Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program - NCJRS
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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Assistance
Residential
Substance Abuse
Treatment for State
Prisoners (RSAT)
Program
Bureau of
Justice AssistanceU.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
Alberto R. Gonzales
Attorney General
Tracy A. Henke
Acting Assistant Attorney General
Domingo S. Herraiz
Director, Bureau of Justice Assistance
Office of Justice Programs
Partnerships for Safer Communities
www.ojp.usdoj.gov
Bureau of Justice Assistance
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA
NCJ 206269
The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also
includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.Residential
Substance Abuse
Treatment for State
Prisoners (RSAT)
Program
April 2005
NCJ 206269
Bureau of
Justice AssistanceContents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
RSAT Program and Funding History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Program Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Changes to the RSAT Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
RSAT Program Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
State-by-State RSAT Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
iiiOverview
A
ccording to a report published by “state” refers to all states and
the National Center on Addiction territories and the District of
and Substance Abuse at Columbia Columbia.) In each state, a State
University in March 2003, 80 percent Administering Agency (www.ojp.
of all offenders in the U.S. criminal usdoj.gov/state.htm) is responsible for
justice system report having substance administering RSAT funds and may
abuse problems.1 A study funded by award subgrants to state agencies, units
the U.S. Department of Justice’s of local governments, and Native
National Institute of Justice found that American tribes.
substance abusing inmates who
completed treatment were less likely to As of July 2004, 300 programs are in
be rearrested after release, particularly operation. Each state determines which
if residential treatment was followed model or models it wants to adopt for
with aftercare treatment.2 its RSAT programs; separate facilities
in a state may use different approaches,
The need for drug treatment in state depending on the participants.
and federal prisons and local jails is Programs are available for adults and
evident. The Residential Substance juveniles and males and females, and
Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners they can offer individual and group
Program, or RSAT, was created to help sessions. States are encouraged to
states and units of local governments adopt comprehensive approaches to
develop, implement, and improve substance abuse treatment that include
residential substance abuse treatment life skills development, vocational
programs in state and local training, relapse prevention, and
correctional and detention facilities. It aftercare services.
also helps them create and maintain
community-based aftercare services RSAT fosters a partnership between
for probationers and parolees. correctional staff and the treatment
community to create programs in
RSAT grants are awarded to all 50 secure settings that help offenders
U.S. states, the District of Columbia, overcome their substance abuse
and the 5 territories—American problems and prepare for reentry into
Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana society. RSAT programs are structured
Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin to deal effectively with substance
Islands. (Throughout the document, abuse problems, work with inmates so
1they may focus on their recovery, and substance free and with skills to obtain
provide staff and resources to address employment and be productive
all aspects of substance abusing members of their communities, but
behavior. they also experience reduced costs to
local, state, and federal governments
By providing inmates with substance by reducing drug-related crimes and
abuse treatment, states not only help the expense of incarcerating those who
these individuals return to society commit them.3
2RSAT Program and
Funding History
C
ongress established the RSAT Funds are distributed based on the
Program under the Violent Crime following formula: each state is
Control and Law Enforcement Act of allocated a base amount of 0.4 percent
1994 (Pub. L. No. 103-322, § 1901). of the total funds available for the
program. The remaining funds are
The Bureau of Justice Assistance divided based on the same ratio of each
(BJA), a component of the Office of participating state’s prison population
Justice Programs (OJP), assumed to the total prison population of all
responsibility for the RSAT Formula states.
Grant Program in October 2002 after
the OJP Corrections Program Office,
which originally administered the Program
program, was incorporated into BJA. Requirements
A state may use RSAT grant funds to
Through the RSAT initiative, BJA
implement one of four types of
provides financial assistance, training,
programs: state and local correctional
programmatic guidance, evaluation,
facility RSAT programs, jail-based
and leadership to states and local
treatment programs, aftercare
communities that are interested in
programs, and postrelease treatment.
administering substance abuse
treatment programs in their correctional
States must coordinate with substance
facilities.
abuse programs and the state alcohol
and drug abuse agency, and the local
Since the RSAT Program’s inception in
agency if appropriate, in designing and
fiscal year (FY) 1996, more than $400
implementing treatment programs.
million has been provided for
They also must ensure coordination
residential substance abuse treatment
between the activities initiated under
services. In FY 2002, $64 million in
RSAT and the federal assistance for
grant funds was awarded to all the
substance abuse treatment and aftercare
states, and nearly 40,000 inmates
services provided by the U.S.
received treatment services. In FY
Department of Health and Human
2003, BJA distributed more than $59
Services’ Substance Abuse and Mental
million in grant funds. The appendix
Health Services Administration. States
presents a breakdown of funding
also should coordinate substance abuse
provided to each state from FY 1996
to FY 2003.
3and mental health services for dually custody of a state or local
diagnosed offenders (those who have government should also be tested.
both a substance abuse problem and a
mental health disorder). ■ Give preference to subgrant
applicants who will provide
aftercare services.
State and Local
RSAT Programs
Jail-Based Substance
For a state or local correctional agency
Abuse Programs
to be eligible to receive funds,
according to the authorizing Jail-based substance abuse programs
legislation, its RSAT program must: may be eligible for funding if they
meet all of the following criteria:
■ Last between 6 and 12 months.
Participants should have between ■ Last at least 3 months.
6 and 12 months left to serve of
their sentence so they can be ■ Make every effort to separate RSAT
released from prison after they participants from the general
complete the program instead of correctional population.
returning to the general prison
■ Focus on inmates’ substance abuse
population.
problems.
■ Provide residential treatment
■ Develop inmates’ cognitive,
facilities that are set apart from the
general correctional population in behavioral, social, vocational, and
either a separate facility or a other skills to solve the substance
dedicated housing unit that is used abuse and related problems.
exclusively for the program.
■ Are science based and effective.
■ Focus on inmates’ substance abuse
problems.
