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Pine Commodity-based Survey
Reference
2018 Version
1
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference
Cover image:
A Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana), La Jolla, California. Courtesy of Richard O. Barry via
wikimedia commons, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
Authors:
Laura Hartmann Fort Collins, CO 80526
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Phone (970) 490-4494
Biological Science Technician daniel.z.mackesy@aphis.usda.gov
2301 Research Blvd. Suite 108
Fort Collins, CO 80526 Talitha Molet
Phone (970) 490-4476 USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
laura.a.hartmann@aphis.usda.gov Biological Science Technician
1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 400
Lisa Jackson Raleigh, NC 27606
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Phone (919) 855-7457
Biological Scientist talitha.p.molet@aphis.usda.gov
1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606 Melinda Sullivan
Phone (919) 855-7549 USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
lisa.d.jackson@aphis.usda.gov Plant Pathologist
2301 Research Blvd. Suite 108
Daniel Mackesy Fort Collins, CO 80526
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Phone (970) 490-4469
Biological Science Technician melinda.j.sullivan@aphis.usda.gov
2301 Research Blvd. Suite 108
Reference Document Reviewers:
Heather Moylett Mark Nakhla
Biological Science Technician Director -CPHST Beltsville Laboratory
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST USDA-APHIS-PPQ -CPHST
1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 BARC-East, Bldg-580
Raleigh, NC 27606 Powder Mill Road
919-855-7428 Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
Heather.moylett@aphis.usda.gov Phone (301) 313-9211 (office)
Mark.K.Nakhla@aphis.usda.gov
2
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference
Individual Pest Datasheet Reviewers:
The following individuals have provided feedback, comments, and suggested changes
to the pest datasheets. Many of these individuals have provided information on survey
and identification methods and supplied images. Their help was instrumental in the
completion of the Pine commodity-based survey manual. See each pest datasheet for
the specific reviewers of each datasheet.
Julieta Brambila Juha (Luke) Kaitera
Domestic Identifier (Entomology) Finnish Forest Research Institute Oulu
USDA-APHIS-PPQ University of Oulu, Finland
1911 SW 34th Street juha.kaitera@luke.fi
Gainesville, FL 32608
Phone: (352) 395-4792 Allessandro Ragazzi
Julieta.Brambila@aphis.usda.gov Full Professor in Forest Pathology
Editor in chief of Micologia Italiana
Robert C. Brown Università degli Studi di Firenze
Domestic Identifier (Entomology) Florence, Italy
USDA-APHIS-PPQ Tel. 055 275 5858
901 W. State St., Smith Hall Cell. 320 7981871
Purdue University Skype: alessandro_ragazzi
West Lafayette, IN 47907 alessandro.ragazzi@unifi.it
Phone: (765) 496-9673
Robert.C.Brown@aphis.usda.gov Mark Nakhla
Director, CPHST Beltsville Laboratory
Robert Davis USDA-APHIS-PPQ -CPHST
Research Leader, Molecular Plant BARC-East, Bldg-580
Pathology Laboratory Powder Mill Road
USDA-Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
Beltsville, MD, 20705 Phone: (301) 313-9211 (office),
Phone: (301) 504-5745; (301) 504-6290 (301) 760-8870 (cell)
robert.davis@ars.usda.gov Mark.K.Nakhla@aphis.usda.gov
Todd Gilligan Steve Passoa
Research Scientist National Lepidoptera Specialist
USDA-APHIS-PPQ USDA-APHIS-PPQ
2301 Research Blvd. Suite 108 The Ohio State University
Fort Collins, CO 80526 1315 Kinnear Rd.
Phone: (970) 490-4478 Columbus, OH 43212
Todd.M.Gilligan@aphis.usda.gov Phone: (614) 688-4471
Steven.C.Passoa@aphis.usda.gov
3
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference
Draft Log
March 2012:
1) Addition of datasheets for Dendrolimus punctatus and Panolis flammea.
2) Updated available NAPPFAST maps and survey information.
3) Addition of Dendrolimus sibiricus datasheet placeholder. Datasheet is under
development.
4) Addition of Diprion pini datasheet placeholder. An attractant is not available at this time
for D. pini. Diprion pini should not be listed as a survey target for 2012 or 2013.
5) Removal of datasheet for Dendrolimus superans. An attractant is not available at this
time for Dendrolimus superans. Dendrolimus superans should not be listed as a survey
target for 2012 or 2013.
6) 2012 version posted to the CAPS Resource and Collaboration website.
October 2012:
1) Removal of datasheet for Hylurgops palliatus. It is present in four states. It has been
added to the 2013 Additional Pests of Concern List.
2) Removal of datasheet for Hylurgus ligniperda. In 2012, PPQ and the National Plant
Board concurred on deregulating Hylurgus ligniperda.
3) Removal of datasheet for Sirex noctilio. It is present in several states and is no longer a
PPQ Program Pest. It has been added to the 2013 Additional Pests of Concern List.
4) Removal of datasheet for Urocerus gigas gigas. There are issues with the diagnostics of
this species.
August 2013:
1) Addition of Diprion pini datasheet. An attractant is now available for D. pini. Diprion pini
may be included as a survey target for 2013.
2) Addition of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ datasheet, a pest on the FY2014 AHP
Prioritized Pest List.
August 2017:
1) Revision of Reference into new format as Introduction document.
2) Added Ips sexandatus, Monochamus alternatus, Monochamus urussovii,
Orthotomicus erosus, Tetropeum castaneum, and Tetropeum fuscum to manual.
These are all current CAPS pests in the EWB/BB manual.
3) Removed ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, Pseudocercospera pini-densiflorae,
Monochamus saltuarius, and Monochamus sutor from manual. All scored below the
OPEP model threshold to be included in the CAPS Priority Pest List.
