Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model - For Building Magazine February 2018 - Alinea Consulting
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Services for Tall Buildings
Cost Model
For Building Magazine
February 2018
Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems are a particular challenge for tall buildings,
with their own considerations and commercial drivers. We outlined the factors and
costs for office buildings in an article for Building Magazine published on 23.02.2018.
01 / The world is getting taller
Tall buildings are being delivered more than a million people on the – from perspectives of cost, value,
in greater numbers, at greater planet urbanise each week.” operation and environment – all
heights, and in more locations against the inherent challenges
around the world: more than 70 London is not a premier league such buildings present. This article
of
200the world’s tallest 100 buildings
player in terms of numbers, but its outlines the key considerations and
were completed in the last decade. skyline has changed dramatically commercial drivers in the design of
180
This premier league of towers has over the past 15 years, and its array mechanical, electrical and plumbing
an average height of around 370m of high-quality tall architectural (MEP) services for tall buildings,
160
(the corresponding figure in 2000 forms and engineering solutions and provides a cost model for these
was 285m). Last year, towers of least are admired around the globe. elements for a high-rise London
140
200m high were built in 65 cities The experience gained by the office building.
across
120
23 countries, with 13 cities various professionals involved has
seeing their first 200m-plus building. enabled them to export their talents
As
100Antony Wood, executive director internationally. This includes London-
of the Council on Tall Buildings and based M&E engineers, who can
Urban
80 Habitat (CTBUH), puts it: “Tall demonstrate their skills in making
buildings are becoming the accepted a landmark tower’s services as
global
60 model for densification as effective and efficient as possible
40
20
Figure 1: Global completions of tall buildings
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# of 200m-plus completions # of 300m-plus completions # of 600m-plus completions
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Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
02 / Early strategic decisions will determine efficacy
Towers contend with a difficult of a tall office building. With plant the arrangement of services up and
balance between risk and and risers accounting for up to 10% around the core. These decisions
reward, and the margins between of total gross internal floor area, the should factor in not only capital
commercial success and failure can stakes are high. costs and their various drivers (such
be small. Success relies on achieving as buildability), but also operational
the optimal balance between The design of MEP services will costs, ease of maintenance,
cost, floor area and construction require some key strategic decisions spacetake and carbon impacts.
efficiencies, which must be to be made early on, with careful
considered in the initial development consideration and analysis of all With a limited pool of trade
of massing and geometry. This relevant factors. Not least of these contractors having the capabilities
applies to mechanical, electrical is the environmental strategy and and capacity to undertake larger and
and plumbing (MEP) services just how it can support the orientation more complex towers, procurement
as much as it does to any other of the building, the centralisation requires careful thought too, with
element. MEP services generally or decentralisation of services, the early engagement advisable.
constitute 20% to 25% of the total location of mechanical plant, the
elemental (trade) shell and core cost distribution of incoming power, and
03A / Key decisions - plant location, hydraulics and air distribution
Plant location the tall building where space is heat exchangers and pump
tightest. Ideally, plant such as cooling sets to distribute further distances
The predominant MEP considerations towers, boilers and generators would to higher floors. If more than 20
for tall buildings are the selection be roof-mounted, but most tall floors are served without the use of
of main plant locations and how buildings have little or no such roof hydraulic breaks, higher-pressure-
services are distributed up and down space to locate these key pieces of rated pipework and associated
the building. plant, at heights that offer premium valves will be required – which could
office rents and opportunities for result in the introduction of on-floor
Tall buildings typically have multiple other valuable functions such as hydraulic breaks between the shell
basements, which tend to suit the restaurants and viewing platforms. and core and fit-out installations.
accommodation of the electrical
high-voltage (HV) incoming Part of the answer often lies in The same issues apply with plumbing
switchgear, water-cooled chillers, interstitial plant floors, which could services. Drainage in tall buildings
cold-water tanks and sprinkler mean that a 60-storey building, in has to be dealt with in a particular
tanks. This invariably requires the terms of MEP services provision, is way, with several high and low-rise
fitting together of puzzle pieces to the equivalent of three buildings stacks rising next to each other
achieve the most efficient fit with stacked on top of one another. serving different sections of the
the smallest possible gaps. The building. There could be two to
competition against other demands Hydraulic breaks three times the amount of pipework
for these below-ground spaces has compared with a building of the
become more intense in recent years Generally, the maximum vertical same total area but less height.