Aftercare Services
■ Develop inmates’ cognitive, States must give preference to subgrant
behavioral, social, vocational, and applicants who will provide aftercare
other skills to solve the substance services to program participants. Such
abuse and related problems. services must involve coordination
between the correctional treatment
■ Conduct urinalysis or other reliable program and other human service and
forms of drug and alcohol testing. rehabilitation programs, such as
Individuals released from RSAT education and job training, parole
programs who remain in the supervision, halfway houses, and
4self-help and peer groups, that may substance abuse treatment when they
help in rehabilitating offenders. are released from facilities or have
finished parole. Each offender should
States may use amounts received for have an individualized plan, beginning
aftercare if a state’s chief executive when the inmate enters an RSAT
officer certifies that the state is program.
providing, and will continue to
provide, an adequate level of
residential treatment services. Postrelease Treatment
States may use up to 10 percent of
Correctional RSAT programs and state
their total RSAT award for treatment
and/or local substance abuse treatment
of parolees for up to 1 year after they
programs are required to work together
have been released from a correctional
to place participants in community
facility.
5Program Components
A
lthough each RSAT program is Relapse prevention is taught in many,
different, they share many of the if not all, RSAT programs. Many also
same components. Individual and include 12-step programs such as
group counseling sessions that often Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics
include peer feedback and self-help Anonymous.
groups are provided as part of both in-
prison and aftercare programs. Below A popular treatment module is
are some elements that most programs “Thinking for a Change,” an integrated
in prisons and jails and aftercare cognitive behavior curriculum that
services provide to offenders. concentrates on cognitive restructuring
and developing social and problem-
solving skills.
In-Prison Programs
Gender-responsive treatment is
RSAT programs in prisons and jails essential to programs for females.
educate inmates about substance abuse, These programs educate women and
including its consequences, the girls about self-esteem, self-
addiction cycle, recovery, the sufficiency, and wellness and discuss
relationship of alcohol and drug abuse topics such as codependent
to other problems, and how to work relationships and eating disorders.
through denial of and blaming others
for abuse problems. They help Many programs include components
participants understand behaviors such that address parenting and family
as anger, criminal thinking, and poor issues such as domestic violence,
skill and habit development. They relationships, and communication.
teach offenders how to manage anger, Family therapy may be offered.
stress, and emotions; resolve conflicts;
and set goals and boundaries. They Participants learn life skills and receive
help participants develop social, educational, vocational, and
communication, and coping skills. employment assistance. These include
Some programs reinforce positive financial management, General
behaviors instead of focusing on Educational Development (GED)
negative ones. courses, and job training. Some
programs, particularly those that work
7with juveniles, require offenders to family counseling to help inmates
keep a daily journal. Some offer work continue in their recovery. To help
release programs. participants reenter society, many
continue to include 12-step programs.
Many offenders undergo psychological Participants receive life skills,
testing. Mental health services are employment, and vocational training
provided in many programs, especially and job placement. Many aftercare
those that are exclusively for dually services provide for or help with
diagnosed offenders. childcare and transportation and offer
housing assistance. Some help with
RSAT programs include prerelease medical care, including mental health
planning, transitional services, and treatment and intervention.
intensive case management to help
offenders reenter their communities. Regular communication between
Participants help case managers treatment staff/case managers and
develop individual treatment plans. offenders, as well as with family
RSAT programs help participants find members if appropriate, is an
transitional housing or halfway houses. important component that can help
When aftercare services are not part of inmates in their recovery. Mentors, role
an RSAT program, offenders are models, sponsors, and peer support
provided with links to community groups also are invaluable in this
resources and aftercare and social effort. Offenders’ frequent contact with
services. these individuals can help them
develop new friendships, find
substance-free recreational interests,
Aftercare Services and avoid people, places, and things
Aftercare services funded through that may entice them to again use
RSAT include substance abuse and drugs.
8Changes to the RSAT Program
S
everal changes were made to the a residential drug treatment
RSAT Program beginning with the program located in the Cook
FY 2003 awards. County Jail in Chicago, Illinois that
began accepting inmates in
February 1991. Of the 453 inmates
Jail-Based Substance who were in IMPACT, those who
Abuse Programs left it within the first month were
rearrested on average within 99
Pursuant to Public Law 107-273
days of release, compared with an
(§ 2001), the Department of Justice
average of 178 days following
Appropriations Authorization Act, 10
release for those inmates who
percent of RSAT funds must be passed
stayed in the program at least 3 but
through to local agencies to establish
not more than 5 months. The
jail-based substance abuse programs
program achieved a 51 percent
(JSAPs). This statutory change allows
reduction in recidivism.4
a significant, unserved segment of the
correctional population—short-term ■ Henrico County Regional Jail East:
state or local offenders in local jails— Recovery in a Secure Environment
to receive substance abuse treatment (RISE), a social model recovery
and will help to smooth their transition program, was implemented in
back to their communities. (See the August 2000 at the Henrico County
Program Requirements chapter for the Regional Jail East located near
criteria JSAPs must include to be Richmond, Virginia. The program
eligible for funding.) focuses on wellness and inmates’
potential and addresses addictive
Below are some examples of
and other problem behaviors. Up to
successful JSAPs.
600 inmates per year receive an
average of 3 months of addiction
■ Cook County Jail: A study of
recovery services, with a cost of
participants in the Integrated
approximately $50 per month per
Multiphasic Program of Assessment
inmate. RISE began at the jail with
and Comprehensive Treatment, or
the 36-bed program Project Fresh
IMPACT, found that the rate of
Start; expanded with a 44-bed
rearrests decreased with the length
program called Project Hope; and
of stay in the program. IMPACT is
added a 36-bed program called New
9Direction: A Successful Living ■ Semiannual progress reports are no
Program, which focuses on life longer required.
skills, transition and reentry issues,
relapse prevention, and community ■ In-kind, instead of all-cash, matches
contribution. A fourth RISE are now permitted.
program is currently planned for
Henrico County Jail West.5 ■ Grantees are allowed to select the
reporting cycle (state fiscal year,
federal fiscal year, or calendar year)
Streamlining for their annual reports.
