On Demand Sessions These sessions will be available for conference attendees to watch at their leisure from October 21, 2020 - April 30, 2021 ...
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On Demand Sessions
These sessions will be available for conference attendees to watch at
their leisure from October 21, 2020 – April 30, 2021.
Sessions are listed in alphabetical order by title.
"I Could Smell Roast Pork and I Knew I Was on This panel discussion will present a competency model
Fire”: British Soldiers’ Experiences of Mortal Peril in known as “The 5 Tool Coach” developed by a Mental
Combat Performance Team within Major League Baseball. In
Lecture | Tactical Populations this session, attendees can expect the following learning
Lucy Longhurst, University of Surrey / Self Employed, objectives: 1. Exploration of the knowledge, skills and
UK; Peter Jensen, New Mexico State University, USA abilities (KSAs) of a Mental Performance Coach in
Mental Performance Consultants (MPC) working with professional sport; 2. Lessons learned in developing an
tactical populations may improve their consulting in-house competency model; 3. How a competency
effectiveness, with a more holistic understanding of the model may impact staff development, program
unique experiences of life-threatening combat settings. effectiveness, interdisciplinary approach, and hiring.
Semi-structured interviews with eight soldiers about their
in situ encounters with mortal peril in combat, revealed “I am A Human First": Mental Health Considerations
extreme psychological and physiological responses, Working with Non-White Athletes
temporal-perceptual distortions, and efforts to manage Symposium | Mental Health
the moment. Results also offer insights that are Kerry Guest, Indiana University, USA; Mykal Manswell,
consistent with, as well as extend, performance Robert Morris University, USA; Aaron Goodson,
psychology consulting models to improve performance, Mississippi State University, USA; Samantha Monda,
and further, potentially enhance longer-term well-being Robert Morris University/KPEX Consulting, USA
and even growth. This presentation explores mental health considerations
for practitioners working with non-white athletes. A
“A Double-Edged Sword”: International Student critical race framework will be used to discuss media
Athletes’ Perceptions of the Impact of the NCAA portrayal of non-white athletes, mental health attitudes
Experience on their Success Post-Graduation and help-seeking behaviors, and implications for
Lecture | Collegiate Sport practitioners.
Brian Foster, Lock Haven University, USA; Patricia Lally,
Lock Haven University, USA “I Was Sleeping, Like, One Hour a Night”: An
The purpose of this study was to address an identified Empirical Study of Rest in College Coaches
gap in the international student-athlete literature; Lecture | Coaching
specifically, to examine international student-athletes’ David Eccles, Florida State University, USA; Thomas
perceptions of the impact of the NCAA experience on Gretton, Florida State University, USA; Nate Harris,
their success post-graduation. Recommendations will be Florida State University, USA
highlighted for future international student-athletes, In effort to reduce the incidence of burnout in coaches,
practitioners, and university administrators. 20 NCAA DI coaches were interviewed about what rest
and resting means to them as coaches, particularly in
“Got Feel”: Developing a Competency Model for psychological terms. Coaches reported that resting
Professional Baseball involves a variety of experiences including being able to
Panel | Elite/Pro Sport stop thinking about coaching or “switching off”, and
Ben Freakley, Toronto Blue Jays, USA; Rafael Dubois, proposed a variety of barriers to switching off and
Toronto Blue Jays, USA; Robert DiBernardo, Toronto strategies employed in the face of these barriers.
Blue Jays, USA; John Lannan, Toronto Blue Jays, USA; Consultants should consider highlighting the importance
James Van Ostrand, Toronto Blue Jays, USA; Andres of rest, and strategies that enhance rest, into the
Galvez, Toronto Blue Jays, USA; Angus Mugford, education programs they provide for coaches and their
Toronto Blue Jays, USA sport organizations.“The Bullet Punched Him in the Forehead”: dilemmas. Recommendations for sport psychology
Exploring the Stressors Encountered by Soldiers in professionals on how to better educate parents, players,
Close Combat and administration on emotional abuse in sport will be
Lecture | Tactical Populations provided.
Peter Jensen, New Mexico State University, USA;
Matthew Smith, University of Winchester, UK A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of
Tactical populations encounter the most mentally Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MSPE) and
challenging conditions during close combat, yet this Psychological Skills Training with Collegiate Track
performance area remains nearly unexplored by applied and Field Athletes
performance psychology research. Thematic analysis of Lecture | Consulting & Interventions
eight autobiographies from individuals with experience in Thomas Minkler, West Virginia University, USA; Megan
close combat unveiled specifics on the intense stressors Hut, Catholic University of America, USA; Carol Glass,
possible in these settings and that, in many instances, The Catholic University of America, USA
were not reproducible in a training environment. Due to the increasing interest in mindfulness-based
Implications are focused on enhancing the professional interventions for athletes, it is important to investigate
competency of the Mental Performance Consultants their effectiveness compared to more traditional
training military populations that have close combat as a cognitive-behavioral approaches. Members of an NCAA
primary occupational role. Division III Track and Field team were randomly
assigned either to a 6-week Mindful Sport Performance
“There’s Something in the Air…:” Using Nature in Enhancement (MSPE) program or to a 6-week
Applied Sport Psychology Psychological Skills Training group (progressive muscle
Lecture | Consulting & Interventions relaxation, positive self-talk, and imagery exercises).
Andrew Friesen, Pennsylvania State University, USA Results indicated that athletes in both interventions rated
The biophilia hypothesis suggests that people have a their training as similarly successful and showed
natural affinity to affiliate with natural surroundings significant improvements in overall sport anxiety,
(Kellert & Wilson, 1993). The purpose of this research somatic anxiety, and sport-related worry; only the MSPE
project was to explore sport psychology consultants’ group showed a significant increase in self-rated
usage of natural settings as an intervention tool when satisfaction with physical sport performance.