4
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Table of Contents
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference
Table of Contents
Authors: ......................................................................................................................... 2
Reference Document Reviewers:................................................................................. 2
Individual Pest Datasheet Reviewers: ......................................................................... 3
Draft Log ........................................................................................................................ 4
How to Use This Manual ............................................................................................... 7
I: Introduction ........................................................................................................................7
Pest Datasheets .................................................................................................................................. 7
II: Planning a Survey .............................................................................................................7
III: Ordering Traps and Lures ...............................................................................................7
IV: Conducting the Survey.................................................................................................... 7
V: Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission ...............................................................7
I: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 8
Purpose .................................................................................................................................8
Background ...........................................................................................................................8
Selection of Target Species..................................................................................................9
Table 1. Target Pathogens for Survey .............................................................................................. 9
Table 2. Target Arthropods for Survey .......................................................................................... 10
II. Planning a Survey ................................................................................................... 11
Choosing Target Species ...................................................................................................11
Table 3. Target Pests by Approved Survey Method .................................................................... 11
CAPS Approved Methods Webpage ..................................................................................11
Pathways .............................................................................................................................12
Hosts and Climate ...............................................................................................................12
Pest Datasheets/CAPS Risk Mapping Catalogue……………………………………………………..12
Survey Sites/Survey Season ..............................................................................................13
Trap Types ...........................................................................................................................13
Table 4. Pine commodity-based Survey Trap and Lure Combinations ...................................... 16
III. Ordering Traps and Lures ..................................................................................... 18
Contact information for trap and lures ..............................................................................18
IV. Conducting a Survey ............................................................................................. 19
Visual Survey ......................................................................................................................19
Table 5. Pine Commodity-based Visual Survey ............................................................................ 20
Trapping/Trap Sites ............................................................................................................20
Trap Placement ...................................................................................................................20
Trap Handling ......................................................................................................................20
Lure Storage ........................................................................................................................21
Lure Changing .....................................................................................................................21
Table 6. Length of Effectiveness for Pine commodity-based Survey Lures .............................. 22
Checking Traps ...................................................................................................................22
Trapping Season .................................................................................................................23
V. Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission ..................................................... 24
Screening Specimens .........................................................................................................24
Communication of Results .................................................................................................27
General References..................................................................................................... 28
Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Trap Protocol ............................................................... 29
5
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Table of Contents
Appendix B: Submitting Bark Beetle Specimens ..................................................... 29
Appendix C: PPQ Form 391........................................................................................ 39
6
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference How to Use This Manual
How to Use This Manual
I: Introduction
The first section of this manual describes the purpose of the Pine Commodity-based
Survey Reference. This section provides background information about pine, including
production and usage, why pine is important, and where pine is present in the United
States. This section also lists the pest species targeted in this survey and their current
distribution within the United States.
Pest Datasheets
Pest datasheets have been developed for each target pest species. Datasheets contain
specific information on the biology, ecology, symptoms/signs, hosts, distribution, survey
methods, and identification resources for each target pest. Pest datasheets are located
as separate links on the CAPS Resource and Collaboration site manuals page under
Pine Survey Reference.
Host information (in all Pest Datasheets)
In general, host information in pest datasheets is based on host species present in
areas where the target is distributed. These hosts may or may not be present in the
United States.
II: Planning a Survey
This section describes how to plan a Pine Commodity-based Survey and includes
information on the CAPS-approved survey and identification/diagnostic methods for
each of the pine pests. General information is provided on survey sites, survey season,
and the approved traps.
States should consider a pathway approach when deciding on which pine pests to
include in their respective Pine commodity-based Surveys. Information regarding the
hosts and climate of each pest should be considered as well.
III: Ordering Traps and Lures
This section gives specific information on how to order traps and lures for pine pest
surveys.
IV: Conducting the Survey
This section gives specific information on how to conduct a survey for pine pests. This
section lists symptoms and signs to look for when conducting a visual survey. It also
provides information on trapping, including: trap placement, trap setup, lure handling,
changing, and storage, checking traps, and the length of effectiveness for approved
lures.
V: Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
This section gives specific information on how to submit samples for identification.
7
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Introduction
I: Introduction
Purpose
The purpose of the Pine Commodity-based Survey is to detect new infestations of target
pine pest species at low population levels. This document provides standardized
guidelines for conducting a Pine Commodity-based Survey in the United States and its
territories.
The target species of the survey were selected by the national committee of the
Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program. Target species are either exotic
pests not known to occur in the United States or pests with limited distribution. Surveys
are planned and coordinated through each Plant Protection and Quarantine, State Plant
Health Director’s office and state cooperators (State Departments of Agriculture). The
goals of the Pine Commodity-based Survey are to obtain information about:
• The presence, distribution, or absence of target species;
• Patterns of distribution throughout the United States;
• Possible pathways for introduction of target species.
The following elements are pivotal to the success of the Pine Commodity-based Survey:
• Interviews, inspection, and trapping activities in and around high-risk areas;
• Timely and accurate data reporting;
• Public outreach programs that create an awareness of pine pests and encourage
reporting from growers and the public.
Background
Introduction to Pine
Pines (Pinus spp.) are remarkably diverse and abundant in the United States. At least
97 species occur in the country. Some are exotic to North America but most are native.
An estimated 54 billion pine trees occur in the contiguous United States on forestland
acres. Pines dominate four forest type groups in the western United States: ponderosa
pine, western white pine, lodgepole pine, and piñon pine-juniper. In 2012, these cover
types accounted for 11%, 0.1%, 7%, and 15%, respectively, of total forestland area in
the western United States (Oswalt et al., 2012). In the eastern United States, pines
dominate four cover types: white-jack-red pine, longleaf-slash pine, loblolly-shortleaf
pine, and oak-pine (mixed cover type). In 2012, these cover types accounted for 2%,
3%, 14%, and 7%, respectively, of total forestland area in the East (Oswalt et al., 2012).
No Pinus spp. are listed as federally threatened or endangered, but five species (P.