BJA made other changes to streamline ■ Performance measures have been
requirements and incorporate statutory rewritten for shorter terms (e.g.,
changes to allow states to focus on 1 year, not 5 years, after release).
program management instead of on
administrative work. The following ■ RSAT funds awarded during the FY
specific changes were made in April 2002 and FY 2003 appropriations
2003: can be used for postrelease
treatment and aftercare services.
■ The project period was extended by
1 year to match the project period ■ A mandatory pass-through of funds
for the Edward Byrne Memorial was created for local jurisdictions to
State and Local Law Enforcement provide jail-based treatment.
Assistance Grant Program.
10RSAT Program Evaluation
P
rogram evaluations compare Other obstacles are low staff salaries
prisoners who have and have not and travel costs to isolated and
participated in RSAT programs. A unattractive prison locations.6
national evaluation and implementation
and outcome evaluations have been
conducted, which were funded by the State-Level
former OJP Corrections Program Evaluations
Office through the National Institute of
A meta-analysis of evaluations at 12
Justice.
RSAT sites found positive outcomes
from in-prison substance abuse
treatment. One important factor is that
National Evaluation
inmates who complete treatment are
The national evaluation found that less likely to be rearrested or placed on
RSAT programs primarily used one or a higher custody level. Aftercare
a combination of three treatment treatment also was associated with
modalities: therapeutic communities, lower levels of recidivism and relapse.
cognitive behavioral approaches, and RSAT programs increase offenders’
12-step programs (e.g., Alcoholics
Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous). Inmates who complete treatment are less likely
Combination treatments, however, to be rearrested or placed on a higher custody
level. Aftercare treatment also was associated
have not been fully evaluated; the
with lower levels of recidivism and relapse. RSAT
evaluators noted that they may provide programs increase offenders’ self-esteem,
less effective treatment if the decisionmaking, and self-efficacy and reduce
their levels of anxiety, depression, risk taking,
components are “watered down.” and hostility.
An obstacle that RSAT programs
confront is the hiring and retaining of self-esteem, decisionmaking, and self-
treatment staff. Correctional efficacy and reduce their levels of
institutions are not allowed to hire anxiety, depression, risk taking, and
individuals with substance abuse or hostility. Cognitive distortions (e.g.,
criminal backgrounds, but many self-centeredness, blaming others,
therapeutic communities outside their minimizing, assuming the worst) were
facilities use recovering program also significantly reduced.
graduates in mentoring and staff roles.
11Women offenders. Many RSAT for employment and vocational and
programs serve women offenders, educational services.
although they are a much smaller
proportion of the drug-offender Dually diagnosed offenders. An
population. Both therapeutic RSAT evaluation of dually diagnosed
communities and cognitive behavior- inmates pointed to the importance of a
oriented therapy have produced coordinated reentry strategy for
positive outcomes for women. prisoners. Offenders participating in
Evaluations indicate that RSAT the study experienced lapses and
participants are significantly less likely changes in medication prescriptions.
to be arrested and/or convicted than The resulting physical or mental side
women in comparison groups. A effects and instability sometimes led to
woman’s probability of being recidivism. Ensuring that dually
reincarcerated significantly decreased diagnosed offenders comply with their
with the more treatment she received medication regimen will result in
(e.g., RSAT only, RSAT and links to mental health stability, which was a
community-based treatment and pivotal factor in reducing recidivism
services during parole). Further, the and helping offenders abstain from
study found favorable differences for substances within 3 months of release.
RSAT program participants with
respect to postrelease drug use, Findings suggest that increased
employment, parenting, and coordination between institutional staff
psychological functioning. and psychiatrists in the community
would be beneficial to dually
Evaluations of women’s programs also diagnosed offenders’ smooth reentry
point to specific and substantial gaps process. In particular, institutions
between services needed and services should address the important period
received. Incarcerated women with immediately following release by
children have difficulty finding suitable ensuring that inmates have sufficient
residential aftercare services that medication to last until their first
accept children. In some states, women meeting with a community mental
convicted of drug crimes are not health provider, transportation to a
eligible for training through welfare- place of residence, an identification
to-work programs, although these card, and other benefit cards.
women often have a substantial need
12■
Strengthening Ensure a commitment from
RSAT Programs Department of Corrections and
prison administration officials to
Several strategies were identified that adhere to treatment program goals
may strengthen RSAT programs in the and minimize disruptions to the
future: treatment process.
■ Develop one underlying, evidence- ■ Focus on providing coordinated
based RSAT treatment model. To services for offender aftercare
ensure uniform treatment for all treatment and reentry into the
participants, staff should receive community.
specific curriculum training to
ensure that they are familiar with
the particular treatment modality
selected for the program.
13State-by-State RSAT Activities
Alabama
F
ollowing are descriptions of
activities that have been funded
Funding total: $8,191,390
under the RSAT Program in each state,
the District of Columbia, and the five
In FY 2003, 871 adult male and female
territories.
inmates successfully completed the
program in Alabama. Each of the eight
Some reports are for FY 2003; others
prisons at which RSAT was conducted
are for FY 2002. Some include
had drug-free aftercare dorms and a
cumulative data for all years RSAT has
work release center to house offenders.
been in existence in a state.