working with athletes. Results highlight beliefs
concerning the beneficial qualities of nature, the details Advancing Organizational Diversity in the
as to what these interventions entailed, and beneficial Association for Applied Sport Psychology: Four
effects observed in the athletes afterward. Models
Symposium | Diversity & Culture
“We Are All On the Same Team”: Parent Involvement Matthew Bejar, Mount Mercy University, USA; Robert
in Mental Training Consultations with Youth Sport Owens, University of Western States, USA; Hannah
Athletes Bennett, Augusta University, USA; Candace Hogue,
Workshop | Youth Sport Penn State University, Harrisburg, USA
Samantha Monda, Robert Morris University/KPEX In this symposium, four organizational diversity models
Consulting, USA; Donato Fanelle, KPEX Consulting, and their practical implications for AASP will be
USA; Leigh Skvarla, Western Psychiatric Hospital of discussed. This presentation is jointly sponsored by the
UPMC, USA Diversity Committee and the Women in Sport, Race and
This presentation is designed to assist practitioners Ethnicity in Sport, GLBTI, and the Men and Masculinities
working with parents during youth sport athlete SIGs; thus, these perspectives will receive particular
consultations. Attendees will explore strategies for attention. This symposium supports goals 3.3.1, 3.3.2,
working with parents, generate recommendations for 10.3.7, and 10.3.8 of the 2019-2022 AASP Strategic
facilitating positive parent-child and parent-practitioner Plan.
relationships, and discuss how to design evidence-
based parent education sessions, paying particular Analyzing Stressors Experienced by NCAA Division I
attention to potential ethical concerns. Head and Assistant Coaches On and Off the Field
Lecture | Coaching
“We Were Stuck”: A Case Study Exploring the Moral Nick Stevens, Appalachian State University, USA;
Dilemmas of Athletes and Parents from a Team with Anthony Cangas, Appalachian State University, USA;
an Emotionally Abusive Coach Sara Powell, Missouri State University, USA; Kimberly
Lecture | Social Justice, Equity, and Inclusion Fasczewski, Appalachian State University, USA; Skylar
Lindsey Miossi, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Jewell, International Junior Golf Academy, USA; Jacob
USA; Leslee Fisher, University of Tennessee, USA; Blumberg, Magellan Federal, USA
Abigail Smith, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA This study aimed to examine the stressors experienced
This presentation explores the results from a case study by head and assistant coaches at the NCAA Division I
of a team that successfully took action against their level. Twenty-one coaches across a variety of sports
emotionally abusive coach. Although the coach was participated in semi-structured interviews. Main themes
forced to resign, the decision to take action by players that emerged from the data will be discussed along with
and parents was complex and filled with moral recommendations for reducing stress and improvingcommunication across the NCAA Division I coaching interesting and unexpected ways in which coaches do
profession. and could enhance positivity. This has benefits for
improved athlete performance and well-being.
Applying Athletic Values And Executive Coaching
To Sport Psychological Consultation Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction of NCAA
Workshop | Collegiate Sport Student-Athletes: A Longitudinal, Person-Oriented
Jordan Collins, Saint Louis University, USA; Janet Investigation
Oberle, Saint Louis University, USA; Michael Ross, Saint Lecture | Collegiate Sport
Louis University, USA Daniel Leyhr, University of Tuebingen. Germany;
This workshop will be a presentation of a unique Johannes Raabe, West Virginia University, USA; Lauren
approach to sport psychology consulting by integrating McHenry, University of Tennessee, USA; Tucker
an executive coaching model and athletic values. This Readdy, University of Wyoming, USA; Tara Ryan, Penn
approach to service delivery focuses on several levels of State Altoona, USA; Loran Grant, University of
social aggregation as outlined by Fletcher and Wagstaff Tennessee, USA; Oliver Höner, University of Tübingen,
(2009) including organizational, intergroup, intra-group, Germany
and individual levels and is consistent with the The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate
observation that sport teams garner the most success NCAA student-athletes’ fulfillment of autonomy,
when all individuals from coaches, athletes, to back competence, and relatedness using a person-oriented
office contributors are in alignment in terms of goals and approach. The findings highlight nuanced differences in
values. All attendees will receive access to the participants’ basic psychological need satisfaction as
empirically derived athletic values taxonomy and a well as relationships to important outcomes (i.e.,
sample program of executive coaching program that burnout, well-being, and performance). Practical
includes athlete values. implications for mental performance consultants include
the use of more individualized approaches to nurture
Approaching Work with Athletes Through a DBT athletes’ basic psychological needs.
Lens
Workshop | Mental Health Being Mindful of Perfectionism and Performance
Leigh Skvarla, Western Psychiatric Hospital of UPMC, Among Athletes in a Judged Sport
USA; Kristen Mackel, Western Psychiatric Institute of Lecture | Collegiate Sport
UPMC, USA; Miriam Rowan, McLean Hospital / Harvard Erika Van Dyke, West Virginia University, USA; Sam
Medical School, USA Zizzi, West Virginia University, USA; Aaron Metzger,
This presentation will focus on the understanding and West Virginia University, USA
application of DBT skills and principles in clinical and The current presentation will discuss the findings of a
non-clinical settings with athletes and other high- study exploring mindfulness and perfectionism among
performers. 244 NCAA gymnasts through a person-centered
approach. Performance differences were not statistically
Athletes’ Experiences of Leaving Sport Due to observed across the three distinct profiles of mindfulness
Spinal Cord Injury: A Multiple Case Study and perfectionism, although exploratory pairwise
Examination comparisons indicated potential performance differences
Lecture | Injury/Rehabilitation between profiles with maximum variation on vault and
Derek Zike, UW Milwaukee, USA; Robin Vealey, Miami bars. In the current sample, self-reported perfectionism
University, USA; Monna Arvinen-Barrow, University of appears more predictive of objective performance than
Wisconsin - Milwaukee, USA self-reported mindfulness across three of the four
This study explored athletes’ experiences of transition gymnastics events.
from sport due to spinal cord injury using a mixed-
method, multiple case study design. Findings revealed Best Practices of the CMPC Role in the
that participants experienced a variety of cognitive, Rehabilitation Process of Elite Athletes
emotional, social, and behavioral influences during the Panel | Injury/Rehabilitation
transition process. The results will be discussed in Kellen Lee, San Francisco Giants, USA; Oscar
relation to theory, existing literature, and applied Gutierrez, Cleveland Indians, USA; Francisco
implications aimed for practitioners working with athletes Rodriguez, San Francisco Giants, USA; Martin
who have transitioned out of sport due to spinal cord Rasumoff, Cleveland Indians, USA
injury. This panel will consist of four Sport Psychology
professionals who provide mental skills services to
Athletes’ Perceptions of Coaching Body Positivity: “I professional/elite athletes. The panelists will provide best
Think It Definitely Needs To Be Brought Up” practices related to mental skills integration into the
Lecture | Coaching physical rehabilitation process. Attendees will gain an
Matthew Charest, Bates College, USA; Su Langdon, understanding of how to effectively collaborate with
Bates College, USA sports medicine professionals and how to integrate
This study explored how coaches influence their mental skills into the physical rehabilitation process.
