PRODUCTION OF NATURAL ESSENTIAL OILS - V.S. VENKATESHA GOWDA FORMER GENERAL MANAGER KARNATAKA SOAPS & DETERGENTS LTD., BANGALORE-55 Email ID ...
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PRODUCTION OF NATURAL
ESSENTIAL OILS
- V.S. VENKATESHA GOWDA
FORMER GENERAL MANAGER
KARNATAKA SOAPS & DETERGENTS LTD.,
BANGALORE-55
Email ID – vsaigowda@yahoo.co.in
Mob.+ 91- 90084 01415
1INTRODUCTION:
Definition of Essential Oil : The scented oil obtained from
natural sources is called Essential oil. An essential oil may
be defined as a volatile perfumery material derived from a
single source of vegetable or animal origin, which has
been separated from that source by a physical process.
Natural Essential Oils Are The JEWELS OF NATURE – only
Kings & Queens and rich persons were supposed to use
these essential oils and barter with other valuables.
2PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS:
India is already world leader as far as production and
export of essential oils and their value added products
are concerned.
Many factors go in favour of our country,
1) Biodiversity
2) Scientific manpower
3) Processing industry
4) Huge investment in trade
Unless, all these four parameters are well addressed
by any country, an industry cannot grow and achieve
distinction.
3 The production of essential oils can be grouped in to
five categories,
1) Essential oils for processing
2) Essential oils for fragrances
3) Essential oils for flavours
4) Essential oils for aromatherapy and natural
medicines
5) Essential oils for pharma oils.
4WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR PROCESSING (2011)
Essential Oil Quantity (in MTonnes) Producing Countries
Basil 500 India
Cederwood 3000 China, USA, India
Citrodora 1000 China, Brazil, India, S.Africa
Citronella 1500 China, Indonesia, India
Clove Leaf 4000 Madagascar, Indonesia, Zanzibar
Eucalyptus 5000 China, India, Australia
Lemongrass 400 India, China, Guatemala
Litsea cubeba 1500 China
M. Arvensis 30,000 India, China
Sassafras 400 China, Brazil
Staranise 400 China, Vietnam
Orange 50,000 Brazil, USA, Israel, Argentina
Others 2000
TOTAL 99,700
5The following are the methods for separation of
essential oils,
Steam distillation : It is the method of purifying any
substance by application of steam on them.
Hydro distillation : in order to isolate essential oils by
hydro distillation, the aromatic plant material is
packed in a still and sufficient quantity of water is
added and brought to a boil, alternatively, live steam
is injected in to the plant charge. due to the influence
of hot water and steam, the essential oil is separated
from the oil glands in the plant tissue.
6 Dry distillation : It is the heating of solid materials to
produce gaseous products (which may condense into
liquids or solids). The product are condensed and
collected. This method usually requires higher
temperatures than classical distillation. The method
has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and
wood.
Supercritical fluid extraction : It is the process of
separating one component (the extractant) from
another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the
extracting solvent. Carbon dioxide is the most
commonly used supercritical fluid. (A supercritical
fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure
7above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do
not exist).
Perfume: The word ‘Perfume’ used today derives
from the Latin per fumum, meaning "through smoke”.
Perfume is used to signify a pleasant scent or smell or
a substance which emits a pleasing odour.
Fragrance: ‘Fragrance’ means sweetness of smell.
Like Perfume it comes from the Latin and is akin to
the Sanskrit root, ghra. It’s used as a synonym for
perfume, in the concrete sense of a substance which
emits a pleasant odour.
8NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION
Change in global scenario in export/import
of agricultural commodities
Falling prices of agricultural commodities
Decreasing profitability of agricultural
crops
Danger of loss of jobs
Ecological damage
Change in consumer perceptions
9AROMATIC PLANTS – NEED FOR
DIVERSIFICATION
More profitable than many field crops
Plants for intercropping – complementary
not supplementary systems
Scope for value addition
Ecologically sustainable
10IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL OIL PLANTS GROWN IN
INDIA AND THEIR USES
PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL
PLANT BOTANICAL NAME CONSTITUENTS INDUSTRIAL USES
JAVA CITRONELLA CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS CITRONELLAL, PERFUMERY, RAW
JOWITT. CITRONELLOL, GERANIOL MATERIAL FOR VARIOUS
AROMA CHEMICALS
CORIANDER CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. LINALOOL, LINALYL FLAVOURING FOOD AND
ACETATE PHARMACEUTICALS,
PERFUMERY
DAVANA ARTEMISIA PALLENS WALL. DAVANONE, FLAVOURING CAKES,
DAVANOFURANS PASTRIES, TOBACCO,
BEVERAGES, HIGH GRADE
PERFUMES
EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA CITRONELLAL, ISO- PERFUMERY
HOOK. PULEGOL, CITRONELLOL
11SCENTED GERANIUM PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L-CITRONELLOL, PERFUMERY AND
L. HER.EX AIT. GERANIOL, LINALOOL FLAVOURING
JASMINE JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINALOOL, BENZYL PERFUMERY
L. ACETATE, INDOLE,
EUGENOL, BENZYL
BENZOATE
EAST INDIAN CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS CITRAL FLAVOURS, COSMETICS,
LEMONGRASS (STEUD.) WATS. PERFUMES,
MANUFACTURE OF
VITAMIN A
LINALOE BURSERA DELPECHIANA LINALOOL, LINALYL COSMETICS, SOAPS
POISSON EX ENGL. ACETATE
PALMAROSA CYMBOPOGON MARTINII GERANIOL, GERANYL PERFUMERY
(ROXB.) WATS. ACETATE, LINALOOL
PATCHOULI POGOSTEMON CABLIN PATCHOULI ALCOHOL, PERFUMERY
BENTH. SESQUITERPENE
HYDROCARBONS
ROSEMARY ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. 1, 8-CINEOLE, PERFUMERY
LINALOOL, MYRCENE,
CAMPHENE
SANDALWOOD SANTALUM ALBUM L. -SANTALOL, - PERFUMERY
SANTALOL, - & -
SANTALENE
12WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
Sl CATEGORY OF USE QUANTITY IN M.
No TONNES
1 Essential oils for processing 93,500
2 Essential oils for fragrances 13,538
3 Essential oils for flavours 11,800
4 Essential oils for natural cosmetics / 5,200
personal care
5 Essential oils for natural medicines / 2,900
aromatherapy
6 Essential oils for pharma 2,900
TOTAL 1,29,838
13PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN INDIA (YEAR-2011)
Sl No Essential Oil Production Sl Essential Oil Production
(M. Tonnes) No (M. Tonnes)
1 Ajowan 20 15 Fennel 05
2 B. Pepper 50 16 Geranium 10
3 Basil Exotic 02 17 Ginger 05
4 Basil Indian 500 18 Jamrosa 05
5 Cederwood 200 19 Juniper Berry 10
6 Cinnamon Leaf 05 20 K. Katchri 10
7 Citronella 100 21 Lavender 02
8 Cumin 10 22 Lemongrass 150
9 Cardamom 25 23 M.Arvensis 30,000
10 Coriander 05 24 M.Citrata 05
11 Davana 05 25 M.Longifolia 04
12 Dillseed 10 26 M.Piperita 1,200
13 E. Citrodora 10 27 Nutmeg 25
14 Eucalyptus 50 28 Nagarmotha 25
14Sl Essential Oil Production (M.
No Tonnes)
29 Palmarosa 15
30 Patchouli 04
31 Rosemary 01
32 Rooh khas 02
33 Sandalwood 25
34 Spearmint 400
35 Turmeric 05
36 Thuja 04
37 Vetiver oil 20
38 Others 50
TOTAL 32,974
15ESTIMATED AREA UNDER AROMATIC CROPS AND
ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH INDIA
Aromatic Crop Area(ac) Essential oil
production(t)
Palmarosa 800-1000 32-40
Citronella 400 40
Lemon grass 600-700 60-70
Eucalyptus citriodora 900-1000 36-40
Patchouli 100 5
Geranium 50 0.5
Vetiver 300-400 3-4
16OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION OF
AROMATIC CROPS (APPROX.)