The treatment provided is 6–8 months
The descriptions vary from state to
long and is divided into three phases.
state because they were drawn from
In the first phase, the inmates are in
various reports provided—including
drug treatment full time and partake in
annual performance reports and annual
activities that help them recognize the
project-level evaluation reports—each
consequences of drug use, understand
of which included different
the addiction cycle, and understand the
information.
recovery cycle while working through
The RSAT program reporting forms a 12-step program. In the second
uniformly asked that the following phase, the inmates discuss recovery
information be provided for those issues closely related to substance
offenders who successfully completed abuse, including anger, relationships,
the program: the number who and poor skill/habit development.
remained drug free and arrest free in Finally, during the third phase, the
the residential and aftercare programs, inmates receive relapse prevention and
and the number who have stayed arrest aftercare planning, coupled with
free at least 1 year after their release development of work skills and habits
from aftercare. in preparation for working at a daily
aftercare program. Alabama’s RSAT
program also regularly conducts
urinalysis testing to check its inmates
for drug use both in the residential
15program and after completion as long American Samoa
as the inmates remain in the custody of
the state. Funding total: $1,462,254
The RSAT program continues to be
Alaska implemented at American Samoa’s
Tafuna Correctional Facility. The goals
Funding total: $2,264,111 of the program are to provide the best
possible treatment services for eligible
Overall, 140 adult females have clients, counseling in specialized areas,
successfully completed Alaska’s periodic drug and alcohol testing,
program, which began in 1998, by preparation for integration back into
meeting all of the program the community, and aftercare services
requirements. All of them stayed arrest and monitoring after release.
free and 97 percent stayed drug free
while receiving services. A total of 138 Program admission and enrollment are
women have been connected to limited to a minimum of 6 months and
community substance abuse treatment a maximum of 12 months. When a
programs for aftercare services. For client’s time within the program is
adult males, whose program opened in complete, the warden receives a report
2000, 73 have completed RSAT and with recommendations pertaining to
remained drug and arrest free while the positive and negative findings for
receiving treatment. each client. Also, local probation and
parole officials contribute in
Recognizing the importance of monitoring the offenders allowed to
bridging the RSAT Program with take part in early release and work
community aftercare services for the furlough programs.
participants, the State of Alaska
recently added a halfway house to its
aftercare services so participants could Arizona
continue to support each other in their
recovery. In addition, the discharge Funding total: $8,485,815
planning process begins 3 months prior
Overall, 2,036 inmates—adult and
to the offender graduating and includes
juvenile males and females—graduated
a transition counselor who assists the
from one of Arizona’s seven in-prison
offender in making arrangements for
programs, and between 88 and 100
aftercare services in his or her
percent stayed drug free while
community.
receiving treatment. The four programs
for juvenile offenders reported that
1,747 successfully completed an
16aftercare program, with between 57 program called Artists in Residence.
and 97 percent staying drug free while During the fiscal year, nationally
receiving services. recognized artists serve as mentors to
the girls during two 12-week seminars.
Arizona used its FY 2003 grant to help Another activity is the Challenge
fund 10 programs; 2 of the 3 aftercare- Course, which is a maze of poles,
only programs opened in July 2003. ropes, and cables. It requires a group
One program treats substance abusing to work together to solve problems and
sex offenders. help one another overcome perceived
limits, and it gives the girls a sense of
A total of 569 offenders successfully accomplishment.
completed an RSAT-funded program in
FY 2003, and between 81 and 100 Staff of the Catalina Mountain School
percent tested negative for drugs while Recovery Unit for juvenile males
in treatment. Of the 475 juveniles who conduct a fine arts program. The boys
finished aftercare, between 30 and 98 created a video entitled “A Day in the
percent did not use drugs during their Life of Recovery” in which they
time in the program. discussed what they were doing and
learning in treatment and presented it
Two RSAT-funded programs in to their families at a Family Day. For
Arizona are the Men in Recovery and another project, “Self Portrait,” the
Women in Recovery programs. One youth used photography, visual arts,
component of these programs poetry, and prose to create views of
emphasizes family interaction and themselves that they presented to their
reunification and reinforces family families.
unity and inmates’ roles as parents. It
focuses on parenting skills, rebuilding
family relationships, and Arkansas
communication, and it offers labs that
Funding total: $4,480,507
allow participants to interact with their
children as well as other family
The Arkansas Department of
members.
Community Correction (DCC)
supports two RSAT-funded programs
The Arizona Department of
that provide 100 beds for male and
Corrections and the Arizona Cactus
female adult special needs residents.
Pine Girl Scout Council support “Girl
Most offenders have a primary
Scouts Beyond Bars”—inmates and
diagnosis of substance abuse and a
their daughters participating in girl
secondary diagnosis of mental
scouting activities in the prison—for
disorders. The Department of
the Women in Recovery program.
Correction (DOC) currently runs three
programs with 215 available beds for
The Black Canyon School Recovery
men and women.
Unit for juvenile females offers a
17Arkansas requires offenders to have a hard of hearing participants, and
residence and employment as intensify cross-training for treatment
conditions for parole. The aftercare and security staff about how to work
program administered by Health with special needs residents.
Resources of Arkansas (HRA), called
Parole Release & Independent
Development Effort, or PRIDE, gives California
RSAT graduates first priority for 10
Funding total: $44,086,489
outpatient/residential slots at its
substance abuse treatment center and California’s programs are for adult
for 10 efficiency apartments when they male and female and juvenile inmates.
are ready for outpatient care. Offenders In all, 9,762 offenders successfully
also obtain full-time employment with completed an RSAT-funded program.
a poultry-processing plant.
During FY 2002, California had 5
Overall, 1,087 adult and juvenile RSAT projects representing 14 sites; a
offenders have successfully completed total of 3,752 offenders completed
an RSAT-funded program. All of the their treatment.
offenders who graduated from the
DOC and DCC programs stayed arrest The Orange County Probation
free and approximately 99 percent of Department continued its New Century
DOC and 84 percent of DCC graduates Education Lab, which was set up in
remained drug free while receiving April 2000. The 12 workstations
services. provide diagnostic, prescriptive, and
instructional education components
In FY 2003, 31 residents successfully and improve reading and math skills.
completed the Special Needs Program The average developmental gain
and were released to community showed by the participants has been
supervision or unconditional release. more than one semester.