with the proliferation of bicycles. The distribution distance for water Water services can serve a maximum
London Plan, and its calculations systems tends be around 20 floors, of 150m because of the limitations
based on the total gross internal area before a hydraulic break is required of WTAS approved fittings and the
of a building, defies tall commercial on low temperature hot water practicalities of pressure on larger
buildings to fit in vast numbers of (LTHW), chilled water (CHW) and towers: pressure breaks will therefore
cycle spaces, lockers and showers. condenser water systems. The be required.
requirement of hydraulic breaks
However, it is at the other end of introduces an additional expense of This justifies a classic cost-benefit
3
Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
analysis, with the capital cost and fresh air to the office floorplates. on the building management
space-take implications of the Each of these strategies carries some system
alternatives to be worked through important issues: • Involve connections through
and compared, so that a decision can the facades for air intake and
be made and schematics developed. Centralised AHUs: exhaust
• Have larger ductwork risers • Need access to their on-floor
Air distribution for the movement of greater plant rooms, and maintenance
air volumes up and down the access may need to be allowed
There are several ways of distributing building through tenants’ floor spaces
air around a tall building, with no • Rely on a few larger pieces • Should make commissioning a
obvious, preconceived answer for of kit to serve more floors, simpler process.
any project (which is why both the raising questions of resilience
current and proposed batches of (particularly in a multitenanted There are advantages and
London’s tall buildings have adopted environment) disadvantages with either of these
a variety of solutions). • Make it more difficult to install two options, but perhaps the
large AHUs, with thought greatest factor in the decision is the
That said, there are two principal required on issues of logistics effect on net internal floor area. The
options: and buildability – especially options will usually involve more than
for the plant at the top of the two strategies, as the extremes of a
• Centralised air handling units building. completely centralised versus a floor-
(AHUs) – possibly with interstitial by-floor solution are supplemented
plant floors On-floor AHUs: by the option to provide intermittent
• On-floor AHUs • Require the increased capital plant floors with their individual
cost of additional CHW/LTHW AHUs.
Figure 2 shows how these can be connections, power supplies, and
respectively configured to supply additional points and interfaces
Figure 2: Air distribution options
CENTRAL AIR PLANT FLOOR BY FLOOR AIR HANDLING
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Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
03B / Other key decisions
Incoming electrical load building is more cost-effective but is at HV, in fire-protected routes, to
deemed less resilient. There may also substations at a higher level in the
Tall buildings demand a high overall be capacity issues with UKPN, but if building. The LV distribution thus
electrical load. Given the additional these can be resolved at affordable becomes a combination of supplies
requirements for resilience, the levels then this is a valid option. taken from these substations
incoming power is often fed directly and distributed both up from the
to the building from one of the The location of the UKPN basement and down from the higher
main 132kV substations at 33kV, transformers requires careful substations.
sometimes by dual supplies for consideration as the supplier insists
resilience. on 24/7 access to their transformers; There is often the need for expensive
recently we have seen UKPN pushing power distribution controls
Utilising a high-voltage (HV) 33KV for these transformer rooms to be (“supervisory control and data
incoming power supply not only adds located at ground floor level. acquisition”, referred to as “SCADA”)
considerable capital cost but also to regulate and manage the start-up
requires a large area to be set aside Electrical distribution of the generators and the complex
for a UKPN 33kV transformer, which distribution of electrical loads.
in turn steps down the supply to 11KV In most low-rise buildings the HV/LV
before the power can be distributed plant is placed in the basement and Multi-tenant provisions
around the building to the various power is distributed by low-voltage
distributed substations. (LV) busbar up the building. In a tall Tall buildings normally have to be
building it is normally commercially designed for a number of possible
Introducing power at 11KV into the better to distribute up the building tenancies, large and small. MEP
Figure 3: Electrical distribution of a dual 33kV incoming supply Figure 4: Amenity spaces and plant locations at 22 Bishopsgate
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION
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Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
systems therefore need to be top of the building, with oil storage the trend for individuals to be able
designed with multiple service located in the basement, resulting in assess the quality of their working
distribution risers to serve these distribution pipework and pumps to environment, a subject covered in a
tenancies, requiring supply the generator sets, together Building article on the WELL Building
multiple: with significant acoustic treatment Standard published in May 2017.
and fire protection.