ESSENTIAL COST OF PRICE OF NET RETURN
CROP OIL YIELD CULTIVATION OIL (RS./KG) (RS./HA)
(KG/HA/YR) (RS./HA)
JAVA CITRONELLA 240 34,000 350 50,000
LEMONGRASS 240 34,000 400 62,000
PATCHOULI 80 50,000 1500 70,000
ROSEMARY 120 46,000 1000 74,000
GERANIUM 24 46,000 4000 50,000
PALMROSA 120 65,000 2000 1,20,000
VETIVER 25 1,00,000 10,000 1,50,000
17ECONOMICS OF AROMATIC CROPS
CROP PURE CROPS INTERCROPPED IN PLANTATIONS
NET PROFIT 50% INTER 25% INTER
(RS/AC/YR) CROPPED CROPPED
JAVA CITRONELLA 20,000 11,000 5,500
LEMONGRASS 25,000 14,000 7,500
PATCHOULI 52,000 27,000 14,000
18IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN AROMATIC CROPS
Cropping System % improvement in land
use efficiency
Citronella + (cowpea – fingermillet) 46
Citronella + (greengram-fingermillet) 45
Citronella + (greengram-groundnut) 43
Citronella + (greengram-sorghum) 40
Palmarosa + blackgram 13
Geranium + cowpea 29
Geranium + blackgram 33
19RETURNS FROM CROP SEQUENCES INVOLVING
AGRICULTURAL AND AROMATIC CROPS IN SEMI-ARID TROPICS
Cropping system Geranium oil yield
equivalent (kg/ha)
1 Sorghum + Redgram – clusterbean/greengram 30.35
+ geranium – greengram
2 Pearlmillet – clusterbean/greengram + 28.36
geranium – greengram
3 Sunflower + Redgram – cluster 30.55
bean/greengram + geranium – greengram
4 Maize – greengram + geranium – greengram 30.27
5 Palmarosa + clusterbean/greengram 16.82
6 Lemongrass + clusterbean/greengram 12.12
7 Java citronella + greengram 17.81
8 Geranium + clusterbean/greengram 42.07
20AGRI-WASTE IMPROVES ECONOMICS OF
RAINFED PALMAROSA
Practice Palmarosa oil yield
(kg/ha/6 harvests)
Conventional 63.3
Incorporation of 76.2
spent material
Additional benefit 12.9
21USES OF VETIVER
Environmental and soil Perennial nature, strong
protection root system
Use in phytoremediation
Perfumery & flavours Vetiver oil is unique;
there is no synthetic
substitute
Handicrafts Several articles of utility
and decoration
Shelter Thatching roofs;
makeshift houses
Other uses Traditional drinks,
fodder etc.
22TESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS:
Following are the testing methods for Essential Oils:
1. Colour & Appearance
2. Odour
3. Refractive Index
4. Specific Gravity
5. Optical rotation
6. Total Alcohols
7. Total Esters
8. Purity By GLC for reference purpose.
23PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL AND
AROMATIC PLANTS
The number species of living organisms on earth is
estimated to be about 13.6Milion, which includes
about 2,50,000 species of plants. Out of these, 35-
70,000 species of higher plants may have been used
for medicinal purposes at one time or another in
different traditional medical practices. About 5000
species of higher plants have been exhaustively
studied by the pharmaceutical industries as a source
of new drugs. More than 120 drugs of known
chemical structure, which are extracted from 95
24 species of higher plants are globally in allopathic
medicine.
It is estimated that there are about 47000 species
plants in India, out of which 17000 are Angiosperms,
representing 6% of world’s known flowering plants.
Nearly 8000 plants have recognized for medicinal use
in value traditional systems of medicine in India.
There are about 1300 plants in India which are known
to be medicinal aromatic plant. Out of which 65 plant
species have demand in the world market.
India share the 3rd largest producer natural essential
oils next to USA and Brazil.
25 Total Indian exports about 2800tonns of essential
valued at Rs.327.44 lakhs, with mentha mint oil
accounting for about 70% and 60% of the quantity
and value, respectively, of the total essential oils
export.
Further, 4th largest economy after USA, China & Japan
and second fastest growing economy. Hence there is a
demand for the mass consumption items.
In the context of rising affluence, the country expected
to grow at 20% in FMCG, Wellness and Lifestyle
segments and it will become 4th largest consumer
economy by 2025.
26 Emerging demand for the Natural product World wide:
There is an enormous opportunity for cultivation of
medicinal plants as against the current collection form the
wild cultivation. The commercial cultivation can ensure
stability in Quantity and Quality of the material including
conservation of the valuable natural plant genetic sources.
For commercial cultivation there is a good scope in waste
lands along with the inter-plantation methods.
The Medicinal Aromatic Plants though they are similar
morphologically they differ in quality & quantity which
needs to be assed with sophisticated equipments.