All 180 urinalysis tests administered
while residents were in a DCC The RSAT program administered by
program were negative. A 36-month the Riverside County Sheriff’s
recidivism study found that treatment Department provides study courses for
worked for 84 percent. all adult male and female inmates who
do not have a high school or General
Funds from the FY 2003 RSAT grant Educational Development (GED)
were used to add a new facility for diploma to help them earn a GED.
women that also has aftercare,
purchase a five-station computer lab,
hire a part-time interpreter for deaf and
18Colorado during the past 7 years is 1,524.
During their time in the program, 99
Funding total: $5,631,587 percent remained drug free and 100
percent were arrest free. Aftercare was
In FY 2003, Colorado provided completed by 667 offenders, of which
substance abuse treatment through 90 percent remained drug free and 100
seven programs. The RSAT funding percent stayed arrest free. One year
was the primary resource for intensive after completing aftercare, 408 had not
drug treatment programs for offenders been rearrested.
in Colorado. A total of 248 offenders
have graduated from an RSAT Adult offenders who successfully
program. completed the program in FY 2003
totaled 243; all remained drug free
The RSAT Program at Arrowhead while receiving treatment. Following
Correctional Facility, a 96-bed their release from RSAT, 110 of the
therapeutic community (TC) project, 243 offenders who completed the
has dedicated work sites, such as a program were not arrested in their first
greenhouse, beekeeping, and tilapia year after completing aftercare.
ponds, as well as more usual work
sites, such as the kitchen and
housekeeping. Delaware
For offenders in community Funding total: $2,598,455
corrections, the University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center, Addiction Delaware’s RSAT funding has helped
Research and Treatment Services some of the 80 percent of offenders in
project provides a counselor-in-training the state’s prisons who have histories
program for individuals who are of drug use. To date, the total number
interested in becoming employees after of adult and juvenile male offenders
they successfully complete treatment who have graduated from RSAT is
and are discharged of their sentences. 282, and all remained drug free while
During FY 2003, 14 participants receiving services. Of those who
successfully completed the training. completed aftercare, 88 percent
remained arrest free after 1 year.
Connecticut FY 2003 was the first year juvenile
males had access to RSAT. To date,
Funding total: $4,937,895 discharged youth have completed
more than 85 percent of their
Connecticut’s RSAT program began in individual treatment plans. As part of
FY 1998. The total number of adult its program, the Ferris School for
male and female offenders who have Boys is implementing family therapy
successfully completed the program services.
19In the men’s program, inmates conduct have successfully completed RSAT in
several of the therapeutic activities as one of the two state correctional
peer facilitators and co-counselors. The institutions.
men’s program provided 125 beds, and
the juvenile program supported 40 The University of South Florida, which
beds. is recognized for its work in program
implementation for co-occurring
disorders in correctional settings,
District of Columbia developed the curricula and provided
ongoing consultation, site visits, and
Funding total: $3,247,273
technical assistance.
In total, 142 inmates have successfully
The residential community corrections
completed treatment in the District of
program, which targets nonviolent
Columbia, and 92 percent stayed drug
offenders, has successfully graduated
free while receiving it. Thirty offenders
156 adult males. Juveniles who have
completed RSAT in FY 2002; 90
successfully completed one of
percent of them tested negative for
Florida’s RSAT programs total 304.
drugs during their stay.
Six of the eleven county correctional
Efforts are underway to study the
facility RSAT programs were opened
outcomes of youth in the program
in 2003. The programs serve adult
through the implementation of a
males, adult females, and juvenile
12-step program and educational
males; 772 have successfully
and vocational programs. A
completed their treatment.
multidisciplinary team facilitated by
the clinical director and composed of
treatment, cottage life, and education
Georgia
staff has met to review the objectives
and determine how to meet them. Funding total: $12,645,646
Overall 1,851 adult and juvenile
Florida offenders completed an RSAT program
in Georgia; all the inmates stayed drug
Funding total: $19,917,500
and arrest free during their treatment.
Regarding aftercare, 675 adult and
Beginning in FY 1999, Florida has
juvenile offenders graduated; 96
provided treatment to offenders who
percent of the adults and 85 percent of
have been diagnosed with dual
the juveniles remained arrest free 1
disorders. A total of 714 offenders
year after being released from
aftercare.
20In FY 2002, a total of 459 offenders leaving aftercare, 83 percent of the
completed RSAT, all of whom participants had not been rearrested.
remained drug and arrest free while
receiving services. Those who In FY 2002, 68 offenders completed
successfully completed aftercare RSAT; all remained drug and arrest
totaled 77. The Georgia Department of free while in the program. RSAT funds
Corrections added 208 beds (a 65 supported up to 47 beds in Project
percent increase) and 12 staff Bridge; 32 were for male inmates and
members. One program moved into its 15 were for females. Five of the beds
own building, and a new RSAT for females are for those who have
program was started at the DeKalb been diagnosed with a co-occurring
County Jail. disorder. Both the men’s and women’s
programs allowed those who were
eligible to work to find employment
Guam outside the facility.
Funding total: $1,256,781
Idaho
In total, 144 adult male and female
offenders have successfully completed Funding total: $2,898,994
residential treatment in Guam, and all
stayed drug and arrest free while in the Since the program’s inception at one
program. Ninety-nine participants were Idaho facility in 1997 and two others
successful in aftercare. In FY 2003, all in 1998, a total of 449 adult and
23 of the inmates who graduated from juvenile male offenders have
RSAT tested negative for drugs and successfully completed residential
were not arrested during treatment. treatment. All the adult males
remained drug and arrest free while in
RSAT. All the juveniles remained
Hawaii arrest free, and 96 percent were drug
free during treatment. For the men,
Funding total: $2,409,466
194 successfully completed aftercare.
