Pharmacology of Type Diabetes: New and Evolving Therapy - Tom Blevins MD Texas Diabetes and Endocrinology Austin, Texas
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Pharmacology of Type Diabetes:
New and Evolving Therapy
Tom Blevins MD
Texas Diabetes and Endocrinology
Austin, Texas
Disclosure Dr. Blevins has disclosed that he has received research support from Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Viacyte, he is a consultant for Lilly, Medtronic, and Regeneron, and he is a speaker for Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi.
Learning Objectives
By completing this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:
1. Integrate evidence‐based guidelines for screening of diabetic patients into
practice, including routine testing of A1C, microalbumin, and LDL cholesterol to
avoid complications such as ulcerating foot and eye screening, and recognize the
importance of achieving control to avoid these complications.
2. Discuss A1C goals including in the elderly.
3. Incorporate a guideline‐based approach to choosing diabetic treatments taking
into account glucose lowering, cardiovascular and renal effects.
4. Discuss new treatment options available in diabetes, including once‐weekly
medications and indications.
5. Discuss evolving treatments in diabetes, including SGLT‐2 inhibitors and
indications.
CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
Diagnoses of Diabetes
Table 2.2
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S15‐S33
Confirming the Diagnosis of Diabetes
Unless clear clinical diagnosis (e.g., patient in a hyperglycemic crisis or with
classic symptoms of hyperglycemia and a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL
• Diagnosis requires two abnormal test results, either from the same sample or
in two separate test samples.
• If using two separate test samples, it is recommended that the second test,
which may either be a repeat of the initial test or a different test, be
performed without delay.
• For example, if the A1C is 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) and a repeat result is 6.8% (51
mmol/mol), the diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed.
• If two different tests (such as A1C and FPG) are both above the diagnostic threshold
when analyzed from the same sample or in two different test samples, this also confirms
the diagnosis.
• On the other hand, if a patient has discordant results from two different tests, then the
test result that is above the diagnostic cut point should be repeated
Section 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities
COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES
Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities:
| 7
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S40‐S52
COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES
Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities:
| 8
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S40‐S52
COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES
Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities:
| 9
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S40‐S52
COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
4.10 Patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes and elevated liver
enzymes (ALT) or fatty liver on ultrasound should be evaluated for
presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis.
| 10Section 6. Glycemic Targets
GLYCEMIC TARGETS
Glycemic Assessment
6.1 Assess glycemic status (A1C or other glycemic measurement) at least two
times a year in patients who are meeting treatment goals (and who have
stable glycemic control).
6.2 Assess glycemic status at least quarterly, and as needed, in patients
whose therapy has recently changed and/or who are not meeting
glycemic goals.
| 12GLYCEMIC TARGETS Glycemic Targets: | 13 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S73‐S84
GLYCEMIC TARGETS
Glycemic Targets:
| 14
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S73‐S84Section 12. Older Adults
GLYCEMIC TARGETS
Glycemic Goals (Continued)
6.7 Less stringent A1C goals (such asOLDER ADULTS
Table 12.1 – Framework
for considering treatment
goals for glycemia, blood
pressure, and
dyslipidemia in older
adults with
diabetes
Older Adults: Standards of Medical Care in
Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care
2021;44(Suppl. 1):S168‐S179
| 17OLDER ADULTS
Neurocognitive Function
12.3 Screening for early detection of mild cognitive impairment or dementia
should be performed for adults 65 years of age or older at the initial
visit and annually as appropriate.
| 18OLDER ADULTS
Pharmacologic Therapy
12.13 In older adults with type 2 diabetes at increased risk of hypoglycemia,
medication classes with low risk of hypoglycemia are preferred.
12.14 Overtreatment of diabetes is common in older adults and should be
avoided.
12.15 Deintensification (or simplification) of complex regimens is
recommended to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia and polypharmacy, if it
can be achieved within the individualized A1C target.
| 19Section 11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care
Complications of Diabetes
Stroke
Diabetic Hypertension in ~20–
60%, increasing risk of
retinopathy stroke4
An important cause of
blindness in adults1,2
Cardiovascular
disease
CVD is major cause of
morbidity and
mortality5
Diabetic
nephropathy Diabetic
Leading cause of neuropathy
chronic and end-stage Leading cause of
kidney disease3 non-traumatic lower
extremity amputations6
CVD = cardiovascular disease.