8
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Introduction
banksiana, P. echinata, P. pungens, P. resinosa, and P. virginiana) are considered
threatened or endangered in at least one state.
Figure 1. Pine density map by county. Map courtesy of USDA-APHIS-PPQ-
CPHST.
Selection of Target Species
The target pest species in this survey were selected by the National Committee of the
Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program, in cooperation with the USDA-
APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST). All target
species included are exotic pests to some area(s) of the United States but not
necessarily every state. Specific pests, however, should only be surveyed for in states
where that particular pest is not known to occur. Tables 1 and 2 outline the targets
selected for this survey; their common name, pest type, and current level of distribution
within the United States (U.S.) (see Table 1. Target Pathogens for Survey and Table
2. Target Arthropods for Survey).
Table 1. Target Pathogens for Survey
Scientific Name Common Name Type of Pest
Cronartium flaccidum Scots pine blister rust Fungus
9
Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Introduction
Table 2. Target Arthropods for Survey
Scientific Name Common Name Type of Pest
Dendroctonus micans European spruce beetle Beetle
Dendrolimus pini Pine-tree lappet Moth
Dendrolimus Masson pine moth Moth
punctatus
Dendrolimus sibiricus Siberian silk moth Moth
Diprion pini Pine sawfly Sawfly
Hylobius abietis Large pine weevil Beetle
Ips sexdentatus Six-toothed bark beetle Beetle
Lymantria mathura Rosy moth Moth
Monochamus Japanese pine sawyer Beetle
alternatus
Monochamus Black fir sawyer Beetle
urussovii
Orthotomicus erosus Mediterranean pine Beetle
engraver
Panolis flammea Pine beauty moth Moth
Tetropium castaneum Black spruce beetle Beetle
Tetropium fuscum Brown spruce longhorned Beetle
beetle
Thaumetopoea Pine processionary moth Moth
pityocampa
Tomicus destruens Mediterranean pine shoot Beetle
beetle
10Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
II. Planning a Survey
Choosing Target Species
Pest targets should be added to your detection survey based on their relevance to your
particular state or territory. Determining which target species to survey for should be
based on 1) the risk of introduction of the target and pathways of introduction; 2)
presence of known or potential hosts in your state/territory; 3) climatic suitability of your
state/territory for the target; 4) resources available (financial and staff) for survey and
identification of the pest (see Table 3. Target Pests by Approved Survey Method);
and; 5) the status/importance of a particular pest to your state/territory.
Table 3. Target Pests by Approved Survey Method
Scientific Name Common Name Approved Approved Identification/
Survey Diagnostic Method
Method
Cronartium flaccidum Scots pine blister Visual Morphological
rust
Dendroctonus micans European spruce Visual Morphological
beetle
Dendrolimus pini Pine-tree lappet Trap & Lure Morphological
Dendrolimus Masson pine moth Trap & Lure Morphological
punctatus
Dendrolimus sibiricus Siberian silk moth Trap & Lure Morphological
Diprion pini Pine sawfly Trap & Lure Morphological
Hylobius abietis Large pine weevil Trap & Lure Morphological
Ips sexdentatus Six-toothed bark Trap and Lure Morphological
beetle
Lymantria mathura Rosy moth Trap & Lure Morphological
Monochamus Japanese pine Trap & Lure Morphological
alternatus sawyer
Monochamus Black fir sawyer Trap and Lure Morphological
urussovii
11Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
Orthotomicus erosus Mediterranean pine Trap and Lure Morphological
engraver
Panolis flammea Pine beauty moth Trap & Lure Morphological
Tetropium castaneum Black spruce beetle Trap and Lure Morphological
Tetropium fuscum Brown spruce Trap and Lure Morphological
longhorned beetle
Thaumetopoea Pine processionary Trap & Lure Morphological
pityocampa moth
Tomicus destruens Mediterranean pine Trap & Lure Morphological
shoot beetle
Approved Methods for Pest Surveillance Webpage
The Approved Methods for Pest Surveillance webpage
(https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/approved-methods) lists the most up-to-date, CAPS-
approved methods for survey and identification/diagnostics of CAPS target pests. These
pages list approved methods for pests from the Priority Pest List, consisting of pests
from 1) commodity- and taxonomic-based surveys and 2) the Pests of Economic and
Environmental Importance list. The information on the pages supersedes any survey
and identification/diagnostic information found in any other CAPS document. Changes
are first made on the Approved Methods for Pest Surveillance pages. CAPS documents
are revised to reflect these changes as soon as possible; however, the Approved
Methods for Pest Surveillance pages should always be the authoritative source for the
most up-to-date, CAPS-approved methods.
Pathways
When planning surveys, states are encouraged to use a pathway approach when
deciding on target species and locations to survey. It is understood that risk factors can
be examined along a “risk continuum” beginning at offshore sites (points of origin) to
points of potential establishment (commodity production areas, natural lands), and
numerous risk points in between (wholesale distribution centers, nursery sites,
transportation corridors, etc.).
Hosts and Climate
The hosts of the target species as well as the climatic suitability of the targets should be
considered when planning a survey.
Pest Datasheets
Each pest datasheet within the manual gives specific guidance on the hosts, biology,
pathway, and climactic suitability of the target.
12Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
CAPS Risk Mapping Catalogue
PPQ’s Science and Technology (S&T) Fort Collins Lab produces a map catalogue to
support CAPS and other PPQ surveys. The catalogue focuses on host distribution
maps, climate suitability maps, and pest-specific analyses. These mapping products
support surveillance planning and resource allocation through a better understanding
of pest risk dynamics. The maps are based on newly developed data from two USDA
agencies: National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) data for agricultural host
distributions and U.S. Forest Service data for forest host distributions. To meet pest-
specific needs, the catalogue will include maps showing the combined host density
across the United States at a county scale. In addition, seasonal forecasts of climate
suitability and pest events will soon become available, allowing programs to plan
survey activities months in advance.