athletes' body positivity. Results indicated the
importance of this aspect of body image and someBeyond Technique! Bringing your TRUE YOU into Sweden; Albin Werner, Halmstad University, Sweden;
Consulting Elin Borg, Halmstad University, Sweden; Markus
Panel | Consulting & Interventions Enoksson, Halmstad University, Sweden; Andreas
Tim Herzog, Reaching Ahead Counseling and Mental Stenling, Umeå University, Sweden; Jordyn Learner,
Performance, USA; Jack Lesyk, Ohio Center for Sport The George Washington University, USA; Monna
Psychology, USA; Kristina Reihl, Private Practice, USA; Arvinen-Barrow, Discussant, USA
Michael Griffith, , USA Empirical science often fails to gain traction in non-profit
This panel, comprised of four practitioners whom all sport organizations due to lack of personal connections,
deeply value authenticity and ethical practice, plus knowledge, capacity, and needed resources to integrate
pragmatic concerns such as expedient/ cost-effective research into the infrastructure of sport programs for
service provision, ranging in experience from 5 to 35 young athletes. The purpose of this symposium is to
years, will share anecdote and theory based share ongoing applications of a cross-cultural, youth
considerations in deciding when to embrace versus sport partnership between the USA and Sweden that
avoid self-disclosure. The panel will also expand upon closes the science-to-practice gap around youth sport
their own decision-making processes associated with participation retention and dropout. Presentations will
having one's own experience guide the way for greater include sport scientists and Swedish NGB directors, who
empathy and the all-important therapeutic alliance, will present findings of ongoing projects and how they
regardless of whether or not self-disclosure actually work together to conduct rigorous science, implement its
occurs (Martin, Garske, & Davis, 2000). findings, and scale it within country.
Breathing: You’re Doing it Wrong Brief Interventions in Practice: Preview, Participate,
Workshop | Consulting & Interventions and Process
Chad Fong, United States Speical Operations Workshop | Consulting & Interventions
Command, USA; Christine Sanchez, Thrive Proactive Trey McCalla, Apogee High Performance, USA; Hillary
Health, USA Cauthen, Texas Optimal Performance & Psychological
Breathing is one of the foundational mental skills that Services, USA; Jamie Shapiro, University of Denver,
many sport psychology professionals utilize for USA
improving performance. This presentation will go over With the increasing demand for brief interventions when
basic respiration chemistry and why most breathing working with clients, this workshop gives a glimpse into
instructions do not take into consideration carbon dioxide how to implement effective brief interventions from a
balance. During the workshop different breathing theory-driven, evidence-based approach. Participants
strategies, assessments, and techniques will be will have the opportunity to preview, participate, and
demonstrated and shared. process through role-played case studies presented by
three CMPC presenters.
Bridging the Gap between Culturally Relevant
Teaching and Consulting in Exercise and Sport Building Sport Psychology Beyond You: Developing
Psychology & Implementing Innovative Programming in NCAA
Symposium | Diversity & Culture Athletic Departments
Amanda Perkins-Ball, Rice University, USA; Zellessia Panel | Collegiate Sport
Ejalonibu, L.E.A.D.O.F.F. Counseling and Consulting, Cory Shaffer, Amplos, USA; Katherine McLean Nichols,
LLC, USA; Jerry Holt, Florida A&M University, USA Synergy Performance, USA; Kimberly Shaffer, Barry
This symposium will summarize the theoretical tenets of University, USA
culturally relevant pedagogy, discuss the importance of The purpose of this panel is to provide insight into
implementing culturally relevant instruction in SEP research-supported comprehensive, integrated sport
classes, and demonstrate the potential of culturally psychology programming that has been implemented
relevant pedagogy in cultivating culturally competent within NCAA Athletic Departments. Attendees will hear
SEP practitioners. Presenters will provide examples of from a panel of SPPs in various roles within NCAA
activities, assignments, and vignettes used to bridge the Athletic Departments and leave with practical ideas on
gap between culturally relevant education and practice. how to develop similar programs and create additional
impact within their respective roles.
Bridging the Gap Between Sport Science and NGBs:
A Cross-Cultural, Youth Sport Partnership Between CMPC Certification: Eligibility Requirements for New
the USA and Sweden Candidates and Recertification Procedures for
Symposium | Diversity & Culture Current CMPCs
Amanda Visek, The George Washington University, Featured
USA; Andreas Ivarsson, Halmstad University, Sweden; Robin Vealey, Miami University, USA; Vicki Tomlinson,
John Lind, Swedish Ice Hockey Association, Sweden; John F. Kennedy University, USA; Brandonn Harris,
Anders Wahlström, Swedish Ice Hockey Association, Georgia Southern University, USA
Sweden; Jenny Back, Halmstad University, Sweden; Examples of acceptable CE activities are provided, and
Heather Mannix, The George Washington University, the prorated system of CE requirements for CMPCs
USA; Camilla Altéus, Swedish Basketball Federation, recertifying in 2020 and 2021 are explained. Questions
Sweden; Orkan Berktan, Swedish Basketball Federation, and discussion will be invited from attendees throughoutthe workshop, and Certification Council members will be 2011), and (4) How to leverage these objectives using
available for specific questions related to their areas of an integrative approach, for optimal results. The
responsibility. workshop will employ a number of pedagogical
approaches including presentation, activities including
Coach Development and Mental Performance examples of coaching techniques from the mental
Consultancy within Masters Sport performance consultants’ experience, interaction in the
Lecture | Coaching form of applied exercises, and group discussion.
