Student Learning Motivation Influences The Development Of The Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID 19)
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
Student Learning Motivation Influences The Development Of The Corona
Virus Pandemic (COVID 19)
Desri Arwen
Lecturer in the Islamic Religious Education Study Program Faculty of
Islamic Religion, Muhammadiyah University, Tangerang, Indonesia.
email : desriarwen@umt.ac.id
Abstract
This study aims to determine the extent to which student motivation affects the development of the
Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID 19), where researchers use research methods in the literature and this
type of research is descriptive, which illustrates the characteristics of a phenomenon that can be used
as a basis for decision making to solve problems in a study. Based on the above research, it can be said
that the impact of learning at home is also felt by parents who also have more burden because they
have to become a teacher at home, teach making assignments, and always monitoring. It can be
imagined if the child is more than one and still needs help in doing the task. Not to mention having to
prepare food and other household chores. Joy and sadness during the learning process at home varies.
Some parents prefer children to study at school. In addition to the swelling internet credit, one of the
complaints of parents is an increase in spending for consumption that is greater than child support
every day. However, the positive value is that there is more time to gather with family and to bring
closer emotional relationships between parents and children. And more important is the family is better
protected from exposure to the corona virus.
Keyword: Student Motivation, Development of the Corona Virus Pandemic(COVID19)
1. Introduction
The challenge of this year's National Education Day for teachers is to create educational services at home
with a variety of creations, so that learners and evaluations are not interrupted. While the challenge for
students is to build discipline and study without having to meet directly with the teacher. Students use
technology optimally for learning. Also students face challenges for time discipline when they study
independently at home. As for the parents of students, the momentum at this time is to help him convince
other forms of family assistance in assisting the learning of his son and daughter. Can also interpret the
essence of the position of the teacher as an educator and the role as a teacher. Both the teacher or parents of
students are placed to share their position and share their position like the teacher at home or like parents at
school[1]. Of course we already know that college life is the most dynamic thing in a student's life.
Moreover, some symptoms can lead to a person's anxiety about the results he achieved and feel lonely
because there is no supporting system around him, which causes motivation which is also reduced far from
usual due to the enthusiasm of learning which continues to decline and worsen. In some cases, unexpected
things come from the use of the internet on students which is one of the causes of changes in psychic
learning of students. The use of the internet is believed to reduce student learning skills, which shows that
students who use digital technology excessively are less motivated to engage with their learning process.
What's more, they can usually be more anxious about the tests that will be faced because they feel less
prepared. This effect is exacerbated by the increasing feeling of loneliness because the use of the resulting
digital technology makes them rarely socialize with all their colleagues [2].
National Education Day this time a lot of changes caused by the outbreak of the corona virus (COVID-
19) that came to test the ability of countries in the world. Many valuable lessons can be learned from this
pandemic, one of which is the education sector. The meaning of commemoration of the National Education
Day of May 2, 2020 is Learning from COVID-19, the Corona Virus Plague has made its porpoporation a
good part of life in the industrial world, MSMEs, even the education world has also been affected. As
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4911
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
human beings, we must not give up, we must continue to be enthusiastic to innovate, collaboration between
parents of students, principals, teachers to provide motivation and encouragement to our children to learn to
be patient in the midst of these limitations in various aspects of technology, economics, family income and
expenses [3].
In an effort to uphold the Student Learning Activity (KBM) in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic,
the Ministry of Education and Culture has arranged policies through Circular Letter No. 4 of 2020 Ministry
of Education in which four matters are discussed. The first is online learning, both interactively and non-
interactively. In this case the most important thing is learning must occur even at home. Without teachers
the target must be that the curriculum must be achieved. Not move the school at home, but choose essential
materials that children need to do at home. Then secondly, the teaching staff or teacher must provide
education to children about life skills, namely education that is contextual in accordance with the conditions
of each home, especially the understanding of COVID-19, regarding the characteristics, ways to avoid it
and how to prevent someone from contracting Then the third, learning at home must be adjusted to the
interests and conditions of each child. So do not equalize for all children, must pay attention to all
environmental conditions of children, including access to the internet. The fourth is for teachers or teachers,
the tasks given to students do not have to be assessed as usual in school, but rather qualitative assessments
that are motivating to children [4].