Although the catalogue is still under development, S&T is releasing maps as they
become available.
Survey Sites
When choosing a survey site, select a site that contains known or potential hosts and is
large enough to hold all of the traps that will be placed there. Whenever possible, trap
near the preferred hosts for the target species. Consult the individual pest datasheets
for this information.
Survey Season
Certain pests may be more prevalent during certain seasons or at different times during
the year. Pests may be more common on certain plant parts when
compared to other plant parts. Please see the specific pest
datasheet for each pest to help determine the time of year to survey
for each pest/pest type.
Trap Types
Several different traps are recommended for the Pine Survey
targets. Traps are recommended based on the biology of the pest.
Refer to Table 4. Pine commodity-based Survey Trap and Lure
Combinations for the trap and lure product names as they appear in
the IPHIS Survey Supply Ordering System. The five trap types
recommended for CAPS Pine targets are:
• Cross vane panel trap
• Large plastic delta traps
• Milk carton traps
• Multi-funnel traps
• Plastic bucket traps Figure 2. Cross vane
• Wing traps panel trap (USDA-
APHIS-PPQ).
13Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
Cross vane panel trap (Fig. 2)
The trap simulates a tree of large diameter and provides a large surface area to
maximize trapping. The trap is made from light-weight, corrugated plastic and is water-
and weather-resistant. The trap consists of two intersecting panels and a top and
bottom made of corrugated plastic board. Cross-vane panel traps should be used with
the wet method collection cup. Collection cups should contain about 150 mL of low-
toxicity anti-freeze (propylene glycol) such as RV & Marine Antifreeze. Avoid anti-freeze
brands that contain ethanol.
Large plastic delta traps (Fig. 3)
Large plastic delta traps can be ordered through the IPHIS
Survey Supply Ordering System. Currently, the traps are
available in orange, red, or white through the Ordering
System. The color of the trap does not affect the efficacy for
trapping any of the target species of the Pine Commodity-
based Survey. Large plastic delta traps are available with a
disposable adhesive liner.
The traps are prism-shaped and made of corrugated plastic.
Moths enter through openings on the triangular ends and
are captured on an adhesive liner. The lures should be
stapled to one of the non-sticky panels inside the trap.
Figure 3. Large plastic delta trap
Multi-funnel (Lindgren) traps (Fig. 4) (Image courtesy of John Crowe).
Multi-funnel traps (also known as Lindgren traps) are made
of black plastic funnels, aligned vertically over each other.
Multi-funnel traps were originally designed to collect large
numbers of scolytines (Lindgren, 1983); however, the traps
have also been used to capture cerambycids and other wood
borers. Beetles are attracted both visually to the trap (its
dark, vertical silhouette resembles that of a tree) (Lindgren,
1983) and by olfactory cues from the lures. Once attracted,
beetles fall through the funnels into a collection cup. Multi-
funnel traps come in a variety of lengths and are referred to
by their number of funnels (4, 8, 12, or 16). The attractants, in
the form of lures, are suspended from the trap.
Traps use either a wet or dry collection method. The dry
method uses an empty collection cup, with a drain hole in
bottom, with an insecticide strip. The wet method uses a
collection cup with low-toxicity anti-freeze (propylene glycol).
Wet collection cup method: The wet collection cup method Figure 4. Multi-funnel
is the only method approved for use with multi-funnel traps. (Lindgren) trap (John Crowe).
Wet option traps have been shown to be more effective than
14Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
traps using the dry option (Miller and Duerr, 2008). Bark
beetle and wood borer trap captures can be reduced by 40
to 97% with the dry trapping option (Miller and Duerr, 2008).
The water in the wet method traps collects the insects while
the low-toxicity antifreeze acts as a preservative for the
captured insects.
Collection cups should contain about 150 mL of low-toxicity
anti-freeze (propylene glycol) such as RV & Marine
Antifreeze. Avoid anti-freeze brands that contain ethanol.
Refer to Appendix B: How to Submit Bark Beetle
Specimens for Identification for instructions on
processing samples from wet method traps.
Figure 5. Plastic bucket trap.
Plastic bucket traps (Fig. 5) (Image courtesy of Julieta
This trap, also known as the unitrap, can be ord ered Brambila and Robert
through the IPHIS Survey Supply Ordering System. The Meagher).
trap has a green canopy, yellow funnel, and white bucket
and is used with a dry kill strip. This trap (Fig. 4) allows for
the collection of large amounts of specimens without damaging their identifying
characteristics. See Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Trap Protocol for more information
on how to use the trap.
Wing traps (Fig. 6)
Wing traps are available in either a plastic or paper
version. Plastic and paper traps are both equally
effective and the State may decide which trap to use.
Wing traps have a disposable adhesive liner. When
using a wing trap, the lure (a rubber septum) should be
placed inside a lure holder, which is usually included
with the trap. The lure holder should be stapled to the
underside of the top of the trap on a non-sticky area.
This trap can be ordered through the IPHIS Survey
Supply Ordering System. Figure 6. Wing trap (Image
courtesy of John Crowe).
Review each pest datasheet for additional guidance or trap modifications for the specific
species.
15Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
Table 4. Pine commodity-based Survey Trap and Lure Combinations
Target Pest Lure Product Name Trap Product Name
Dendrolimus pini Dendrolimus pini - Dendrolimus Milk Carton trap
sibiricus Lure
Dendrolimus Dendrolimus punctatus Lure 1) Wing Trap Kit, Paper
punctatus
2) Wing Trap Kit, Plastic
Dendrolimus Dendrolimus pini - Dendrolimus Milk Carton trap
sibiricus sibiricus Lure
Diprion pini Diprion pini Lure Large Plastic Delta Trap Kits
(Orange, Red, or White)
Hylobius abietis Option 1: Alpha Pinene UHR 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
Lure, Ethanol Lure Funnel, Wet
Option 2: Alpha Pinene UHR 2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Lure, Ethanol Lure, Monochamol Funnel, Wet
Lure
Ips sexdentatus Ips sp. Lure, 3 Dispenser 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
Funnel, Wet
2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Funnel, Wet
Lymantria mathura Lymantria mathura Lure 1) Wing Trap Kit, Paper
2) Wing Trap Kit, Plastic
Monochamus Monochamol Lure, 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
alternatus Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, and Funnel, Wet
Ethanol Lure
2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Funnel, Wet
3) Cross Vane Panel Trap,
Black
Monochamus Monochamol Lure, 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
urussovii Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, and Funnel, Wet
Ethanol Lure
2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Funnel, Wet
3) Cross Vane Panel Trap,
Black
Orthotomicus Ips sp. Lure, 3 Dispenser 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
erosus Funnel, Wet
2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Funnel, Wet
16Pine Survey Reference Planning a Survey
Panolis flammea Panolis flammea Lure Plastic Bucket Trap
Tetropium Spruce Blend Lure, Geranyl Cross Vane Panel Trap,
castaneum Acetol Lure, Ethanol Lure Black
Tetropium fuscum Spruce Blend Lure, Geranyl Cross Vane Panel Trap,
Acetol Lure, Ethanol Lure Black
Thaumetopoea Thaumetopoea pityocampa Lure Large Plastic Delta Trap Kits
pityocampa (Orange, Red, or White)
Tomicus destruens Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, 1) Multi-funnel Trap, 12
Ethanol Lure Funnel, Wet
2) Multi-funnel Trap, 8
Funnel, Wet
IMPORTANT: When more than one trap option is listed, consult the specific pest
datasheet to determine which option is appropriate for your state.
17Pine Survey Reference Ordering Traps and Lures
III. Ordering Traps and Lures
All traps and lures for the Pine commodity-based Survey should be ordered through the
IPHIS Survey Supply Ordering System during the open ordering season. By using the
ordering system, PPQ can utilize quality assurance procedures that are not available
when ordering directly from manufacturers.
Contact information for trap and lures
For questions about the IPHIS Survey Supply Ordering System or trap and lure quality
issues:
Lisa Jackson
National Operations Manager (Pest Detection and CAPS Programs)
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Field Operations
1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606
Phone (919)-855-7549
Fax (919)-855-7480
Email: lisa.d.jackson@aphis.usda.gov
Feridoon Mehdizadegan
National Operations Manager, Farm Bill
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
920 Main Campus Drive, Ste. 200
Raleigh, NC 27606
Phone (919)-855-7521
Feridoon.Mehdizadegan@aphis.usda.gov
For technical trap, lure, and survey methodology questions:
Heather Moylett
Biological Science Technician
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606
919-855-7428
Heather.moylett@aphis.usda.gov
18Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Conducting a Survey
IV. Conducting a Survey
Visual Survey
Several of the pests targeted in this survey can
be detected visually by looking/scouting for
characteristic symptoms/damage or signs of a
pest and collecting samples of plant tissues in the
field. A symptom is an indication of disease or a
pest by reaction of the host (e.g., canker, leaf
spot, wilt, yellowing). A sign, in contrast, is an
indication of a disease or pest from direct
observation of a pest or its parts (physical
evidence of the pest) (Fig. 7). It is important to
note that none of these symptoms/signs, taken
singly, are a diagnostic feature for any pest.
In the context of the current survey, surveyors
should take note of the general condition of the
plant and further examine the stems, leaves (both
sides), flowers, and fruit for the pests of concern.
The surveyors should pay close attention to
symptomatic plants first. These would be the
plants that have chlorosis (yellowing), necrosis
(brown/dead tissue), feeding holes, or a generally
unhealthy appearance. If no symptomatic plants
are present, the surveyor should choose plants to
examine based on convenience. While the
surveyor should examine several plants within the
site, only one data recording will be necessary for
the site. It is recommended to conduct visual
surveys multiple times over the survey season. If
the surveyor is trapping for insect targets, he or
she will need to visit the site multiple times to
service the traps and replace lures. Visual Figure 7: Top. Pitch/Resin tubes on a
surveys may be conducted during these trap- Picea abies tree typical of Dendroctonus
servicing visits as appropriate. There are two micans attack (a symptom). Courtesy of
Beat Forster, Swiss Federal Institute for
pests that have visual survey as a CAPS-
Forest, Snow and Landscape Research,
approved method (see Table 5. Pine Hosts Bugwood.org. Bottom. Dendroctonus
Commodity-based Visual Survey). micans larva (a sign). Courtesy of Fabio
Stergulc, Universita di Udine,
Bugwood.org).
19Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Conducting a Survey
Table 5. Pine Hosts Commodity-based Visual Survey
Scientific Name Symptoms/Damage & Signs to Look For1
Cronartium Signs: Spermogonia with spermatial fluid occur on the infected bark;
flaccidum aecia appear on the bark in the early summer; uredinia and hair-like
telia appear on the lower leaf surface of the alternate hosts in mid-to-
late summer.
Symptoms: Causes blister rust in pines, resulting in chlorosis and
necrosis of the infected sites, yellowing and premature defoliation of
leaves, branch death, bark discoloration, cankers, and deformed
growth.
The infected part of the shoot (lesion) is often swollen; resinosis in the
lesion; green shoots below the lesion; light greenish to yellowish
needles above the lesion.
Dendroctonus When surveying trees, look for signs of stem or root rot including resin
micans tubes on the trunk or granular resin at the tree base. Resin tubes may
vary in color from white or cream to shades of brown or purple. Older
infestations may have loose bark with galleries present.
Frass and bark packed into a quilted or island appearance is
characteristic of this pest. Surveys may yield any stage of D. micans.
When checking unprocessed logs, dunnage, crates, or pallets, which
contain bark strips, check the cambium and inner bark for galleries and
insect life stages.
1
See pest datasheets for more specific pest information.