1. Klein R, Klein BE. Chapter 21. In: Diabetes in America, 3rd edition. NIDDK, 2016. 2. Fong DS et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S99-S102. 3. Afkarian M et al.
JAMA. 2016;316:602-610. 4. Arauz-Pacheco et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S80-S82. 5. Barrett-Connor E et al. Chapter 18. In: Diabetes in America, 3rd
edition. NIDDK, 2016. 6. Mayfield JA et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S78-S79.MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Screening
11.1a At least annually, urinary albumin (e.g., spot urinary albumin‐to‐
creatinine ratio) and estimated glomerular filtration rate should be
assessed in patients with type 1 diabetes with duration of ≥5 years and
in all patients with type 2 diabetes regardless of treatment.
11.1b Patients with diabetes and urinary albumin. 300 mg/g creatinine and/or
an estimated glomerular filtration rate 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 should
be monitored twice annually to guide therapy.
| 22MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Treatment
11.2 Optimize glucose control to reduce the risk or slow the progression of
chronic kidney disease.
11.3a For patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease, consider
use of a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in patients with an
estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and urinary
albumin >300 mg/g creatinine.
11.3b In patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease, consider
use of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors additionally for
cardiovascular risk reduction when estimated glomerular filtration rate
and urinary albumin creatinine are >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or.300 mg/g,
respectively.
| 23SGLT2 Renal Protection Afferent Arteriole Vasoconstriction
MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Treatment (Continued)
11.3c In patients with chronic kidney disease who are at increased risk for
cardiovascular events, use of a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist
reduces renal end point, primarily albuminuria, progression of
albuminuria, and cardiovascular events.
11.4 Optimize blood pressure control to reduce the risk or slow the
progression of chronic kidney disease.
11.5 Do not discontinue renin‐angiotensin system blockade for minor
increases in serum creatinine (MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Treatment (Continued)
11.7 In nonpregnant patients with diabetes and hypertension, either an ACE
inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker is recommended for those
with modestly elevated urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (30–299
mg/g creatinine) and is strongly recommended for those with urinary
albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio ≥300mg/g creatinine and/or estimated
glomerular filtration rateMICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Treatment (Continued)
11.8 Periodically monitor serum creatinine and potassium levels for the
development of increased creatinine or changes in potassium when ACE
inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or diuretics are used. B
11.9 An ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker is not
recommended for the primary prevention of chronic kidney disease in
patients with diabetes who have normal blood pressure, normal urinary
albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Chronic Kidney Disease – Treatment (Continued)
11.10 Patients should be referred for evaluation by a nephrologist if they have
an estimated glomerular filtration rateCanagliflozin
Canagliflozin
Perkovic. N Engl J Med
2019; 380:2295‐2306MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Diabetic Retinopathy
11.12 Optimize glycemic control to reduce the risk or slow the progression of
diabetic retinopathy.
11.13 Optimize blood pressure and serum lipid control to reduce the risk or
slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
| 30MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Diabetic Retinopathy – Screening
11.14 Adults with type 1 diabetes should have an initial dilated and comprehensive
eye examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist within 5 years after the
onset of diabetes.
11.15 Patients with type 2 diabetes should have an initial dilated and comprehensive
eye examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist at the time of the
diabetes diagnosis.
11.16 If there is no evidence of retinopathy for one or more annual eye exams and
glycemia is well controlled, then screening every 1–2 years may be considered.
If any level of diabetic retinopathy is present, subsequent dilated retinal
examinations should be repeated at least annually by an ophthalmologist or
optometrist. If retinopathy is progressing or sight‐threatening, then
examinations will be required more frequently. | 31MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Neuropathy – Screening
11.25 All patients should be assessed for diabetic peripheral neuropathy
starting at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 5 years after the diagnosis
of type 1 diabetes and at least annually thereafter.
11.26 Assessment for distal symmetric polyneuropathy should include a
careful history and assessment of either temperature or pinprick
sensation (small fiber function) and vibration sensation using a 128‐Hz
tuning fork (for large fiber function). All patients should have annual 10g
monofilament testing to identify feet at risk for ulceration and
amputation.