Bettina Callary, Cape Breton University, Canada; Scott
Rathwell, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Bradley W Collaborating with Coaches to Support Performance
Young,University of Ottawa, Canada Enhancement and Sport Satisfaction:
Masters Athletes (adults typically over 35) are a growing Considerations for Mental Performance Consultants
cohort, but their psychological needs have been, until Workshop | Consulting & Interventions
recently, relatively neglected, in part because of ageist Lauren McHenry, University of Tennessee, USA;
assumptions regarding their competitive orientations. Lindsey Miossi, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
However, MAs and their coaches may be a treasure- USA; Rebecca Zakrajsek, University of Tennessee,
trove for mental performance consultants (MPCs). The USA; Leslee Fisher, University of Tennessee, USA
purpose of this presentation is to provide a synthesis of The purpose of this workshop is to present specific
an ongoing grant-funded research program that strategies for MPCs working with and through coaches
uncovers important considerations of coach in both individual and team sport settings. Based on the
development for MPCs when working within the Masters supervised experiences of two graduate student MPCs,
sport context. multiple case studies will be utilized to illustrate how
MPCs can work with coaches to better support
Coaches as Drivers and Integrators of Sport performance enhancement within the sport system. With
Psychology Services: Leveraging Personal each case, we will guide workshop attendees through a
Experiences in Sport Psychology, and University facilitated ethical decision-making process (Remley &
Resources, while Leading Division I Teams Herlihy, 2015) to determine MPC actions.
Panel | Collegiate Sport
Adrianna Napoletano, Penn State University, USA; Carl Collegiate Sport Club Athletes’ Perceptions of the
Ohlson, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Rob Climate on Their Teams and Indices of Their
Cooper, Penn State University, USA; Sarah Brown, Psychological Well-Being
Penn State University, USA; Mark Pavlik, Penn State Lecture | Collegiate Sport
University, USA Chelsi Scott, University of Kansas, USA; Mary Fry,
Veteran and young head coaches with significant past University of Kansas, USA; Hannah Weingartner,
contact with sport psychology lead Division I teams with University of Kansas, USA; Troy Wineinger, University of
mental performance as a central component of their Kansas, USA
coaching. These coaches seamlessly weave sport Coaches and officers participated in a coaching
psychology teachings throughout their coaching and education intervention to help them create a more caring
leverage their university’s performance psychology and task-involving (CTI). In a CTI climate, leaders are
services in highly effective ways to reinforce their recognizing and valuing effort and improvement,
coaching. The purpose of this panel discussion is to fostering cooperation, treating mistakes as part of the
have these coaches share with the audience their vision, learning process, making everyone feel like they play an
insights, and experience with sport psychology, and important role on the team, and treating everyone with
connect their work to past legends as well as current kindness and respect. Athletes who perceived a CTI
service providers as they advance their staffs and climate on their teams reported greater self-kindness,
teams. hope and happiness, which are important aspects of
psychological well-being.
Coaching the Coach: The Impact Through the
Gatekeeper Conceptualizing Psychological Performance
Workshop | Coaching Enhancement in a Music Domain
Laura Lee, IMG Academy, USA; Rebecca Thomas, IMG Lecture | Non-Sport Performance Applications
Academy, USA Jessica Ford, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA;
Through evidence-based practice and the mental Monna Arvinen-Barrow, University of Wisconsin -
performance consultant’s applied experience, this Milwaukee, USA; Michael Brondino, University of
workshop will focus on four specific learning objectives: Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA; Sheila Feay-Shaw,
(1) How to gain entry, including building rapport and a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA; Russell
trusting relationship with the coach (Sharp & Hodge, Johnson, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, USA;
2013), (2) How to bridge the gap from power to Stephen Wester, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
empowerment in helping coaches realize the value of USA
shared leadership within a team (Fransen, Mertens, This presentation will explore the psychological and
Cotterill, Broek, & Boen, 2019), (3) How to create a psychosocial aspects of music performance to
common language with coaches to enhance awareness conceptualize psychological performance enhancement
and emotional support (Millar, Oldham, & Donovan, (PPE) in a music domain. The presentation will help theattendees to better understand the unique performance sport by assessing the manner in which collegiate team
considerations of musicians that differ from athletes. sport athletes use music for themselves and for their
This information can help researchers and practitioners teams' cohesion and performance. Following a brief
who are looking to develop contextually appropriate PPE review of relevant research in sport, exercise, and
interventions for musicians. performance Psychology (e.g., Bishop et al., 2007;
Gabana et al., 2019; Karageorghis et al., 2018; Terry,
Conservatory Musicians’ Temporal Organization and 2020), the lecturer will discuss the mixed-method design
Self-Regulation Processes in Preparing for a Music and survey results of how, why, and for what athletes
Exam use music. Lastly, attendees will learn implications of the
Lecture | Non-Sport Performance Applications study and potential applications of music in applied sport
Roberta Antonini Philippe, University of Lausanne, psychology.
Switzerland; Céline Kosirnik, University of Lausanne,
Switzerland; Noémi Vuichoud, University of Lausanne, David and Goliath - The Psychology of the Favorite
Switzerland; Terry Clark, Royal College of Music, and the Underdog in Olympic Team Sports
London, UK; Aaron Williamon, Royal College of Music, Panel | Olympic Sport, International, and Global
London, UK; Gary E. McPherson, The University of Perspectives
Melbourne, Australia Peter Haberl, USOC, USA; Traci Statler, Cal State
The audience will have the chance to discover an Fullerton, USA; Brian Alexander,
original research about conservatory musicians’ AthleteMentalSkillsCoach.com, USA; Véronique
preparation for a music exam. As in sport, perform at its Richard, Cirque de Soleil, Canada
highest level is central in the music domain. This lecture David vs Goliath at the Olympic Games. Managing the
will allow the audience to leave with practical proposals role expectations of being the favourite vs the underdog
on how to accompany musicians in their mental in Olympic Team Sports.
preparation leading up to an important performance.
Determining Intervention Components for a Physical
Consulting with Game Officials: Empirical and Activity Program Designed for Former Division I
Experiential Knowledge College Athletes: A Qualitative Approach
Lecture | Consulting & Interventions Lecture | Exercise/Health/Fitness
Shelby Anderson, UNC Greensboro, USA; Hannah Paula-Marie Ferrara, The University of Tennessee,
Bennett, Augusta University, USA; Megan Buning, Knoxville, USA; Rebecca Zakrajsek, University of
Augusta University, USA Tennessee, USA; Morgan Eckenrod, University of
While the literature is clear that game officials face many Southern Mississippi, USA; Cory Beaumont, The
stressors from their role within sport, there is little University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA; Kelley
empirical or applied evidence to describe the specific Strohacker, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
needs of this unique population. The purpose of the USA
current study was to understand what mental Despite their history with sports training, research shows
performance training softball umpires were interested in that former college athletes’ physical activity levels
learning to help alleviate some of their current decrease substantially after retirement from sport and
challenges. The presenters will provide practical advice, may exacerbate health concerns that manifest later in
grounded in empirical evidence and experiential life. Physical activity promotion is necessary in this
knowledge for other consultants who wish to engage in population to prevent these later health problems,
meaningful work with this population. however a deeper understanding of their experiences
with physical activity post-retirement, as well as what
Controlled Breathing Rates Alter Motor Performance program components they would be attracted to, is
Lecture | Non-Sport Performance Applications warranted before intervention development can proceed.