Hawaii’s men’s program was started in
In FY 2002, 137 men and 6 juveniles
1998, and the women’s program began
completed residential treatment, and
in 2001. A total of 202 adult male and
31 men completed aftercare treatment
female offenders have completed
successfully. During that same period,
RSAT. Of those, 96 percent stayed
88 treatment beds were added to the
drug free while in treatment; all of the
three facilities to increase their
men and 99.5 percent of the women
capacity to provide treatment services.
remained arrest free. One year after
21Illinois Iowa
Funding total: $13,144,535 Funding total: $3,606,640
Since FY 1996, Illinois has graduated Iowa implemented its first RSAT
711 offenders. A total of 668 beds are program in 1998. The five programs
available for residential substance serve adult males and juvenile males
abuse treatment statewide. and females. Those who have
successfully completed RSAT total
During FY 2002, the Illinois 496, and 98 percent of them stayed
Department of Corrections offered drug free while receiving services.
treatment services in 11 adult and
juvenile facilities. A total of 240 In FY 2003, a total of 139 successfully
offenders successfully completed an completed an RSAT program, and 98
RSAT-funded program, 49 of whom percent tested negative for drugs
were juveniles. At nine facilities, all during their stay.
the inmates stayed drug free while
receiving services; 98 percent of The Fort Dodge Correctional Facility
offenders in a tenth facility did not use is one example of what the program
drugs. These drug-free numbers were has accomplished. It started a 6-month
consistent for all years. substance abuse treatment program
composed of four separate blocks:
addiction awareness, emotional
Indiana management, criminality awareness,
and relapse prevention. The program
Funding total: $6,448,335
also includes 4 weeks of relationship
impact/awareness, with a curriculum
One Indiana RSAT program began in
that includes the “Beat the Streets”
1998, one was opened in 2000, and the
series, “Staying Sober” module, and
newest treatment program started in
“Ernie Larson on Relapse.” Staff work
2002. Two serve adult male offenders
closely with the offenders to make
and the third provides services for
contact for continuing care upon
adult females.
release into the community. Contacts
Overall, 600 participants have are made by telephone and letter to the
graduated from an RSAT program. In various community-based agencies.
FY 2002, 142 offenders completed Comprehensive discharge summaries
their treatment successfully. All of the are provided to those agencies and to
offenders in the Westville Correctional the parole agent and work release
Facility program for men remained counselors. When appropriate,
drug and arrest free while receiving information is provided to mental
treatment in FY 2002 and across all health professionals, as well as
years. vocational rehabilitation services.
22Kansas Louisiana
Funding total: $3,854,489 Funding total: $9,733,858
Adult males and females and juvenile Louisiana’s RSAT program treats all
males can receive treatment in Kansas. types of offenders: adult and juvenile
To date, 548 successfully completed males and females. Of the 2,397 who
the program, and all but 2 remained successfully completed the program,
drug free while receiving treatment. 2,073 stayed drug free while they
All 228 offenders who completed received treatment. Aftercare was
aftercare stayed drug free while successfully completed by 165
receiving services. participants.
FY 2003 was the first year the In FY 2003, RSAT was successfully
women’s program was in operation. A completed by 437 offenders and
total of 127 offenders successfully aftercare was completed by 14.
completed RSAT. All but one who
completed the program remained drug
free while receiving services. The 54 Maine
male offenders who successfully Funding total: $2,084,460
completed aftercare remained both
drug and arrest free while receiving Maine’s program, which began treating
services. Of those, 36 were not inmates in 1999, has graduated a total
arrested 1 year after they left aftercare. of 144 adult male offenders, of whom
98 percent remained drug free while in
treatment.
Kentucky
Funding total: $5,611,331 In FY 2003, 99 percent of the 37 adult
male offenders who successfully
The Kentucky Department of completed treatment remained drug
Corrections runs three RSAT free while participating in the RSAT
programs; two were started in 1997 program.
and the third opened in 1999. All 588
offenders who successfully completed
RSAT remained drug free during their Maryland
time in the program. One program Funding total: $7,863,970
reported that 130 graduates of its
RSAT program also completed Of the 2,118 adult male and female
aftercare, of which 67 stayed drug free offenders who completed a Maryland
and 56 were not arrested while RSAT program, 2,108 tested negative
receiving treatment. for drugs during their treatment.
23In FY 2002, all 240 offenders who participants successfully completed the
completed RSAT remained drug free program. Of those, 93 percent
while in the program. Staffing remained arrest free while in aftercare
improvements instituted by new and 91 percent were not arrested at
management, such as hiring more least 1 year following their release.
senior psychology associates, reduced
the high employee turnover rate, In FY 2003, a total of 321 inmates
helped fill vacancies, and increased the graduated from RSAT. Of the 61
staff’s level of clinical expertise. offenders who completed aftercare, 95
Employees began staying in their percent remained arrest free during the
positions longer, which has provided program, and 92 percent did not get
offenders with more effective arrested in the year following their
treatment. release.
Massachusetts Minnesota
Funding total: $4,717,917 Funding total: $3,194,000
Massachusetts’ Executive Office for Currently, three RSAT programs are in
Public Safety currently administers 10 operation in Minnesota. To date, the
RSAT programs, of which 6 provide three programs have graduated 252—
aftercare. The programs treat adult 112 adult females, 25 adult males, and
males and females; 9,941 offenders 115 juvenile males.
have successfully completed RSAT and
remained drug free while in treatment. The three RSAT programs had 74
graduates in FY 2003. All of the
In FY 2003, all of the 2,551 inmates women and juveniles who completed
who successfully completed treatment their treatment stayed drug and arrest
stayed drug free while participating. free while in RSAT; 98.5 percent of the
adult males were drug free while
participating in the program. Of the
Michigan 104 juveniles who successfully
completed the aftercare program, 98
Funding total: $14,036,114
percent stayed drug free and 100
percent remained arrest free while
Michigan’s programs treat adult and
receiving services. Almost 50 percent
juvenile males and females. Those
still had not been arrested 1 year after
successfully completing RSAT
leaving the program.
numbered 2,395. For aftercare, 279
24Mississippi the program since it began in 1998.