Therefore standardization of cultivation practices under
local conditions on adoptability for the wide range of agro
climatic conditions.
27 Essential oils from aromatic plants are low volume
and of high value. They have a longer shelf life at room
temp. than horticultural plants. Some of them can be
grown in marginal lands through contract farming.
28ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD FARMING
What is Organic Farming .. ?
“Nature and man are interdependent; protection of the environment
will be in the interest of man himself”
– Mahatma Gandhi
Organic Farming is an approach that promotes this interdependence
between nature and man in a sustainable way. Its in a way going
back to the traditional methods of farming.
Organic Farming is a holistic production management system which
promotes and enhances:-
Agro-ecosystem health
Biodiversity
Natural biological cycles
Natural soil biological activity
29FEATURES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Organic Farming as a production system has the following features:-
Avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded
fertilizers, pesticides , growth regulators and livestock feed additives
To the maximum extent feasible it relies upon crop rotations, crop
residues, animal wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing
rocks
Uses aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity
and tilth to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and
other pests
Capable of maintaining their productivity & usefulness to society
indefinitely. Must be resource-conserving, socially supportive,
commercially competitive and environmentally sound.
30ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION
Sandalwood cultivation is a good candidate and a
natural choice for Organic Farming
The focus is not on yearly yields, but rather over an
extended period of time – ranging from15 years
It is not to a large extent dependent on fertilizers
and pesticides
It is not to a large extent dependent on intensive
irrigation facilities
31INTRODUCTION TO SANDALWOOD FARMING
Sandalwood is the fragrant heartwood of some of the species
of genus Santalum of family Santalaceae. The most notable
members of this group are Santalum album, Indian
Sandalwood & Santalum spicatum, (Australian Sandalwood).
Sandalwood has been valued for centuries for its fragrance,
wood working and various purported medicinal qualities. In
India the genus is represented by Santalum album and the
wood is commercially known as East Indian Sandalwood and
the essential oil from it is East Indian Sandalwood oil. East
Indian Sandalwood & Sandalwood Oil are amongst the oldest
perfumery material used since time immemorial
32AGRO TECHNOLOGY FOR SANDALWOOD
CULTIVATION
Sandalwood can be grown in variety of soil with pH ranging from 7 to 8.5,
with area temperature ranging from 5 to 50C.
It is not region specific and can adapt to different environmental conditions.
The plantation-grown trees with irrigation and fertilization perform
exceedingly well compared to natural forest conditions.
In natural conditions Sandalwood tree takes more than 7 years to produce
scented heartwood and its growth is restricted due to climatic factors, soil,
vegetation, fire, grazing and human interventions. Under these stress
conditions fully developed tree requires about 30 to 35 years for harvesting.
Plantation grown trees produce heartwood formation in about 3 to 4 years
and develop good heartwood ranging in diameter from 15 cm to 25 cm in
about 15 years. Harvesting at this age is much more economical and
commercially viable.
33IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SANDALWOOD
Sandalwood tree is partial root parasite, requires
another host tree by its side, through which it draws
nutrient for its good growth.
Providing good host plants is an important criteria for
the good growth of Sandalwood.
Timely Irrigation, fertilization, soil working and
pruning are required.
34CULTIVATION PROCESS
Seeds are available in two seasons April - May and September – October.
Both the seeds perform alike with respect to germination.
Some seed producing areas have been identified for collection.
Fresh fruits collected are de-pulped and dried seeds are kept for two
months due to dormancy before sowing.
If the seeds are soaked in 0.05% gibberllic acid for 16 hours prior to
sowing, good and uniform germination could be achieved.
Well-developed healthy seedling of 6 to 8 months old is ideal for planting
in the field. host and other intermediate plants.
35INTERPLANTING WITH FRUIT CROPS
Different configuration models can be adapted in the field depending on
the sustenance of the grower. If one needs regular income returns from
the plantation, interplanting with fruit crops of small canopy can be
made.
Some of the trees identified for intercrops:-
Grafted Amla or gooseberry (Phylanthus emblika or Emblika
officinalis)
Grafted Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Grafted Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
Pongamia, Neem, Drumstick, Silver oak, Dalbergia latifolia
36SANDALWOOD PLANTATION WITH
HOST PLANTS
Farmers who can sustain longer periods of investment, can adopt Sandalwood
plantation by interplanting with natural essential oil bearing plants viz….,
Lemongrass, Citronella, Palmarosa, Vetiver etc…,
Planting Sandalwood trees are much more economical and the expenditure
required for planting and maintenance up to a period of 15 years for a hectare
would be about Rs.10 lakhs, where as the economic returns shall be phenomenal.