Taylor Buchanan, University of Florida, USA; This presentation discusses inactive, former NCAA
Christopher Janelle, University of Florida, USA Division I athletes’ experiences with physical activity
Breathing interventions are used to influence movement after retiring from collegiate sport and program
execution, however, we do not know the costs of characteristics influenced by their experiences that they
breathing on movement planning. Our presentation will believe would be effective for their population.
cover the use of breathing interventions to enhance Effective Mentoring: A Review and Discussion of the
planning and execution of motor performance. Attendees New CMPC Mentor Guidelines
will learn performance costs and benefits of regulating Panel | Professional Development, Supervision, and
breathing rate. Mentoring
Jack Lesyk, Ohio Center for Sport Psychology, USA;
Country Roads Take Us Home: Athlete Music Use Damien Clement, West Virginia University, USA; Charles
and Implications for Sport Psychology Practitioners Maher, Cleveland Indians, USA; Brandonn Harris,
Lecture | Consulting & Interventions Georgia Southern University, USA
Seth Swary, West Virginia University, USA; Sam Zizzi, The authors of the newly released CMPC Mentor
West Virginia University, USA Guidelines will present a summary and clarification of
The lecturer will present a study intended to extend the guidelines. Attendees will have an opportunity to
current literature on the relationship between music and have their questions answeredEvaluating the Athlete’s and Coach’s Needs: findings suggest that female athletes of minority groups
Preliminary Stage in Building Sport Psychology experience discrimination on the basis of their gender
Services for USATF Athletes for the Next Olympic and race at a higher rate than their male counterparts as
Cycle well as their White female counterparts. These findings
Panel | Elite/Pro Sport highlight an area applied practitioners should know when
Lennie Waite, Waite Performance Strategies LLC, USA; working with these populations in order to enhance their
Anne Shadle, , USA; Brian Zuleger, Adams State cultural competency and efficacy when working with
University, USA; Christopher Stanley, Florida State athletes.
University, USA
This panel will provide lessons learned from research Exercise Psychology and Wellness among
and application of sport psychology services for USA Underrepresented Groups: Decolonizing, Tailoring,
Track and Field (USATF) in the past quad 2017-2020 and Partnering with the Community
and planning for the future quad 2021-2024. Panel Symposium | Exercise/Health/Fitness
members will discuss findings from recent research Keri Kirk, Department of Defense/HJF, USA; Amanda
conducted with USATF athletes and coaches needs Perkins-Ball, Rice University, USA; Kristin Mauldin,
related to sport psychology services (specific and California Baptist University, USA
preferred needs and skills, as well as preferred delivery This symposium will discuss creative ways that exercise
and communication methods) as well as past psychology, mental skills practitioners, and graduate
experiences working with USATF athletes and coaches. students can engage with communities that are typically
Lastly, this panel will touch on how this research will help underrepresented in wellness spaces for the purposes of
inform planning and delivery of future sport psychology health promotion. We will discuss cultural competence in
services in the coming Olympic cycle. intervention and supervision, providing inclusive
educational exercises, as well as how to develop
Examination of an Etiological Model of Disordered interventions and didactics that deconstruct the
Eating in a Mixed Sport Sample of Female Collegiate traditional Euro-centric approach to wellness
Athletes programming.
Lecture | Mental Health
Tess Palmateer, University of North Texas, USA; Kaleb Exploring a Biofeedback Protocol for Vocal Cord
Cusack, University of North Texas, USA; Trent Petrie, Dysfunction with Service Members
University of North Texas, USA Lecture | Tactical Populations
This presentation will review sociocultural and Chaska Gomez, Tripler Army Medical Center, USA; Lee-
psychological factors that directly and indirectly lead to Ann Thomas, Tripler Army Medical Center, USA
the development of eating disorders/disordered eating in Exploring a Biofeedback Protocol for Vocal Cord
female collegiate athletes. The authors will present their Dysfunction with Servicemembers
findings on the use of Petrie and Greenleaf’s (2007;
2012) model in a mixed-sport sample of collegiate Exploring Athletic Idenity's Effect on Shame
female athletes. Next steps and future directions for Proneness in Collegiate Athletes
research and interventions will then be discussed. Lecture | Collegiate Sport
Mario Fontana, The College at Brockport, USA
Examining High Performance Coaches’ Self- We will learn how an athlete's athletic identity can
Perceptions of Performance Effectiveness and sharpen proneness to shame. Methods that coaches can
Success use to direct athletes with high athletic identity to be less
Lecture | Coaching prone to experiencing shame will be explored
Tammy Sheehy, Bridgewater College, USA; Kristen
Dieffenbach, WVU - Coaching and Performance Exploring the Characteristics of Thriving in
Science, USA Professional Sports Competition: Coaches' and
This presentation describes high performance coaches' Players' Perspectives
own evaluation of their performance effectiveness and Lecture | Elite/Pro Sport
perceptions of success. Attendees will learn how high Daniel Brown, University of Portsmouth, UK; Pieter
performance coaches create personalized strategies for Kruger, North West University, South Africa; Michael
feedback and evaluation over time to enhance their Passaportis, University of Portsmouth, UK
quality of preparation and practice. To date, researchers have adopted differing
interpretations of thriving suggesting that greater clarity
Examining the Interplay of Race and Gender in the is needed on what it means to thrive and how these
Athletic Arena: An Investigation of Discrimination in experiences manifest in sports competition. This
Sport presentation will discuss the findings from two studies
Lecture | Diversity & Culture that explored the characteristics of thriving in
Victoria Bradshaw, John F. Kennedy University, USA; professional rugby union players across a multinational
Gily Meir, John F. Kennedy University, USA sample. The findings from these studies provide novel
The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction insight into what it means to thrive in sports competition
of gender and race with the experiences of and offer a framework that may be used to identify
discrimination amongst collegiate athletes. These thriving performers in the future.workshop presents an innovative view on the use of
Exploring the Relationship Between Stress-Related deliberate play as a therapeutic strategy in which
Growth and Basic Psychological Needs Following CMPCs can use to help elite athletes experience high
Athletic Injuries levels of sport-enjoyment, enhanced motivation, and
Lecture | Injury/Rehabilitation improved overall sport experience.