• Soil and vent stacks for To facilitate smart buildings,
kitchenettes Amenities more communication systems are
• Cold water services for having to be brought into the base
kitchenettes Increasingly, the developers specification. These include:
• Chilled water risers of commercial towers look to
• Low-temperature hot water risers incorporate amenity spaces, terraces, • Landlords’ fibre backbone
• Supply ductwork risers viewing galleries, restaurants, • Wifi within landlord areas
• Extract ductwork risers and other functions throughout • Wifi within lifts
• Electrical busbar distribution the building, to differentiate their • Mobile boosting technology
• IT containment risers. product and invest in features that • Meeting room booking systems
have a direct influence on occupiers’ • Audiovisual display screens in
All these distribution systems have health, happiness and productivity. landlord areas,
not only a capital cost associated lifts, and so on.
with them, but they also demand Each of these areas needs servicing
extra space, eating into net internal with specialist air-conditioning Another provision found in tall
floor areas, which must be balanced plant, ventilation, separate power buildings is the inclusion of a
with the perceived value (lettability) requirements, drainage, specialist comprehensive blind control
that they offer. waste disposal, gas, water and toilet system linked to the cladding
provisions, and dedicated areas such system (particularly where “active”
Enhanced specifications and as cool rooms and catering facilities facades are promoted). These can
tenant provisions. – all needing to be incorporated into be controlled individually or set
the design as efficiently by elevation as part of the BMS
It is difficult to find space for as possible. Even if these areas installation.
potential tenants’ plant and it are provided as shell-only with the
is equally logistically difficult to incoming tenant responsible for the
add plant at a later date. These fit-out, the developer has to allow for
challenges, together with the multi- all the shell and core provisions to be
tenancy letting profile of most tall incorporated into the overall services
buildings, mean that they may be design, not least the infrastructure
provided with a higher specification provisions for servicing these
of MEP plant, including: spaces (including discrete access
and egress). The logistics of these
• fresh air provision fit-outs, and any potential overlap
• electrical load with the base build programme, are a
• cooling provision further factor to contemplate.
• full building standby electrical
back-up. Communications
These specification and tenant Tall buildings have the opportunity
enhancements not only have a to invest in smart infrastructure. We
capital cost implication but they are starting to see links to security
also pose some space planning access, lift calling, navigation around
challenges within the building. An the building, control of the air-
example of one of the challenges conditioning and lighting, all from
associated with such enhancements a personal mobile device to give
is the provision of full building people a seamless experience and
electrical back-up. Generators personal control. This is part of
would typically be installed at the
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Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
Residential Towers
The fundamental commercial measures that underpin • Envelopes for residential towers typically focus
a tall office building – cost, time and floor area on amenity spaces (such as balcony options) and
efficiencies – are of equal importance in residential daylighting. This contrasts with the approach of
tower developments. They may have their respective office towers, which are more likely to focus on
areas of focus and their own cost and value profiles, making an architectural statement that also works
but both can reference the key ratios of wall/floor and as part of the environmental strategy (in particular
net/gross as clear indicators of viability (even if they addressing solar gain).
perform differently in these terms, not least due to the
more slender form of residential high rises as they seek • Localised ventilation through the facade is typical
to optimise apartment sizes and daylighting). In MEP for residential towers, as opposed to the more
terms, residential towers tend to demand a greater co- centralised form of ventilation typically used for
ordination between the base build and fit-out designs. offices.