Trapping
In general, trapping is a type of survey that involves the use of a trap to catch
arthropods of concern in a specific location. Often times, trap efficiency is increased
through the use of some type of chemical or physical attractant. These attractants might
be a light source, a food source, a pheromone, or host volatile that is attractive to the
target species. In the context of the current survey, there are eight insect targets that
have an approved trap and lure combination. See Table 4: Pine Insect Trap and Lure
Combinations for information on which traps to use with each target species.
Trap Sites
When choosing a survey site, select a site that is large enough to hold all the traps that
will be placed there. For moths, traps with different lure combinations are normally
placed 20 meters (66 feet) apart. For bark beetles, traps with different lure combinations
are normally placed 30 meters (99 feet) apart.
Trap Placement
Many of the target species listed in this manual are polyphagous and could potentially
be found in multiple types of environments. For the purpose of the pine manual, surveys
20Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Conducting a Survey
should be targeted in areas with pine hosts. Surveys could occur in commercial pine
groves (either in the field or in greenhouses when relevant) or in residential/urban areas
where pines are grown or sold (community gardens/garden centers).
• Survey sites should have host species of the target species.
• When possible, place traps out of direct sunlight.
• Make sure traps are not obscured by vegetation. Clip or remove any such
vegetation.
For specific information on where to place traps, see the specific pest datasheet as trap
placement may vary between species.
Lure Handling
Care should be taken to avoid contaminating external surfaces of traps with the
attractant (lure) or cross-contaminating traps with attractants (lures) of different species
(Lance, 2006). For example:
• Use latex or latex-substitute gloves when handling lures;
• Minimize direct contact with lures;
• Do not touch external portions of traps with gloves that have contacted lures; and
• At a minimum re-glove after handling lures for one species before handling traps
or lures for another.
Lure Storage
Inspect lures upon receiving them from the manufacturer. Notify the appropriate
National Operations Manager of any lures that are damaged and request replacement
lures. Store lures as directed by the manufacturer until used. It is generally acceptable
to store lures for different species in the same freezer if they are doubly contained in
factory-sealed packages that are, in turn, held separately by species in a secondary
closed container such as a glass jar or re-sealable plastic bag (Lance, 2006).
Lure Changing
The length of effectiveness of lures is usually reported by lure manufacturers assuming
temperatures of 30°C (86°F) during the day and 20°C (68°F) at night for a daily average
of 25°C (77°F) under laboratory conditions. However, release rates of many lures are
dependent on several factors including temperature, humidity, and other environmental
conditions. Therefore, the length of effectiveness of lures may be reduced in hot and dry
climates. In this manual, CAPS has listed a conservative length of effectiveness that
should be effective for even the warmest climates in the United States (see Table 6.
21Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Conducting a Survey
Length of Effectiveness for Pine commodity-based Survey Lures). However, if you
notice reduced non-target captures in your traps while the lure should still be effective,
go ahead and change the lure and decrease the number of weeks between lure
changes.
Table 6. Length of Effectiveness for Pine commodity-based Survey
Lures
Target Species Lure Product Name Length of Effectiveness
Dendrolimus pini Dendrolimus pini - Dendrolimus 28 days
sibiricus Lure
Dendrolimus punctatus Dendrolimus punctatus Lure 42 days
Dendrolimus sibiricus Dendrolimus pini - Dendrolimus 42 days
sibiricus Lure
Diprion pini Diprion pini Lure 28 days
Hylobius abietis Option 1: Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, Option 1: 56 days
Ethanol Lure
Option 2: 28 days
Option 2: Alpha Pinene UHR Lure,
Ethanol Lure, Monochamol Lure
Ips sexdentatus Ips. sp. Lure, 3 Dispenser 56 days
Lymantria mathura Lymantria mathura Lure 84 days
Monochamus Monochamol Lure, 28 days, 56 days, 56 days
alternatus Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, and
Ethanol Lure
Monochamus urussovii Monochamol Lure, 28 days, 56 days, 56 days
Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, and
Ethanol Lure
Orthotomicus erosus Ips sp. Lure, 3 Dispenser 56 days
Panolis flammea Panolis flammea Lure 56 days
Tetropium castaneum Spruce Blend Lure, Geranyl Acetol 56 days, 56 days, 56 days
Lure, Ethanol Lure
Tetropium fuscum Spruce Blend Lure, Geranyl Acetol 56 days, 56 days, 56 days
Lure, Ethanol Lure
Thaumetopoea Thaumetopoea pityocampa Lure 28 days
pityocampa
Tomicus destruens Alpha Pinene UHR Lure, Ethanol 56 days
Lure
Checking Traps
• Check traps every two weeks or after bad weather events (rain, strong winds, or
snow) which can disturb the sample.
22Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Conducting a Survey
• Examine traps for damage.
• Remove any debris blocking entrances, including leaves, twigs, spider webs, etc.
• Ensure that all lures are still in place.
• Remove any suspect specimens from the trap and submit the samples per the
sample submission instructions.
• Change lures per the length of effectiveness for each species (see Table 6.
Length of Effectiveness for Pine commodity-based Survey Lures).
Trapping Season
The trapping period will be the period of expected flight activity of adult moths. Traps
should be placed in the field as soon as adult flight activity is expected to begin and
remain throughout the active period. Actual trapping seasons may vary by location and
target species. Refer to individual pest datasheets to determine the trapping season for
each target. Flight period descriptions in the datasheets are usually based on the flight
season in the pest’s native range. The country/region is listed in the datasheet. States
should compare the hardiness zones of these regions to the hardiness zones of their
state to determine the predicted flight period in their state. Degree Days may also be
used, where listed.
23Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
V. Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
Consult the most recent version of the CAPS guidelines for information on how to
process and submit survey samples. Please follow the instructions for sample
submission and taxonomic support in the “Identification and Diagnostics” section of the
guidelines, found here.
Screening Specimens
Screeners should have had some training in recognition of common native pine pests.