On an average about 500 trees planted in one hectare and the average yield per
tree is about 15 to 20 kg of scented heartwood at the end of 15 years.
Discounting 20 percent towards the causality of trees, the total production of
scented heartwood would be approximately 9.0 Metric tonnes. Lucrative returns
can be calculated from sandalwood, apart from other benefits from host and
other intermediate plants.
37ECONOMIC MODEL WORKED OUT BY KS&DL UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR,
PRIVATE, PARTNERSHIP P3 FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD
IN INDIA UNDER BUY BACK ARRANGEMENT:
Sl. Particulars Per Hectare (2.5 Acre) Quantity / Price
No.
01 Requirement of Sandal Seedlings / Hosts
No of Sandal plants required per hectare 500 Nos.
No of pot hosts required per hectare 500 Nos.
No of Intermediate host plants required 500 Nos
No of long term host plants required 500 Nos
02 Cost of Sandalwood Seedlings / Hosts
Cost of production of sandalwood seedling Rs.12 x 500 Rs. 6,000-00
Cost of production of seedling primary host Rs.2 x 500 Rs. 1,000-00
Cost of production of Intermediate host Rs.10 x 500 Rs. 5,000-00
Cost of production of long term host Rs.10 x 500 Rs. 5,000-00
Cost for pit formation, soil work, planting, watering etc., Rs. 20,000-00
Cost of Drip Irrigation Rs.1,00,000-00
3803 Recurring Expenditure till Harvesting
Security &Vigilance for 15 years Rs.36,000/- pa Rs.5,40,000-00
Annual Weeding & Soil working for 15 years Rs. 2,000/- pa Rs. 30,000-00
Irrigation for 15 years Rs. 2,000/-pa Rs. 30,000-00
Fertilizer/Manure for 15 years Rs. 5,000/-pa Rs. 75,000-00
Miscellaneous expenses ( Management of Pests Rs.25,000/-pa Rs.3,75,000-00
& Diseases, Supervision etc.,) for 15 years
Expenditure on Land & other Infrastructure Rs.10,00,000-00
Total approximate expenditure ( After reckoning Rs.48,00,000-00
the Investment, Inflation @ 5% & Interest @ 12%
on Investment )
04 Expected Heartwood yield at the age of 15 yr. Per Hectare
after taking 10% as mortalities, thefts etc.,
No. of Sandalwood Trees eligible for extraction 450 Nos.
Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree Min. 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.
39Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.
Approx. quantity of Sapwood expected per tree 30 kgs x 450 13500 Kgs.
Average Price of Sandalwood Heartwood class Rs.3,500 per kg x 9000 kgs Rs.3,15,00,000-00
Cost of Sapwood Rs.65 per kg x 13500 kgs Rs.8,77,500-00
Bark & Waste 3 Kg per tree x 450 Rs 13.50 per kg Rs 18,225-00
Estimated profit from Inter crops for Rs 13.50 Kg Rs.12,000/- pa x 15 years Rs,3,75,000-00
spread over 15 years @ Rs 25,000/-.
TOTAL Rs,3,27,70,725-00
5 NET ESTIMATED PROFIT AFTER RECONING Per Hectare Rs.2,79,70,725-00
EXPENDITURE OF Rs.48,00,000/-
40LEGAL ASPECT OF SANDALWOOD
Sandalwood plants are widely distributed in the
southern Indian states like, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, hence, defined sandalwood
as a “Forest produce”, where as “Indian Forest Act”
does not have any special provisions for sandalwood.
In the meanwhile Govt. of India notified Chandana is
also one of the notified medicinal plant among 32
plants. The legal hassle faced by the Sandalwood trade
regulation is that there is no comprehensive regulation
applicable to the entire country in India. Hence, the
clandestine trade is flourishing and Sandalwood
population declining which is in the verge of extinction
and Sandalwood is classified as one of the endangered
plant species in India.
41DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION OF OIL
DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION
Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Ltd are the pioneers in distilling quality
sandalwood oil.
Distillers follow different methods for obtaining oil from wood.
Steam distillation is a simple and efficient method and is widely accepted.