None of the men in both programs was
Funding total: $6,265,224 arrested while in RSAT. None of the
men of the Ozark treatment population
Since RSAT’s inception in Mississippi was arrested while receiving aftercare
in 1997, 1,439 adult male and female services and 80 percent remained
offenders have graduated from the arrest free 1 year after release from the
program; 99 percent stayed drug free program.
and 98 remained arrest free while
receiving services. For the aftercare
program, 943 successfully completed Montana
it, with 96 percent remaining drug free
and 95 percent staying arrest free. Funding total: $2,389,693
Ninety percent had not been arrested 1
year out of aftercare. In Montana, all 44 juvenile males who
graduated from the program from its
In FY 2002, all of the 498 who inception in 2000 through FY 2002
successfully completed RSAT stayed drug and arrest free during
remained drug and arrest free during treatment.
their time in treatment. For aftercare,
339 successfully completed the Specifically, the Pine Hill Youth
program; 96 percent remained drug Correctional Facility (Pine Hills) is the
free and 93 percent stayed arrest free state facility that receives the funds.
while receiving the services. One year The Pine Hills program combines a
after being released from aftercare, 89 strong resident program with a closely
percent had not been rearrested. coordinated aftercare component. The
grant continues to strive to improve
efforts to reduce substance abuse
Missouri among an increased number
of juvenile inmates. The facility
Funding total: $6,884,332 conducted cognitive behavioral and
chemical dependency training for
The Missouri Department of treatment and security staff assigned to
Corrections operated two RSAT the treatment unit, transition center
programs in FY 2002 that supported staff, and juvenile parole officers. The
710 treatment beds. Since its inception facility also continued implementation
in 1997, the Ozark Drug Treatment of a therapeutic substance abuse
Program has graduated 3,417 adult program, including a cognitive
male offenders. The Co-Occurring behavioral approach, in which the
Disorders Program has had 243 adult identified offenders participate for
male offenders successfully complete 6–12 months.
25All youth who are released from the OASIS began accepting offenders into
Pine Hills program continue to be treatment in 2002. The two programs
preplaced in an established aftercare support 412 treatment beds. Overall,
program in or near their home 552 men have successfully completed
community. RSAT funds are not used one of the two programs. All of the
to maintain a structured aftercare offenders in WINGS stayed drug and
program, but statistics are maintained arrest free and 98 percent of OASIS
through the best available contact with inmates did not use drugs while in
the youth, youth’s family, and parole treatment.
officers and by following the youth’s
progress 1 year after release or In FY 2003, 94 adult male offenders
discharge from the facility. graduated from WINGS and 92 from
OASIS. WINGS inmates remained
drug and arrest free during their time
Nebraska in the program; 98 percent of OASIS
men remained drug free.
Funding total: $2,503,286
Overall, 415 adult male and female
offenders successfully completed 1 of
New Hampshire
Nebraska’s 3 RSAT programs, of Funding total: $2,232,098
which 401 stayed drug free during
treatment and 396 had not been Since its inception in 2000, New
arrested 1 year after their release from Hampshire’s Adolescent Drug &
aftercare. In FY 2003, all 72 inmates Alcohol Program has had 86 juvenile
who completed RSAT tested negative males complete treatment. The RSAT
for drugs, and 68 remained arrest free program for adult male and female
at the 1-year followup to their aftercare offenders, since it began in 2001, has
release. had 889 graduates. The New
Hampshire Department of Corrections
requires all RSAT graduates to attend
Nevada aftercare.
Funding total: $4,172,573
In FY 2002, 24 juveniles and 148
adults successfully completed RSAT.
The Nevada Department of Corrections
Of those, 99 percent of the juveniles
operates two treatment programs with
and 99.8 percent of the adults did not
RSAT funding. WINGS, the original
test positive for drugs while in
program, became operational in 1998.
treatment.
26New Jersey which helps participants develop job-
related skills and provides assistance
Funding total: $9,476,560 with employment and training through
the Department of Labor.
One of New Jersey’s adult male
programs and the boys program started Male TC residents are encouraged to
in 1997, the second adult male RSAT participate in the “Fathers as Readers”
began in 1998, and the girls program program, which has been shown to
opened in 2000. A total of 1,760 significantly increase communication
offenders have graduated from the four between incarcerated fathers and their
programs. All the juveniles and almost young children. One TC offers a
all the adults stayed drug free during responsible fatherhood program.
treatment.
One RSAT program treats sex
In FY 2003, 450 inmates successfully offenders, who receive treatment for
completed RSAT. Only 0.02 percent both their chemical and sexual
tested positive for drugs while in the addictions. Participants receive
program. maintenance treatment and long-term
relapse prevention after they graduate
from the RSAT program. In FY 2002,
New Mexico the program was expanded to 18
Funding total: $2,986,398 months.
In FY 2002, “Thinking for Good,” a Meditation is offered by several RSAT
peer-based literacy component that programs for those offenders who want
ensures that all participants have an to participate. Graduates who are
eighth-grade reading level, was interested can receive postrelease faith-
developed for all the state’s therapeutic based mentoring from the Archdiocese
communities (TCs). The Education of Santa Fe.