Allied to this is the co-ordination of vertical services
with unit mixes and the configuration of apartments • A low-voltage power network is used in residential
around the core. Stacking is critical to achieving cost towers, compared with the combination of high and
and construction efficiencies. Other notable differences low voltage used in office buildings.
between the two typologies include:
04 / Preliminaries and site construction issues
The extended construction the building, and from the workface their supplies of materials and plant
programmes of tall buildings to welfare facilities. Some of this non- are managed correctly. Pressures on
trigger higher preliminaries costs productive time has been reduced in programme may also compel some
for the main contractor and trade recent times with the introduction of deliveries to be made out of hours,
contractors – not least MEP trade jump lifts: they climb with the core which again attracts additional costs
specialists, who also contend structure as it progresses, assisting not typically seen on other projects.
with the involved co-ordination of the transportation of both labour
their respective works with other and materials. Jump lifts do come The use of prefabrication is another
contractors. Further, extended with a cost premium of £250,000- way in which site constraints can
warranties are typically required £300,000 per jump lift, depending be mitigated and the programme
as plant is usually brought to site on the solution and number of levels protected, by reducing site
relatively early in the programme served, but this cost can be offset installation times, in turn easing
in order to be incorporated into the by programme reductions. Main the number of operative hours on
basement construction. This means contractors have also realised the site. Careful planning by the main
that the plant requires maintenance importance of providing canteens contractor is needed with MEP
up to practical completion and full and toilets at regular intervals prefabrication to ensure there
warranty periods after it. At the throughout a tower, reducing is adequate hook time to drop
other end of the programme, roof downtime inefficiencies. prefabricated risers and plant into
mounted plant and equipment will position. It has been known for
not be available until near the end of Higher plot ratios (more building prefabricated modules to lose out
construction, causing additional costs area placed on a site) may ultimately in the competition for hook time to
associated with water treatment and create value for backers, but they items that are on the critical path.
additional commissioning. also imply restrictions on areas This would obviously erode the time
for storage and staging. This has advantages, as a cost premium has
Tall buildings also attract additional encouraged a “just in time” approach already been paid for breaking down
cost premiums due to site constraints to deliveries, supported by the use the plant into modules and using
and the simple fact of their height, of consolidation centres off-site. This multiple deliveries, plant handling,
causing significant non-productive does require trades to have adequate installation and retesting on site.
time in getting labour up and down resources in place to ensure that
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Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
Vertical Transportation
This cost model focuses on MEP services: a separate
article could be dedicated to vertical transportation
in tall buildings. Lifts and escalators are a major part
of the design and a key influence on net:gross floor
area efficiencies as well as operational efficiencies.
Together with MEP they can constitute up to a third of
the total net trade costs in a tall building construction
project. Getting the right solution from a number
of strategic options (single or double decks, twin
lifts, express lifts) and sub-options (number, speed
and arrangement of lifts; destination control) is vital
in optimising cost and space-take, interfacing with
architecture, structure and services to achieve a tight
core and workable main entrances. As occupancy
rates and tenancy expectations have increased
in recent years, this has put more pressure on lift
systems to meet the current BCO waiting times. The
advent of additional amenity provisions and specialist
areas in towers often requires separate express
passenger and goods lifts, which also need to be
considered in the core design and often need their
own lobby areas separate from the main passenger
22 Bishopsgate uses insterstital plant rooms
lifts, with distinct servicing.
05 /Summary of the key cost drivers
MEP services in tall buildings play • Hydraulic separation between provision and associated facilities
a critical part in the commercial risers and plant or landlord and additional basement
performance of the scheme. Making and tenant areas, and hydraulic plant often results in multiple
the correct early decisions on some separation versus higher ratings basements and extensive
crucial strategic options, and paying of pipework and valves. servicing and smoke extract
close attention to the development systems
of these design routes, will go a long • Increased plant provision due
way towards mitigating the inherent to a lack of available space for • Construction issues produce
challenges of high-rise schemes, tenants’ plant, which prompts higher contractors’ preliminaries
ensuring best fit between capital an enhanced specifi cation of air costs due to extended
costs, area efficiencies, construction provision, electrical loading and programmes and initiatives to
programme and operational cooling provision, and very often reduce them: the use of jump lifts
effectiveness. Tall building MEP key 100% standby generation (and and extensive welfare facilities,
cost drivers can be distilled into: power management controls prefabrication techniques,
to manage the complex power just-in-time deliveries using
• Plant location – centralised distribution systems) consolidation centres, extended
versus on-floor plant versus warranties and maintenance and
interstitial plant rooms; efficient • More landlord areas to the larger commissioning.