Sandalwood is powdered and sieved to get mesh size of 12 to 36 and then charged
into copper or stainless steel stills.
Steam is bubbled up at the base under pressure 30 to 40 Psi (low pressure steam)
for 100 to 120 hours.
The crude oil floating on the surface of distillate is skimmed off and filtered.
Moisture present in the oil is removed by vacuum process.
On an average good kind of Sandalwood yields about 5 to 6 percent of oil upon
distillation.
The exhausted powder is used in incense stick manufacture and a resin is also
extracted from it.
COLOUR OF HEARTWOOD AND OIL CONTENT
The superiority of wood is generally judged based on colour and from the portions of the tree
from which it is taken. Weight of wood is also one of the criteria for selecting quality wood for
higher yield of oil.
42USES OF SANDALWOOD OIL
Some of the major industries depending on sandalwood oil:
Attar industry
Perfumery
Soaps and toiletries
Chewing scented tobacco
Pan Masala
Pharmaceutical applications
The production of Attars has occurred in India for centuries, it is a blend of
sandalwood oil and flower oil, such as rose petal, jasmine, kewda etc. The quality of
attar depends on the concentration of flower effervescence with in sandalwood oil.
Numerous types of attar products are made in India and it forms an important
constituent for the manufacture of incense sticks and Scented tobacco, Pan Masala,
Pan Parag, Zarada, Gutka etc.
43DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF
SANDAL WOOD & OIL
44PHARMACEUTICAL USES OF
SANDALWOOD OIL
Treatment of Skin diseases
Treatment for Acne, Dysentery, Gonorrhea,.
Ayurvedic preparations for various treatments.
Preparation of various beauty aids
Use of oil as bitter, cooling, sedative, astringent, disinfectant
and anti bacterial applications
45STATUS OF SANDALWOOD INDUSTRY
Indian sandalwood industry is very large compared to any perfume industry in the world.
More than 85 percent of world’s production of wood and oil is contributed from India.
Tamil Nadu contributes more than 80 percent of the countries production. Karnataka
was contributing more than 50 percent of the wood and oil to the market, presently
negligible.
It is estimated that the present annual production of sandalwood exceeds 300 to 400
tonnes and oil production exceeds 3 to 5 tonnes.
However, these figures do not match with the official production. Domestic industries
consume about 80,000 kg of sandalwood oil each year.
Handicrafts industries consume about 15 to 20 percent of the total wood production.
Sandalwood trade is a very tricky business and one cannot get the true statistics, either
on production or on the quantity of oil used due to official restriction imposed on it.
46GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF SANDALWOOD OIL
In view of the Indian sandalwood supply being limited and expensive, industries
dependent on sandalwood are on the look out for alternates, such as:-
Western Australian sandalwood oil
Fiji oil
New Caledonia sandalwood and oil
South African sandalwood oil
Australian sandalwood oil derived from Santalum spicatum is not identical to
Indian sandalwood; its odour and chemical constituents are different. It has only 25
to 30% of santalol.
Fuji and New Caledonian oil is fairly superior which can be used as alternate
because it is less expensive.
African (Tanzanian) sandalwood is a different plant species, Osyris tenifolia, and
has very little affinity towards Indian sandalwood oil, is also used as an alternate.
These natural alternates are preferred to many synthetics substitutes, available in
the market. Prolonged use of the components containing synthetic substitutes is
harmful to human consumption and may bring incurable disease. It is also true that
the synthetic substitutes are not identical to the natural sandal wood oil and differ in
properties.
47VISION OF KS&DL
Our vision is to produce the best quality natural
Sandalwood and Oil from “Soil to Oil” from the legal and
ethical sources on sustainable basis towards National
Prosperity through commercial cultivation of natural
Sandalwood to produce the best quality natural
Sandalwood oil based soaps, cosmetics, Beauty aids,
perfumes through continuous revolutionize innovations
for both new and existing product lines to meet the
global standards.
Our Mission is to Grow More Sandalwood, empower the
growers, conserve nature under buy back arrangement.
48BIBILIOGRAPHY
Indian Perfumers- Sept’2012
CIMAP – BANGALORE
E-mail – cimapfsbangalore@vsnl.net /
fsbangalore@cimap.res.in
49ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I am thankful to the management of KS&DL
and staff members, FFDC for having given me
the opportunity to share my experience.
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