11.27 Symptoms and signs of autonomic neuropathy should be assessed in
patients with microvascular complications. | 32MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Foot Care
11.31 Perform a comprehensive foot evaluation at least annually to identify
risk factors for ulcers and amputations.
11.32 Patients with evidence of sensory loss or prior ulceration or amputation
should have their feet inspected at every visit.
11.33 Obtain a prior history of ulceration, amputation, Charcot foot,
angioplasty or vascular surgery, cigarette smoking, retinopathy, and
renal disease and assess current symptoms of neuropathy (pain,
burning, numbness) and vascular disease (leg fatigue, claudication).
| 33MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE
Foot Care (Continued)
11.34 The examination should include inspection of the skin, assessment of
foot deformities, neurological assessment (10‐g monofilament testing
with at least one other assessment: pinprick, temperature, vibration),
and vascular assessment including pulses in the legs and feet.
11.35 Patients with symptoms of claudication or decreased or absent pedal
pulses should be referred for ankle‐brachial index and for further
vascular assessment as appropriate.
| 34Section 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Treatment Goals
10.3 For patients with diabetes and hypertension, blood pressure targets
should be individualized through a shared decision‐making process that
addresses cardiovascular risk, potential adverse effects of antihypertensive
medications, and patient preferences.
10.4 For individuals with diabetes and hypertension at higher cardiovascular
risk (existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD] or 10‐year
ASCVD risk ≥15%), a blood pressure target of, 130/80 mmHg may be
appropriate, if it can be safely attained.
10.5 For individuals with diabetes and hypertension at lower risk for
cardiovascular disease (10‐year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease riskCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Statin Treatment – Primary Prevention
10.19 For patients with diabetes aged 40–75 years without atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease, use moderate‐intensity statin therapy in addition to
lifestyle therapy.
10.20 For patients with diabetes aged 20–39 years with additional atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease risk factors, it maybe reasonable to initiate statin
therapy in addition to lifestyle therapy.
10.21 In patients with diabetes at higher risk, especially those with multiple
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors or aged 50–70 years, it is
reasonable to use high‐intensity statin therapy.
10.22 In adults with diabetes and 10‐year ASCVD risk of 20% or higher, it may be
reasonable to add ezetimibe to maximally tolerated statin therapy to reduce
LDL cholesterol levels by 50% or more. | 37CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Statin Treatment – Secondary Prevention
10.23 For patients of all ages with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease, high intensity statin therapy should be added to lifestyle therapy.
10.24 For patients with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
considered very high risk using specific criteria, if LDL cholesterol is ≥70
mg/dL on maximally tolerated statin dose, consider adding additional
LDL‐lowering therapy (such as ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitor). Ezetimibe
may be preferred due to lower cost.
10.25 For patients who do not tolerate the intended intensity, the maximally
tolerated statin dose should be used.
| 38CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Treatment of Other Lipoprotein Fractions or Targets
10.29 For patients with fasting triglyceride levels ≥500 mg/dL, evaluate for
secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia and consider medical therapy to
reduce the risk of pancreatitis.
10.30 In adults with moderate hypertriglyceridemia (fasting or nonfasting
triglycerides 175–499 mg/dL),clinicians should address and treat lifestyle
factors (obesity and metabolic syndrome), secondary factors (diabetes,
chronic liver or kidney disease and/or nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism),
and medications that raise triglycerides.
10.31 In patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or other cardiovascular
risk factors on a statin with controlled LDL cholesterol but elevated
triglycerides (135–499 mg/dL), the addition of icosapent ethyl can be
considered to reduce cardiovascular risk. | 39CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Other Combination Therapy
10.32 Statin plus fibrate combination therapy has not been shown to improve
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes and is generally not
recommended.
10.33 Statin plus Niacin combination therapy has not been shown to provide
additional cardiovascular benefit above statin therapy alone, may
increase the risk of stroke with additional side effects, and is generally
not recommended.
| 40CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Cardiovascular Disease – Screening
10.40 In asymptomatic patients, routine screening for coronary artery disease
is not recommended as it does not improve outcomes as long as
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors are treated.