Samantha MacDonald, USA; Linda Keeler, Western
Washington University, USA; Jessyca Arthur-Cameselle, Getting Published in the Journal of Applied Sport
Western Washington University, USA; Melissa D'Eloia, Psychology (JASP), Journal of Sport Psychology in
Western Washington University, USA Action (JSPA), and Case Studies in Sport and
One positive psychological consequence after athletic Exercise Psychology (CSSEP)
injury is stress-related growth (SRG), a positive change Featured
experienced after undergoing something stressful. The Stephen Mellalieu, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK;
aim of the present study was to investigate the Ian Maynard, Essex University, UK; Richard Keegan,
relationships between both general psychological need University of Canberra, Australia
frustration and satisfaction to SRG in athletes and This session offers delegates with an interest or potential
explore sources from which needs were satisfied while interest in publishing their research and professional
injured. The findings of this study imply that the practice experiences to engage in an open forum with
relationship between SRG and SDT may be complex the Editors of AASP’s flagship academic journals. The
and may depend on where the source of need session is aimed at both the individual seeking to take
satisfaction and frustration originate. their first step into the world of publishing in academic
Fail Better: A Brief Self-Compassion Intervention journals and the more experienced researcher alike.
with NCAA Student-Athletes
Lecture | Consulting & Interventions Great Activity, Now What? Debriefing in Applied
Ashley Kuchar, University of Texas at Austin, USA Sport Psychology
Ever wondered how to help athletes bounce back from Workshop | Professional Development, Supervision, and
mistakes and failures? This presentation will focus on Mentoring
how to utilize the power of perspective-taking to best Megan Byrd, Georgia Southern University, USA;
support athletes in coping with various sport setbacks. Stefanee Maurice, California Polytechnic State
University, USA; Abby Keenan, Intrepid Performance
From Youth Sport to the Pros: Improving Mental Consulting, USA; Joseph Carbone, Springfield College,
Performance Through Acceptance Based USA
Interventions This workshop will teach techniques and skills to
Symposium | Consulting & Interventions implement during debriefing team and individual
Michael Clark, Clark Performance Consulting, USA; sessions. Techniques from multiple disciplines including
Lindsey Hamilton, IMG Academy, USA; Kerry Guest, group counseling, adventure therapy, and team
Indiana University, USA; Blake Pindyck, Milwaukee development will be utilized for workshop attendees to
Brewers, USA practice skills.
The purpose of this symposium is to explore ways in
which acceptance-based interventions are applied by Grief in Sports
sport psychology professionals across various domains. Lecture | Mental Health
Specific learning objectives include (1) understanding Jana Fogaca, Get Ahead Mental Performance, USA;
the inner workings of ACT and the 6 core processes of Illene Cupit, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, USA;
change, (2) providing specific activities and interventions Matthew Gonzalez, West Virginia University, USA; Emily
situated in an ACT framework, and (3) discuss the Doran, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, USA;
lessons learned in applying and ACT-based intervention Makenzie VandenElzen, University of Wisconsin-Green
with athletes. Bay, USA
This session will present the findings of a survey on the
Get in Touch with Your Inner Child: A Workshop on experiences of team members after the death of another
Incorporating Deliberate Play with Elite Athletes member. The lecture will also present resources for
Workshop | Consulting & Interventions consultants working with a team that may be going
Carly Block, Florida State University, USA; Hila Sharon- through this situation.
David, Florida State University, USA; Emma Nilsson,
OptiMental Performance, USA Hazing Training and Intervention
In sport, youth athletes who spent more time engaging in Workshop | Social Justice, Equity, and Inclusion
deliberate play have been found to develop skills and John Heil, Psychological Health Roanoke, USA
talent more easily and experience higher levels of This workshop focuses on the role of sport psychologists
enjoyment and motivation in their sport compared to in hazing awareness, prevention and intervention. It
those who are less engaged in deliberate play. When introduces and provides guidance in the use of a
athletes grow old, however, they tend to abandon this purpose-built, web-based, multi-media instructional
natural tendency to play and as a result, they are program that is designed for training and organizational
more likely to experience exhaustion, loss of sport education, which includes: video interviews with coaches
enjoyment, and eventually burnout. The current and sport psychologists, a ready to use PowerPoint withdetailed annotation, supporting scholarly content, and How to Teach Routines
handouts for coaches, athletes and administrators. Featured
Jen Schumacher, United States Military Academy, USA
Help! There Is a Female in the Locker Room!! What and Matt Cuccaro, Telos Sport Psychology Coaching,
Do We Do Now? USA
Workshop | Diversity & Culture
Tanya Bialostozky, Mexico; Frances Cardenas, I Am Woman, Hear Me “ROAR”: Female-identified
Philadelphia Phillies, USA; Cristina Fink, C Fink Sport Psychology Providers’ Experiences of
Consulting, USA; Dehra Harris, Toronto Blue Jays, USA Navigating Male-Dominated Athletic Departments in
This workshop proposes diverse strategies to fully a Lead Role
embrace gender equity by mentoring, developing, and Panel | Collegiate Sport
providing support to women in traditionally male- Rachel Walker, University of Colorado-Boulder, USA;
dominated sport and performance environments, as well Dayna Charbonneau, West Virginia University, USA;
as leading efforts towards a more inclusive culture by Nicole Linen, Auburn University - Athletics, USA;
providing key concepts such as stereotype replacement, Cassandra Pasquariello, University of Wisconsin-
perspective taking, challenging the language and Madison, USA; Dolores Christensen, University of
amplifying women's voices. Oklahoma, Psychological Resources for OU Student-
Athletes (PROS), USA; Angel Brutus, Mississippi State
How Does She Do It? Women in Academia Share University, USA
their Unique Stories about Finding their Way in Given the continued disparity in experiences across
Sport Psychology gender and other marginalized identities in sport, the
Panel | Professional Issues & Ethics purpose of this panel is to share the lived experiences of
Kimberly Shaffer, Barry University, USA; Gily Meir, John female-identified providers and practitioners of color
F. Kennedy University, USA; Jasmin Hutchinson, conducting sport psychology and mental health services
Springfield College, USA; Elizabeth Mullin, Springfield in elite collegiate athletics departments across the USA.