design of extensive plant in cores and split lift scenarios,
the basement and on the roof, staircases, entrance areas and lift • Smart building technologies
aiming to alleviate the increased lobbies, which all need servicing such as blown fibre, wifi, phone
distribution of ductwork, boosting systems, blind control
pipework and electrical systems • Greater proportion of bike systems and specialist waste
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Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
disposal systems are often incorporated into the 07 /About the cost model
base specification to reflect a building of the highest
quality and comfort for its occupants. This cost model is based on a generic 50-storey office
tower (plus two basement levels) in central London,
using current day fluctuating prices. It assumes a
total gross internal floor area of 90,000m2 with a net
06 /Regulation changes internal floor areas of 60,000m2, and is designed for an
occupancy of one person per 8m2 NIA. The building has
The gestation period of tall buildings leaves them open 11kV incoming power, on-floor air handling units, 100%
to changes in legislation, regulation and guidance. standby generator provision, water-cooled chillers in the
Furthermore, the impacts of such developments may basement and roof-mounted boiler plant and cooling
be substantial: given the size of the endeavour, large towers.
quantities and the fact that components can be repeated
thousands of times through the building mean that scale It is a base building cost that excludes any enabling
can act as either an economy or a diseconomy. works and services infrastructure/diversions, fitting out
beyond shell and core construction and tender price
A recent example affecting MEP services, which has a inflation beyond first quarter 2018.
substantial cost impact on commercial tall buildings
– because of the volume of basement space usually
involved – is the change to the regulations for smoke Acknowledgments
extract ductwork (BSEN1366). This regulation has meant This article and cost model were prepared by
that the capital cost of fire-rated ductwork (per metre Nick Mulholland, Rob Butler, Sophie Rogers and
run) has increased by about 50%, together with the Kostas Dellas of alinea’s MEP team, together with
additional scope requirements across both supply and Steve Watts, alinea partner and CTBUH chair.
extract ductwork, including higher levels of insulation.
9Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
08 /Generic MEP cost plan for a 50-storey office tower
Total (£) £/m2 % Total (£) £/m2 %
Sanitaryware installation Flues from boilers to
atmosphere: 120m 72,000
included in toilet fit-out @£600/m
package
Space heating and air
11,955,000 132.83 23.7
Disposal installations 1,260,000 14.00 2.5 treatment
Water cooled chillers:
Rainwater installation 1,520,000
9,500kw @ £160/Kw
including attenuation tank: 450,000
90,000m2 @ £5/m2 Closed circuit cooling
towers: 10,900kw @ £110/ 1,200,000
Soil waste and vent to
kw
sanitary appliances (final
576,000
run-outs in toilet fit-out Condenser water
package): 1,600nr @ £360 installation: 90,000m2 @ 810,000
£9/m2
Capped-off soil and vent
stacks for tenants’ Chilled water including
99,000
kitchenettes and retail pumps, pressurisation
units units,
2,610,000
pipework, risers, valves
Allowance for condensate
and fittings:
drainage: 135,000
90,000m2 @ £29/m2
90,000m2 @ £1.5/m2
LTHW water including
Water installations 1,635,000 18.17 3.2 pumps, pressurisation
Allowance for incoming units, pipework, risers, 2,070,000
MCWS, storage tank, valves and fittings:
booster, meter, water 325,000 90,000m2 @ £23/m2
conditioner and On-floor supply and
distribution pipework 2,350,000
extraction AHUs
Cold water service to Fresh air intake and
sanitary appliances exhaust ductwork to 300,000
280,000
(risers only; run-outs in fit- on-floor AHUs
out package)
Supply and extract
Central hot water ductwork for AHUs to
generation and risers to 650,000 500,000
office floors, including
fit-out area dampers
Capped-off water supplies Air-conditioning to
for future tenants’ 260,000
80,000 entrance area
kitchenettes and retail
areas Heating to stairs and
95,000
circulation areas
Grey water installation to