10.41 Consider investigations for coronary artery disease in the presence of
any of the following: atypical cardiac symptoms (e.g., unexplained
dyspnea, chest discomfort); signs or symptoms of associated vascular
disease including carotid bruits, transient ischemic attack, stroke,
claudication, or peripheral arterial disease; or electrocardiogram
abnormalities (e.g., Q waves).
| 41CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Cardiovascular Disease – Treatment
10.42a In patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease, multiple atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
risk factors, or diabetic kidney disease, a sodium–glucose cotransporter
2 inhibitor with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit is recommended
to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and/or heart
failure hospitalization.
10.42b In patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease or multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease, a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist with
demonstrated cardiovascular benefit is recommended to reduce the
risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
| 42CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Cardiovascular Disease – Treatment (Continued)
10.43 In patients with type 2 diabetes and established heart failure with reduced
ejection fraction, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor with proven
benefit in this patient population is recommended to reduce risk of
worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death.
10.44 In patients with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, particularly
coronary artery disease, ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker
therapy is recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
10.45 In patients with prior myocardial infarction, b‐blockers should be
continued for 3 years after the event.
| 43| 44
J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 11,
2021
| 452021 Update to the 2017
ACC Expert Consensus
Decision Pathway for
Optimization of Heart
Failure Treatment: Answers
to 10 Pivotal Issues About
Heart Failure With Reduced
Ejection Fraction, DOI:
(10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.022)
| 46ARNI (ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR‐NEPRILYSIN INHIBITOR) J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 11, 2021 | 47
| 48
41.8% ‐‐ Type 2 Diabetes
| 49| 50
| 51
Mechanism of Action: SGLT2 Inhibitors
• SGLT2 inhibitors function
through a novel mechanism of
• reducing renal tubular glucose
reabsorption ‐‐> producing a
reduction in blood glucose (without
stimulating insulin release).
• Other benefits may include
favorable effects on blood
pressure and weight.
| 52SGLT2 – Mechanism of Heart Failure Risk Reduction
| 53PI Indication – 2/28/2021
• Dapagliflozin is indicated: To reduce • Empagliflozin is indicated as an
the risk of cardiovascular death and adjunct to diet and exercise to
hospitalization for heart failure in improve glycemic control in adults
adults with heart failure (NYHA class with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
II‐IV) with reduced ejection fraction • Empagliflozin is indicated to reduce
• To reduce the risk of hospitalization the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death
for heart failure in adults with type in adults with type 2 diabetes
2 diabetes mellitus and established mellitus and established CV disease.
cardiovascular (CV) disease or
multiple CV risk factors
• As an adjunct to diet and exercise to
improve glycemic control in adults
with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| 549.9
Among patients with type 2 diabetes who have
1. Established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or indicators of
high risk
2. Established kidney disease, or heart failure,
A sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor or glucagon‐like
peptide 1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular
disease benefit is recommended as part of the glucose‐lowering
regimen
independent of A1C and in consideration of patient‐specific factors
| 55Section 8. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
OBESITY MANAGEMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Diet, Physical Activity, & Behavioral Therapy
(Continued)
8.11 Short‐term dietary intervention using structured, very‐low‐calorie diets
(800–1,000 kcal/day) may be prescribed for carefully selected patients
by trained practitioners in medical settings with close monitoring. Long‐
term, comprehensive weight‐maintenance strategies and counseling
should be integrated to maintain weight loss.
| 57OBESITY MANAGEMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes:
| 58
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S100‐S10OBESITY MANAGEMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Pharmacotherapy
8.12 When choosing glucose‐lowering medications for patients with type 2
diabetes & overweight/obesity, consider a medication’s effect on
weight.
8.13 Whenever possible, minimize medications for comorbid conditions that
are associated with weight gain.
8.14 Weight‐loss medications are effective as adjuncts to diet, physical
activity, and behavioral counseling for selected patients with type 2
diabetes and BMI ≥27 kg/m2. Potential benefits and risks must be
considered.
| 59OBESITY MANAGEMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Metabolic Surgery
8.16 Metabolic surgery should be recommended as an option to treat type 2
diabetes in screened surgical candidates with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 (BMI
≥37.5 kg/m2 in Asian Americans) and in adults with BMI 35.0–39.9
kg/m2 (32.5— 37.4 kg/m2 in Asian Americans) who do not achieve
durable weight loss and improvement in comorbidities (including
hyperglycemia) with nonsurgical methods.