College, USA; Rebecca Zakrajsek, University of Panelists will reflect on experienced microaggressions,
Tennessee, USA gender and other cultural stereotypes, safety and
Maintaining work-life balance can be complex and inclusion, and comfort level with assertiveness and
challenging for women in academia; this topic will be advocacy as female-identified persons in male-
examined by identifying and understanding some dominated sport settings. Unique considerations
common developmental hurdles that arise alongside the regarding salary negotiation, family and childcare, and
path of professional growth (Guillaume & Pochic, 2009; work-life balance will be discussed.
Kalysh, Kulik, & Perera, 2016; Loeffen, 2016). The aim
of this panel is to empower others in navigating Influence of Call Volume on Perceptions of Stress
challenges such as: the ever-present glass ceiling, pay and Recovery in Active-Duty Firefighters
inequity, greater expectations to care for others, and the Lecture | Tactical Populations
potential for motherhood. This panel will present the Carly Wahl, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, USA;
unique stories of five accomplished women working in Rudi Marciniak, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee,
Sport & Exercise Psychology academia from different USA; Kyle Ebersole, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee,
institutions in the United States where panelists will USA; Barbara Meyer, University of Wisconsin-
reflect upon an existing model for achieving work-life Milwaukee, USA
balance for mental performance consultants (Waumsley It has become popular among researchers and
et al., 2010). practitioners alike to monitor the influence of training
load on stress and recovery among athletes, yet little
How to Build a Mental Performance Consulting research has been done to monitor training load and its
Marketing Plan affects on stress and recovery in the tactical populations,
Workshop | Private Practice where an under recovered state may have fatal
Michael Huber, Follow The Ball LLC, USA; Alison Pope- consequences. In order to develop recovery-specific
Rhodius, JFK University, USA interventions for firefighters, the purpose of the current
This workshop will help other mental performance study was to examine how acute training load dose (i.e.,
consultants to develop their own marketing plan call volume) influences their perceptions of recovery and
leveraging the presenters’ experience in doing the same. stress. Findings of our research suggest that in order to
The workshop will be interactive, breaking the audience optimize firefighter health and well-being, practitioners
into separate groups responsible for constructing each should monitor call volume and implement appropriate
element of a marketing plan as articulated by Blann and physical, mental, and/or emotional recovery
colleagues. The goal is for participants to see how a interventions.
marketing plan can come together in just 75 minutes.Internationalizing at Home: An Innovative Crosse, USA; Chris Wagstaff, University of Portsmouth,
Application of the Collaborative Online International UK; Natalie Durand-Bush, University of Ottawa, Canada
Learning Framework in Sport Psychology The purpose of this project was to investigate, via an
Lecture | Teaching online survey, the number and type of mental
Dana Voelker, West Virginia University, USA; Gleber performance (MP; i.e., sport psychology) employment
Pereira, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Sean positions held by practitioners over a five-year span. A
Bulger, West Virginia University, USA total of N = 562 participants completed the survey. The
Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) is an findings highlight a growth in employment opportunities,
accessible, cost-effective solution to strengthen global especially full-time MP positions, compared to previous
learning within sport psychology training and education. reviews of career prospects of MP practitioners (e.g.,
The purpose of this presentation is to share the Meyers et al., 2001). This presentation will elaborate on
instructor and student experience of an interdisciplinary these findings, as well as key employment-related data
COIL course led in partnership between universities in relevant to current and future MP professionals.
the U.S. and Brazil. In sharing empirical data and
practical experiences, audience members will garner a Just Say It: Teaching Elite Youth Athletes to
foundational understanding of the COIL framework as a Communicate with Adults
feasible, innovative mechanism for improving diversity Workshop | Youth Sport
and inclusion in the field. Judy Goss, Private Practice, Canada; Sharleen Hoar,
Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Canada
Investigating the Psychology of Pain and Injury in a Communication skills are essential for young people to
Sample of Collegiate Club-Sport Athletes learn and impact the coach-athlete relationship. For
Lecture | Injury/Rehabilitation many athletes, communicating with adults is a challenge
Mike Hamberger, University of Maryland, USA; Stephen due to a lack of communication skills and a low level of
R. McDaniel, University of Maryland, USA comfort in speaking with adults, or communication
This lecture will guide audience members through an apprehension. The central learning objective of this
understanding of the psychosocial phenomenon known workshop is to equip mental performance consultants
as the “sport ethic”, which is the socialization, or with effective interactive activities to develop athlete
normalization, of attitudes and behaviors that make communication skills with adults.
athletes prone to play through pain and injury, often with
unhealthy consequences. Attendees will gain insight L.E.A.R.N. to Connect: Working Towards Better
into the psychological development of this attitude Performance by Taking a Systems Approach to
formation, as it also pertains to specific personality traits. Address the Ethnolinguistic Needs of Athletes
Empirical results point to the utility of a specific measure Workshop | Diversity & Culture
of the sport ethic as a potential screening tool for Tanya Bialostozky, Mexico; Val Altieri, Jr., Boston
athletes, from youth through collegiate age. University, USA; John McCarthy, Boston University,
USA; Cristina Fink, C Fink Consulting, USA; Frances
Is This Evidence-Based? How Psychological Skills Cardenas, Philadelphia Phillies, USA; Cristian Guzman,
Are Disseminated by a Youth Sport Organization New York Mets, USA; Robert DiBernardo, Toronto Blue
Lecture | Youth Sport Jays, USA; Jake Chaplin, Boston Red Sox, USA
Frank Ely, University of Windsor, Canada; Krista This workshop presents a systematic process for
Chandler, University of Windsor, Canada; Patti Millar, considering how to bridge the gaps between players and
University of Windsor, Canada; Todd Loughead, other key stakeholders (coaches, support staff,
University of Windsor, Canada administrators) using a five-step L.E.A.R.N. (Learn-
The current presentation examines the psychological Educate-Advocate-Remove-Negotiate) approach for
skills-related content disseminated online by a large guiding consultants. Key learning goals for participants
Canadian youth sport organization (OMHA). The are: 1.) identify potential ethnolinguistic barriers to
purpose of this study was to examine whether this athlete performance; 2.) generate potential strategies
content was evidence-based and to determine which and practices that can support athletes’ ethnolinguistic
psychological skills were presented. Given the majority needs; 3.) create various ways of responding to the
of content was incongruent with current research situations presented through scenario-based learning.