Familiarity with the CAPS target species is also helpful. Work with your state or
university taxonomists for individual training and consult the screening aids that are
available for some groups at: https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/screening-aids.
For states without screening ability, there are PPQ domestic identifiers and several
other options. If your state would like to take advantage of the arrangements listed
below to receive unscreened samples, please contact your PPQ Program Manager for
more information prior to the trapping/survey season.
Domestic Identifiers for arthropods:
Western United States
Xanthe Shirley
412 Minnie Belle Heep
2475 TAMU
College Station, TX 77843
979-862-3052
Xanthe.A.Shirley@aphis.usda.gov
Eastern United States:
Julieta Brambila
CAPS Office
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
1911 SW 34th Street
Gainesville, FL 32608
352-372-3505 ext. 438
Julieta.Brambila@aphis.usda.gov
Arthropods:
Prescreened suspect samples of CAPS arthropod target species must be sent to the
state or university insect taxonomist in your state for identification. If there is no such
position, and/or if arrangements are not made with the entities listed in the previous
section, as a fall-back procedure, the specimens can be sent to the PPQ Area Identifier
that covers the geographic area. Consult The Lists of PPQ Identifiers and PPQ National
Specialists for contact information. Check their areas of coverage and notify the
identifier prior to sending any specimens.
24Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
If a state or university taxonomist or PPQ area identifier believes the submitted
specimen is a species new to the United States or state and/or a CAPS target species,
it is necessary to send the preserved specimens to the USDA-ARS Systematic
Entomology Laboratory (SEL) for final confirmation. If an Area Identifier or other
taxonomist is uncertain as to the possibility that the specimen is a new or target
species, consider sending the specimens first to one of the contacts listed above, as an
intermediate step before forwarding to SEL.
For submissions to the SEL, contact the National Identification Services (NIS) Domestic
Diagnostics Coordinator (DDC) first, at
ppq.domestic.diagnostic.coordinator@aphis.usda.gov , with a copy of a completed PPQ
form 391 (see Appendix C or use the fillable form available at:
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/library/forms/pdf/PPQ_Form_391.pdf). The DDC will then
convert the 391 into the electronic ‘Inland Beyond Port” (IBP) format and return it to the
submitter. The IBP record should then be mailed to the SEL with the specimen. Do
NOT submit the specimens until you have received a PDF of the IBP record(s) back
from the DDC. Submissions to the SEL must be marked “Urgent”.
If you have any questions, contact the National Field Operations Manager for Pest
Detection or the Domestic Diagnostic Coordinator (addresses below):
Lisa Jackson
National Operations Manager (Pest Detection and CAPS Programs)
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Field Operations
1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606
Phone (919)-855-7549
Fax (919)-855-7480
Email: lisa.d.jackson@aphis.usda.gov
Steve Bullington
Domestic Diagnostics Coordinator
USDA, APHIS, PPQ National Identification Services
4700 River Rd., Unit 52, Rm. 4D-04.35
Riverdale, MD 20737
(301) 851-2153
Stephen.W.Bullington@aphis.usda.gov
PPQ identifiers processing domestic samples can notify submitters of non-target and
native species identifications without entering the samples in the AQAS database;
however, any suspects that are forwarded to SEL for final identification must be entered
into AQAS prior to sending.
25Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
Send the arthropod specimen(s) to the following address:
Location Leader
URGENT
National Museum of Natural History
Systematic Entomology Lab,
USDA c/o National Museum of Natural History
NHB 168 10th & Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20560
The specimens will be routed by the SEL location leader to the appropriate specialist for
final confirmation. Communications of identification results will be through the PPQ NIS
domestic diagnostics coordinator in Riverdale, Maryland.
Pathogens:
Prescreened suspect samples of non-phytoplasma CAPS pathogen target species must
be sent to the state or university taxonomist in your state for identification. If there is no
such position, and/or if arrangements are not made with the entities listed in the
previous section, as a fall-back procedure, the specimens can be sent to the PPQ Area
Identifier that covers the geographic area. Consult The Lists of PPQ Identifiers and PPQ
National Specialists for contact information. Check their areas of coverage and notify
the identifier prior to sending any specimens.
If a state or university taxonomist or PPQ area identifier believes the submitted
specimen is a species new to the United States or state and/or a CAPS target species,
it is necessary to send the samples to the CPHST Beltsville Laboratory for final
confirmation.
When sending to CPHST Beltsville, be sure to include the PPQ form 391 (see Appendix
C or use the fillable form available at
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/library/forms/pdf/PPQ_Form_391.pdf) marked “URGENT”
with the sample going forward. Notify and send an electronic copy of the 391 to the
PPQ National Identification Services (NIS) Domestic Diagnostics Coordinator at
ppq.domestic.diagnostic.coordinator@aphis.usda.gov,, with the sample number and
date forwarded. If you have any questions, contact the National Field Operations
Manager for Pest Detection or the Domestic Diagnostic Coordinator (addresses below);
Lisa Jackson
National Operations Manager (Pest Detection and CAPS Programs)
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Field Operations
1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606
Phone (919)-855-7549
Fax (919)-855-7480
lisa.d.jackson@aphis.usda.gov
Steve Bullington
Domestic Diagnostics Coordinator
26Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Sample Processing, Sorting, and Submission
USDA, APHIS, PPQ National Identification Services
4700 River Rd., Unit 52, Rm. 4D-04.35
Riverdale, MD 20737
(301) 851-2153
Stephen.W.Bullington@aphis.usda.gov
PPQ identifiers processing domestic samples can notify submitters of non-target and
native species identifications without entering the samples in the AQAS database;
however, any suspects that are forwarded to CPHST Beltsville for final ID must be
entered in AQAS prior to sending.