WCs (run-outs in fit-out 300,000 Supplementary DX cooling
75,000
package) systems
Cooling to lift lobbies by
Heat source 434,000 4.82 0.9 165,000
fan coil units
Gas fired condensing Ventilation systems 2,610,000 29.00 5.2
boiler, primary pumps,
pressurisation units, Central toilet air-extraction
212,000 560,000
dosing pot and primary system
distribution pipework:
5,300kW @ £40/kW Toilet supply via makeup
130,000
from the office floors
Heat pump, primary
pumps, pressurisation Supply and extraction
units and primary 150,000 AHU and distribution
135,000
distribution pipework: serving basement shower
600kW @ £250/kW area
10Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
Total (£) £/m2 % Total (£) £/m2 %
Basement ventilation Gas installation 155,000 1.72 0.3
900,000
systems
Gas installation to boilers
Fire fighting lobby vent,
and capped-off 155,000
mechanically assisted
600,000 services to retail unit
BRE type system: 100
landings @ £6000 Protective installations 2,500,000 27.78 5.0
Capped-off ductwork for
Wet riser installation:
future tenants’ 60,000 420,000
permanent and temporary
kitchenettes
Sprinkler installations,
A3 unit kitchen extract
225,000 complete with tanks,
riser – fire rated
pumps,
1,800,000
Electrical installation 14,645,000 162.72 29.0 risers and coverage to
landlord areas:
HV distribution: 11kV 90,000m2 @ £20/m2
incoming mains;
Gas suppression in
distribution through 1,350,000
communications rooms;
building: 90,000m2 @ £15/ 100,000
protection to generator
m2
room
LV distribution, including
Lightning protection:
switchgear, cables, 180,000
4,050,000 90,000m2 @ £2/m2
rising busbars, etc:
90,000m2 @ £45/m2 Communications, security
6,570,000 73.00 13.0
and controls installations
Full building back-up
generation, including flues Fire detection and fire
and oil storage: 4nr 4,240,000 alarm system: 1,080,000
generators @ 2,650kVA @ 90,000m2 @ £12/m2
£400/kVA
Voice alarm system:
720,000
Power management 90,000m2 @ £8/m2
500,000
system (SCADA)
Landlord’s data backbone
Power to mechanical (landlord’s mobile
270,000 220,000
services: 90,000 @ £3/m2 boosting and wifi
coverage excluded)
Landord’s small power
installations: 90,000 @ 180,000 Security/CCTV
350,000
£2/m2 installations
Lighting to landlord areas, Turnstiles in reception:
250,000
circulation, lift lobbies, 10nr @ £25,000 each
2,200,000
shower areas, lighting
Disabled alarm, refuge and
control, etc 250,000
fire telephone installations
Feature lighting to
450,000 Building management
reception
and energy management 3,700,000
Aircraft warning lights 80,000 system
Allowance for feature General items 8,696,000 96.62 17.2
275,000
external lighting
Allowance for testing and
836,000
Containment for security/ commissioning @ 2%
CCTV/fire alarms/
720,000 Subcontractor
communications: 6,390,000
preliminaries @ 15%
90,000m2 @ £8/m2
Allowance for renewable
Earthing and bonding: 1,470,000
180,000 technologies @ 3%
90,000m2 @ £2/m2
Allowance for power TOTAL 50,460,000 560.67 100.0
interfaces to PV 150,000
installations
11Services for Tall Buildings Cost Model | For Building Magazine
Cost Model Services for Tall Buildings
Author contacts
A culture of constant learning
Applying learning from both live projects and research
Steve Watts studies, and feeding them into each other, is how we
Partner try to ensure that our clients and their teams get the
best possible advice from us. This is why we have been
steve.watts@alineaconsulting.com
committed to research from the day we launched.
Whilst data and information are the lifeblood of
our business, we understand that they alone do not
represent knowledge – which requires analysis, insight
Rob Butlier
and questioning.
Partner
For these reasons we involve everyone at alinea, and
rob.butler@alineaconsulting.com we share our desire to innovate across borders: of
discipline, geography and perspective. That way, we
can learn from each other.
Nick Mulholland
Partner
nick.mulholland@alineaconsulting.com
Sophie Rogers
Senior Project Surveyor
sophie.rogers@alineaconsulting.com
Kostas Dellas
Assistant Surveyor
kostas.dellas@alineaconsulting.com
12alinea consulting LLP 90 Cannon Street London, EC4N 6HA alineacostconsulting.com
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