findings (69%), attendees will learn how this limits the
potential for youth to learn psychological skills and leave Let’s Blog! Understanding the How Tos of Sport
with strategies for improving the quality of information Psychology Blogging
disseminated by youth sport organizations. Workshop | Professional Development, Supervision, and
Mentoring
Job Opportunities and Compensation in Mental Michele Kerulis, Northwestern University, USA; Megan
Performance: A Comprehensive Review (2014-2019) Byrd, Georgia Southern University, USA
Featured Digital scholarship has recently gained recognition
Justine Vosloo, Ithaca College, USA; Sebastian (McGregor, 2017, Linden, et al, 2017) and professionals
Harenberg, St. Francis Xavier University, USA; have identified blogging as an emerging form of
Alessandro Quartiroli, University of Wisconsin, La scholarship within digital history (McGregor, 2017).
During this interactive workshop you will experiencelarge and small group activities as you learn how to USA; Christine Selby, Husson University, USA; Michele
create interesting blog posts that are in line with current Kerulis, Northwestern University, USA; Riley Nickols,
ethics codes. Come to this active workshop with your McCallum Place, USA
creativity and leave with a plan for your new blogging Rates of Feeding and Eating Disorders (FEDs) continue
strategy. to escalate among athletes of diverse age, gender, race,
and ethnicity, threatening health, quality of life and sport
Leveraging your Resources: Developing an Athletic performance. Expert and certified (CMPC) (CEDS)
Department Eating Disorder Policy panelists will discuss the risks associated with "making
Lecture | Mental Health weight" and/or recommending weight change.
Jennifer Farrell, University of North Carolina at Participants are encouraged to present relevant case
Greensboro, USA examples and openly discuss strategies for reducing
The purpose of this presentation is to provide strategies FED risk, preserving health and promoting optimal sport
for developing a policy and protocol in order to performance.
effectively identify, manage, and refer athletes with
eating disorders for evaluation and treatment. The Measurement and Interpretation of Overconformity
presenter will discuss issues to consider when to the Sport Ethic in Competitive Athletes
developing a policy with limited resources, strategies for Lecture | Consulting & Interventions
identifying a team of professionals to provide Stephen Hebard, Prevention Strategies, USA; Erin
interdisciplinary care, ethical concerns, and challenges Reifsteck, University of North Carolina at Greensboro,
related to the implementation of the policy and protocol. USA; Jeff Milroy, University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, USA
Lots of Context, Little Time It is widely accepted that competitive athletes must
Workshop | Consulting & Interventions sacrifice despite consequences, strive for distinction,
Cecilia Craft, SOCEP, USA; Brian Miles, Cleveland accept risks, play through pain, and refuse to accept
Indians, USA; AJ LaLonde, Los Angeles Dodgers, USA; limits in order to achieve in sport. Athletes whose
Justin Su'a, Tampa Bay Rays, USA schemas and social identities exclusively reflect these
The success of a mental performance training in a Major norms may engage in risky behaviors to an extent that
League Baseball setting relies heavily on a mental jeopardizes their health and well-being. In this
performance practitioner’s ability to fully grasp the presentation, we describe the risk of athlete
context created by their coaches, clubhouse and overconformity to these norms, review our instrument
players. Within the context of professional sport, time is development process, and advocate for data-driven
extremely valuable. Participants attending this workshop practitioner intervention that includes interpretation of a
will: 1) learn about the context that drives the demand for reliable and valid measure of this overconformity.
a short mental performance training (SMPT) and
consider their current consulting, or coaching, context, 2) Measuring Effectiveness in Applied Sport
work through contextual considerations when building a Psychology: A Multi-Modal Approach
SMPT, 3) observe examples of SMPTs as designed by Symposium | Consulting & Interventions
the facilitators, 4) have the opportunity to build a draft of Lindsey Hamilton, IMG Academy, USA; Duncan
their own SMPT. Simpson, IMG Academy, USA; Greg Young, IMG
Academy, USA
Make Empathy Your New Sport: Practical The purpose of this symposium is to discuss best
Applications for Athletic, Business and Military practices in evaluating the effectiveness of mental
Populations performance consultants and their work. The first
Workshop | Non-Sport Performance Applications presentation will focus on the evaluation of the
Jessica Woods, Woods Performance Strategies, USA; effectiveness of the consultant related to knowledge,
Russ Flaten, Premier Sport Psychology, USA personal characteristics, and their delivery style
Empathy is an advanced communication skill that (Gonzalez et al., 2018), and the second presentation will
requires active listening to understand the other person's discuss the evaluation of effectiveness based on the
perspective. The concept of empathy is well-known, but athletes’ response to the mental conditioning received
it is not commonly practiced. The key learning objectives (Anderson et al., 2002). The third presentation will
from this workshop include: a) the ability to define discuss how assessment can be used to address the
empathy; b) how to address the stigma; c) assess question of consultant effectiveness (Taylor, 2018), and
phraseology; d) reframe linguistics from sounds real-world examples will be used throughout the three
(phonetics, phonology), words (morphology), sentences presentations to demonstrate the applicability of key
(syntax), and meanings (semantics) to enhance principles and methods.
empathetic conversations.
Measuring Mindfulness: Findings and Suggestions
Making Weight 2020: Risks and Rewards for Sport Research and Practice
Panel | Mental Health Lecture | Research Design
Jenny Conviser, Ascend Consultation in Health Care, Carol Glass, The Catholic University of America, USA;
USA; Sharon Chirban, Amplify Wellness & Performance, Thomas Minkler, West Virginia University, USA; Megan
LLC, USA; Caitlyn Hauff, University of South Alabama, Hut, Catholic University of America, USA; HannahYou can also read