Send the specimen(s)/samples to the following address:
Sample Diagnostics
URGENT
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
BARC-East, Bldg. 580
Powder Mill Road
Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
301-504-7100
Group E-mail Address: APHIS-
PPQCPHSTBeltsvilleSampleDiagnostics@aphis.usda.gov
Communications of identification results will be through the PPQ NIS domestic
diagnostics coordinator in Riverdale, Maryland.
Communication of Results
Native or non-target species identifications will be communicated directly back to the
state taxonomist, identifier, or originator of the sample. If the insect/pathogen is
confirmed as a CAPS target species or new pest to the United States, the Domestic
Diagnostics Coordinator will alert the National Survey Coordinator of the identification.
The notification will then go to PPQ Policy Management and Field Operations program
managers, and the SPHD and SPRO of the state of origin. One of these individuals will
then forward the confirmation to the originator of the sample and other state CAPS
personnel. Confirmations of CAPS targets or new species to the United States can then
be entered in the NAPIS system.
27Pine Survey Reference General References
General References
Lance, D. 2006. Guidelines for Detection Trapping of Exotic Lymantriid and
Lasiocampid Moths. USDA-APHIS-PPQ.
Lindgren, B. S. 1983. A multiple funnel trap for scolytid beetles (Coleoptera). The
Canadian Entomologist 115: 299-302.
Miller, D.R. and D.A. Duerr. 2008. Comparison of arboreal beetle catches in wet and
dry collection cups with Lindgren multiple funnel traps. Journal of Economic Entomology
101: 107-113.
Oswalt, S. N., W. B. Smith, P. D. Miles, and S. A. Pugh. 2012. Forest resources of the
United States, 2012. Washington Office, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture,
https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_wo091.pdf
28Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Trap Protocol
29Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
30Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
31Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
32Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
33Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
34Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix A: Plastic Bucket Protocol
35Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix B: How to Submit Bark Beetle Specimens
for Identification from Wet Traps
Appendix B: How to Submit Bark Beetle Specimens for Identification
from Wet Traps
Guidelines for Submitting Wood Borer and Bark Beetle (WBBB) Specimens for
identification
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
CAPS Program
The purpose of this document is to outline the proper procedures for preserving,
packaging, and shipping WBBB specimens collected in Lindgren multi-funnel traps as
part of the USDA-APHIS-PPQ CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey) Program.
The quality of specimens and the associated data is paramount to survey effectiveness.
As such, this document will focus on the techniques and practices that ensure that high
quality specimens are submitted.
ATTENTION: Submit preserved samples only, do NOT send decayed specimens.
Make sure the PPQ form 391 is clearly associated with each sample.
General Procedures:
1. Service the traps.
2. Take the samples to the lab and sort to order.
3. Prepare samples for shipment.
1. Service the traps
Multi-funnel trap samples are collected at the bottom of the trap in a container with a
wet killing agent. For CAPS surveys, the collection container should be filled with a
preservative, such as soapy water (a few drops of dish soap in water) or a 50%
concentration of the non-toxic antifreeze (propylene glycol) and water. Make sure to
replace the solution every time the trap is serviced.
Traps should be serviced every 10-12 days or after a bad
weather event such as rain, strong winds, or snow, which
can disturb the sample. Leaving samples out for too long
may damage them beyond recovery. Prior to going out in
the field, pack the following items: water and preservative
mix to refill the trap, replacement bait (if needed), a pencil,
adhesive label paper, disposable paint filters, a cooler
with ice, and zippered bags each containing a paper towel
Disposable paint filters.
wetted with 70% alcohol. At the site, strain the sample
Photo by Kira Metz.
through the paint filter and place it in the zippered bag. A
single sample, in this context, includes all contents of the collecting container. Use a
pencil to write the label and stick it to the sample bag. It is good practice to double-label:
a label inside the bag and an adhesive label on the outside. This minimizes error and
ensures data preservation. If a sample is large, sub-divide it to several clearly labeled
36Pine Commodity-based Survey Reference Appendix B: How to Submit Bark Beetle Specimens
for Identification from Wet Traps
bags rather than overfilling. Place samples in the cooler. Make sure samples sit on top
of the ice and are not crushed.
2. Take the samples to the lab and sort to order
Once the samples are in the lab, place them in the freezer for 24 hours or until you are
ready to process them. Rinse the samples off of the paint filter over a sorting tray. Then,
using soft tweezers and a magnifying glass or a dissecting microscope, pick out all
beetles (order Coleoptera) and wood wasps, such as Sirex noctilio (order Hymenoptera,
family Siricidae). Next, place the beetle or wood wasp sample into a glass vial filled with
70-80% ethanol with a label and packaged with form 391 to be sent to an identifier.
Make sure the label in the vial contains the collection number matching the associated
entry in the 391 data form. Similar to the field practice, one vial is usually used per
sample, but if the sample is too big, sub-divide the sample among several vials and
label them.
3. Prepare samples for shipment
Each sample is packaged with form 391: “Specimens for
Determination.” Fully capturing the collection data is critical
to a successful survey so the data form must be filled out
thoroughly. There is no such thing as too much data.
Section 22 is reserved for survey description, in this case
WBBB. Section 24 should be left blank to be used by the
identifier. Vial packaging. Photo by
Kira Metz.
When packaging samples for shipment, there are several
ways of ensuring that the form remains with the sample. A
paper envelope or a zippered bag work well to contain the
sample vial with the data form stapled to the bag.
Alternatively, rubber bands can be used to secure the form
– a method that works better if there are multiple vials per
sample. When securing multiple vials in one shipment,
make sure to wrap each one in a paper towel and tape so
as to contain the sample in case of breakage.
The vials should then be packed in a cardboard box or
mailing tube large enough to have space for packing
material on all sides. Packing material prevents the vials
from being shaken or broken. Styrofoam peanuts, plastic Mailing tube. Photo by
foam, bubble wrap, or crumpled newspapers are examples Julieta Brambila.
of suitable packing materials. The vials can also be sent in
padded envelopes sealed with tape not staples.
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