8.17 Metabolic surgery may be considered as an option to treat type 2
diabetes in adults with BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 (27.5–32.4 kg/m2 in Asian
Americans) who do not achieve durable weight loss and improvement
in comorbidities (including hyperglycemia) with nonsurgical methods.
| 60Section 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment
PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO GLYCEMIC TREATMENT
Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
(Continued)
9.10 In patients with type 2 diabetes, a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor
agonist is preferred to insulin when possible.
9.11 Recommendation for treatment intensification for patients not meeting
treatment goals should not be delayed.
9.12 The medication regimen and medication‐taking behavior should be
reevaluated at regular intervals (every 3–6 months) and adjusted as
needed to incorporate specific factors that impact choice of treatment.
| 62PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO GLYCEMIC TREATMENT Glucose‐lowering
Medication in
Type 2 Diabetes:
2021 ADA
Professional
Practice
Committee (PPC)
adaptation of
Davies et al. and
Buse et al.
Pharmacologic
Approaches to Glycemic
Management:
Standards of Medical
Care in Diabetes – 2021.
Diabetes Care
2021;44(Suppl. 1):S111‐
S124
| 63Injection Number‐Weekly vs. Daily GLP1 Injection
Daily Injections 365 Weekly Injections 52
injections/year injections/year
Liraglutide Semaglutide
Semaglutide Dulaglutide
Exenatide LARPHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO GLYCEMIC TREATMENT
Intensifying to Injectable Therapies (1 of 2)
Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Management: | 65
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S111‐S124Section 7. Diabetes Technology
DIABETES TECHNOLOGY
Self‐monitoring of Blood Glucose
7.2 People who are on insulin using self‐monitoring of blood glucose should be
encouraged to test when appropriate based on their insulin regimen. This
may include testing when fasting, prior to meals and snacks, at bedtime,
prior to exercise, when low blood glucose is suspected, after treating low
blood glucose until they are normoglycemic, and prior to and while
performing critical tasks such as driving.
7.3 Providers should be aware of the differences in accuracy among glucose
meters—only U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved meters with
proven accuracy should be used, with unexpired strips, purchased from a
pharmacy or licensed distributor.
| 67DIABETES TECHNOLOGY
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices
7.8 When prescribing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, robust
diabetes education, training, and support are required for optimal CGM
device implementation and ongoing use. People using CGM devices need
to have the ability to perform self‐monitoring of blood glucose in order to
calibrate their monitor and/or verify readings if discordant from their
symptoms.
7.9 When used properly, real‐time continuous glucose monitors in
conjunction with multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous
insulin infusion and other forms of insulin therapy are a useful tool to
lower and/or maintain A1C levels and/or reduce hypoglycemia in adults
and youth with diabetes.
| 68Professional CGM
GLYCEMIC TARGETS
Glycemic Targets:
| 71
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S73‐S84Q and A
Audience Polling Question #1 Which of the following is true about diagnosing diabetes? 1. One A1c of 6.6% is diagnostic of diabetes 2. One fasting glucose of 127mg/dl is diagnostic of diabetes 3. A post breakfast glucose of 204 mg/dl is diagnostic of diabetes 4. A fasting glucose of 128mg/dl with and A1c of 6.7% from the same tube of blood is diagnostic of diabetes
Audience Polling Question #2 According to the ADA Recommendations from 2021, which is true? 1. An SGLT2 inhibitor should be used only if the patients systolic blood pressure is >140 mmHg prior to treatment 2. For a GLP1 med or SGLT2 inhibitor to reduce CV disease risk, the A1c needs to be over 8% 3. Sulfonylureas are cardio‐protective 4. An SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP1 med should be used regardless of baseline A1c to reduce CV risk
Audience Polling Question #3 Which is true concerning kidney disease in Diabetes according to ADA Recommendations? 1. An ACEi or ARB should be used in all patients with Type 2 diabetes to reduce renal risk 2. Consider using SGLT2 inhibitors if the patient’s albumin excretion is > 300mg/24 hours 3. Refer to Nephrology if the eGFR is
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