Bureau tests the literacy level of all
offenders who enter a TC. Inmates
with reading difficulties who New York
participated in Book Circles, a Funding total: $20,576,756
computer-based instructional literacy
tool that is available at several In FY 2003, New York administered 20
communities, have shown marked RSAT programs. A total of 2,000
improvement. Offenders who inmates—991 in maximum security
successfully complete “Thinking for and 1,009 in medium security—
Good” are eligible for SOAR— succeeded in finishing their program
Successful Offender After Release— during the fiscal year. One of the
27programs administered by the state is for 120 days and have a dependency
for chemically dependent sex diagnosis are the target population.
offenders. Highly skilled, certified addiction
specialists provide substance abuse
A study of 2,340 offenders who treatment using best practices that
participated in RSAT between focus on the total needs of the inmate
September 1999 and May 2002, for reentry into the community. RSAT
including 1,188 who graduated, found funds have been used to intensify,
that those who successfully completed strengthen, provide followup, and
an RSAT program were less likely to expand the program to the larger male
return to custody. After 12 months out population. Funding also will pay for
of the program, 17 percent of individual and group therapy, family
graduates returned to custody intervention, 12-step meetings, and
compared with 20 percent who failed followup 6 months after release.
the program and 23 percent who had
been administratively removed from
RSAT. At 18 months, 26 percent of North Dakota
graduates returned to custody
Funding total: $1,882,606
compared with 28 percent of failures
and 30 percent of administrative
Since the North Dakota program’s
removals.
inception in 1996, 422 adult males
have completed the program. None of
the inmates were arrested and 98
North Carolina percent did not use drugs while
Funding total: $10,112,176 receiving treatment. At the 1-year
followup after offenders left aftercare,
During FY 2003, 139 men, women, 72 percent had not been rearrested.
and girls successfully completed the
program in North Carolina, and 135 In FY 2002, 75 offenders graduated
remained drug free while in treatment. from RSAT; 98 percent stayed drug
free and 100 percent were arrest free
Robeson County Addiction Services, while receiving services. All 22
for example, received RSAT funding to participants who successfully
reduce recidivism rates for chemically completed aftercare remained drug and
dependent offenders in the Robeson arrest free, and 84 percent had still not
County Detention Center. Chemically been arrested 1 year after release from
dependent repeat offenders between the program.
ages 16 and 30 who are incarcerated
28Northern Mariana funded program. More than 97
percent—1,749—remained drug free
Islands
while in treatment.
Funding total: $1,629,466
In FY 2003, the state administered 16
The Commonwealth of the Northern RSAT programs, including 6 that were
Mariana Islands’ (CNMI’s) RSAT devoted to juveniles and 2 that
program is located on the island of provided treatment to dually diagnosed
Saipan in CNMI’s Adult Prison inmates. Of the 461 inmates who
Facility, Division of Corrections, graduated, 441, or almost 96 percent,
Department of Public Safety. In order tested negative for drugs while in
to qualify for the program, a substance RSAT.
abusing offender must be within 6–12
months of release from incarceration, The Mohican Youth Center was part of
able to be in treatment for 6–12 a National Institute of Justice-funded
months, separated from the general study conducted by the University of
prison population, and subject to drug Cincinnati. It compared youth who
and alcohol testing. were in the center prior to its
designation as a therapeutic
The treatment program includes community (TC) with youth who
components of the therapeutic participated in RSAT at Mohican after
community model, which emphasizes it became a TC. The study found that
accountability and responsibility. The youth who participated in the TC had
program also is designed to be reduced levels of depression and
comprehensive and to include aftercare increased self-esteem and
followup drug testing to ensure that the decisionmaking abilities. The program
clients not only become drug free completion rate was 82 percent. Most
during incarceration, but also remain important, the study found that
drug free once released from the “participation in Mohican’s therapeutic
system. Although there is no outpatient community RSAT program significantly
facility, the program does provide reduced the probability of being
minimal outpatient counseling to incarcerated after termination.”7
alcohol and substance abusers.
Oklahoma
Ohio
Funding total: $7,448,582
Funding total: $14,213,361
Oklahoma has 1 program for juvenile
Since 1997, 1,794 adult and juvenile boys with 12 beds and 7 for adult men
male and female offenders have and women with a total of 839 beds.
successfully completed an Ohio RSAT Overall, 2,388 offenders have
29successfully completed RSAT. One programs.) All the inmates stayed drug
program tracks the success for the and arrest free while receiving
aftercare component. All of the 110 treatment.
adult females who graduated from the
program stayed drug and arrest free In FY 2003, ADAPT, a jail-based
while in aftercare, and 99 percent had substance abuse program, developed a
still not been arrested at least 1 year strong mental health and family
after their release. therapy component to assist offenders
with dual-diagnosis issues and prepare
In FY 2002, 636 offenders successfully them and their families for the
completed their residential treatment. transitional phase of the program.
Forty women were successful in the Family members must attend three
aftercare program. All remained off family groups or individual sessions
drugs and were not arrested while in prior to any program involvement with
aftercare, and 99 percent remained offenders.
arrest free at the 1-year followup.
The Treatment Expansion Program at
During FY 2002, the Office of Juvenile the Powder River Correctional Facility
Affairs began placing more focus on (PRCF) increased alcohol and drug
academics and GED preparation in the treatment services from 1 unit that
boys program. Academic achievement served 50 male offenders to 2 units
levels increased an average of two that serve 114. PRCF is the first total
semesters, and literacy scores rose 1.8 alcohol and drug treatment facility of
grade levels. The program maintains a its kind in the Oregon prison system.
“Culture Board”; each month, a
different culture is celebrated with
events such as meals, discussions, and Pennsylvania
study activities.
Funding total: $11,342,076
Two of Pennsylvania’s six RSAT
Oregon programs opened in 1998; the other
Funding total: $4,222,364 four started in 2000. Pennsylvania has
had 1,642 offenders graduate from
Through FY 2002 in Oregon, 915 RSAT and 1,331 from aftercare.
offenders successfully completed one During FY 2002, 647 inmates
of the two programs that reported on completed RSAT and 525 finished
graduation rates since their project aftercare.
start dates. (Between 1996 and 2003,
the state has administered six RSAT
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