
began on March 15 and Easter clos-
es on May 2. The Christmas cycle is
parallel to the Easter cycle in the li-
Pontius Pilate”. This
means that the death of
the Lord on the cross is
Not only are we all
partakers of this world,
but we are flesh of the
becomes the Son of the Virgin / as day after the first full moon after the turgical calendar. It begins with the not an idea, not a rep- flesh of our planet. But
Gabriel announces the coming of vernal equinox. Annunciation, that is the day of the resentation, not an ac- the world lives its own
Grace. / Together with him let us This means that all the celebra- conception of the Lord Jesus Christ complishment realised life, the world goes
cry to the Theotokos: / Hail, O Full tions and memories associated with by the Virgin Mary of the Holy Spirit by come great hero, but its own way. Like any
of Grace, / the Lord is with You! Easter, Lent, the day of Pentecost and the Christmas season, circumci- a real, terrible, shame- real historical event in
(Troparion – Tone 4). and the sequence of liturgical read- sion and presentation. And the early ful, painful, grievous salvation history, the
These words from the Troparion of ings on Sunday belong to different church celebrated Christmas and the death. Once upon a message must be re-
the Annunciation are very meaning- dates each year. This year 2021, Lent baptism of Jesus Christ was called time in history. vealed in the history
ful. “Hence in our Lord Epiphany, on January The death of the of the world. If this is
Jesus, the personal ex- 6 (19) with the count- one who as God once not heard, the world
istence overcomes all down from Epiphany. entered into history has started to collapse.
own limits and in God, Festivals for saints, to save us, something The world starts suffer-
it becomes truly unlim- icons and historical exceptional made up ing from ailments and
ited.” The Annunciation events are celebrated for human salvation. diseases.
is celebrated in the Rus- throughout the year. Our being, we know “Like there is a soul
sian Orthodox Church There are ideological this and see, we recog- in the body, there
on April. It is one of the celebrations in the litur- nise and understand it are Christians in the
most important Chris- gical calendar as well. more and more, is con- world,” says one of the
tian feasts of the month. Initially in connection nected with suffering, first Christian texts,
If somebody looks at with this or that event, hardship and pain. The ““Epistle to Diogne-
the liturgical calendar, they have turned into Lord’s cross is insepa- The Crucifixion of Jesus. Russian icon by Dionisius. XVI tus”. We are Christians
one can feel that it is a celebrations in honour rable from the sufferer. in the Church. Like
special calendar of its and memory of this or Turning to the cross we refer to it as found and that has since been re- the angels of the Lord Jesus, mes-
kind in which, as in any that dogma or doctri- you. We invoke the cross of the Lord, vealed in the Bible and the life of the sengers of the eternal praise.
secular calendar, the nal belief. Concerns re- we glorify the cross, we have bitten Church. The cross of Christ is the life “Rejoice, gracious, the Lord is with
time from the begin- lated to Easter change the protection and the help of the of the world. The cross of Christ is you” is said to Mother Mary. The di-
ning of the year to its by date, the rest do cross. All sacraments and ordinances the new heart of the universe. When vine and the Human meet, never to
end is administered, in not. One of these hol- of the church are developed from the we worship the cross, we bid him separate again. The communion of
celebrations, rhythms idays – the adornment cross of the Lord. to protect us. We bid him to save us man and God becomes an example, a
and data and that it is of April – is the feast The sacrament of the sacraments – from all misfortune. paradigm, an image and a criterion for
diachronic. of the Annunciation. the Eucharist – becomes the mo- We live worried on fearful days. every other common coexistence. For
This means we are It will be celebrated by ment when the priest blesses the They frighten us because we are un- the experience of Redemption today.
dealing with different the church on April 7. bread and wine that has to become aware of the greatness of the divine O Victorious Leader of Trium-
time sequences, be- The event of Annunci- the Sacrament in a cruciform man- gift. Power and protection that was phant Hosts! / We, your servants,
tween the liturgical ation is directly related ner by the power of the Holy Spir- once given by the Lord in his cross. delivered from evil, sing our grateful
cycles and the festive to salvation and is con- it. And they become the body and We forget that the Lord belongs to thanks to you, O Theotokos! / As
events, to change those ducted in the profes- blood of the Lord Jesus. us. He lives and feels, he cries and you possess invincible might, set us
in detail to resolve par- sion of faith. The main The cross of Christ is the founda- mourns, sees himself and waits with a free from every calamity / so that we
adoxical relationships. song of the festival, the tion of the world. This is the force childlike love for everyone who turns may sing: Hail, O unwedded Bride!
The first and most im- Annunciation. 1408 Troparion, is called the of gravity that scholars believe to be to him over and over again. (Kontakion – Tone 8).
20 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 21You can also read