As long as the Covid-19 outbreak is still ongoing and there are no signs of abating, all activities are
generally carried out at home through online systems. No exception education that was affected by the
Covid-19 epidemic. This did not dampen the enthusiasm of KB and TK Kemala Bhayangkari 82 teaching
in Magelang City. By using an online system, students continue to learn and hone academic and non-
academic abilities. Supported by the creative work of the teachers, students still get the right education
despite the limited space. The teacher's creativity in presenting learning activities continues to support the
development and stimulation of student intelligence. Like giving assignments in accordance with the
learning theme that was originally designed [5]. Based on the phenomena that the researchers describe
above, the researcher is interested in examining the Effect of Student Learning Motivation in Facing
Corona Pandemic Virus (COVID 19)
2. Theoretical Basis
2.1. Motivation
Motivation is often defined as something that energizes and directs behavior. Of course, this is a general
definition, a definition that can be applied to many factors that influence behavior. All behaviors are
motivated, even the behavior of students who look out the window and avoid assignments. Students'
willingness to learn is the result of many factors. Starting from the personality of students and the ability of
students to complete school assignments, prizes obtained for learning, learning situations encourage
students to learn and so on [6]. Motivation is interpreted as a drive that arises in a person consciously or
unconsciously to carry out an action with a specific purpose. Motivation is a concept that describes the
forces that exist in students who start and direct behavior [7]. Motivation is a mental drive that moves and
directs human behavior, including learning behavior. In motivation contained desires that activate, move,
channel, and direct the attitudes and behavior of individual learning [8]. Motivation is the internal state of
an organism both human or animal that drives it to do something. In this sense, motivation means the
power supplier (energizer) to behave in a directed manner [9]. Motivation is closely related to the
achievement of goals in various fields of human life. With motivation, a person has the drive to realize the
ideals and dreams in his life, and with motivation also the quality of the results of the work done is likely to
be realized. A teacher who is in the process of working in the field of education is based on strong
motivation, will certainly persevere and not be satisfied if the specified target has not been successfully
achieved. That is because there are three motivational functions, namely, encouraging people to do and do
activities, determine the direction of their actions, and select their actions. So that the actions of a teacher
are always in harmony with the work objectives to be achieved [10]. In learning activities, achievement
motivation can be referred to as the overall driving force within students that gives rise to learning activities
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4912
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
that ensure continuity in learning activities and provide direction so that the desired goals by the subject can
be achieved with the best results. With the achievement motivation, individuals who learn will be able to
give birth to good achievements. The intensity of individual motivation will determine the level of
achievement in learning. According to Hasibuan, motivation is a drive that arises in a person consciously or
unconsciously to take an action with a specific goal or efforts that can cause a person or group of people to
be moved to do an activity because they want to achieve certain goals in life and life. Motivation comes
from the Latin word movere which means drive or driving force. This motivation is only given to humans,
especially to subordinates or followers. There are two motivations, namely intrinsic motivation and
extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation arises from within each person without coercion and
encouragement from others, but on the basis of one's own volition. Extrinsic Motivation. This type of
motivation arises as a result of influences from outside the individual, whether because of invitations,
orders, or coercion from others so that with these circumstances students want to do something or learn
[11].
For students who always pay attention to the subject matter provided, it is not a problem for the teacher.
Because within these students there is motivation, intrinsic motivation. Such students usually with their
own awareness pay attention to the teacher's explanation. More curiosity of the subject matter provided.
Various disturbances that are around him, can not influence it enough to solve his attention. It is different
for students who have no motivation inside themselves, so extrinsic motivation which is an encouragement
from outside themselves is absolutely necessary[12]. Here the teacher's task is to arouse the motivation of
students so that they want to learn. Motive is a desire to stimulate (want) and the driving force of one's will
to work; each motif has a specific goal to be achieved. Motive is an understanding that contains all the
driving forces for reasons or impulses in human beings that cause it to be able to do something. The motive
is an inner incentive to move or move and directly or towards the final goal. Learning motivation is an
effort based on the experience gained, so that changes in behavior (affective, cognitive, and psychomotor)
encourage a person to compete with the standard of scientific excellence, where the standard of scientific
excellence can be in the form of assessment. So a student who has high learning motivation is expected to
obtain higher achievement when compared to students whose motivation is lower [13]. Motivation as an
effort made by someone in the process of development which includes intention, desire, will, will, ideals
and so on to achieve goals. Motivation to learn is the overall driving force in a person who is able to cause
the emergence of high enthusiasm and great enthusiasm to do a job. Motivation is the strengths or forces
that can provide encouragement to certain activities that want to be completed with certain targets [14].
Based on these definitions, motivation can be defined as the drive or desire to carry out certain activities
in order to achieve goals. And with the encouragement, motivation is closely related to the goals to be
achieved, the circumstances that cause the desire to do something work, so that new goals will be achieved
again. The emergence of activities or activities are usually driven by one or several desires, desires, wishes
or needs. Thus it appears how important motivation is in everyone. In carrying out activities, a person is
driven by the existence of factors of biological needs, instincts, other mental elements as well as the
influence of the development of human culture. Actually all these factors can not be separated from the
question of needs, needs in the broadest sense, both biological and psychological needs. Motivation
according to the explanation from McClelland and Atkinson is an attempt to achieve success by competing
with a measure of excellence. The intended standard of excellence is in the form of other people's
achievements or one's own achievements before. That way, there is an effort from each individual to
improve or maintain self-proficiency as high as possible in all activities by using standards of excellence as
a comparison. Standards of excellence can be a level of perfection of the results of the implementation of
the task (related to the task), comparison with one's own achievement (related to yourself) and comparison
with others (relating to others). Such is then called a motive that encourages individuals to race against a
measure of excellence. The measure of excellence is manifested in the form of positive behavior carried out
by oneself, or the behavior of other persons or it can also be the perfection of the task [15].
Furthermore, several main factors arising from the motivation of a person to take an action include the
following :
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4913
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
a). Individual Factor. Harter research on students based on intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions shows that
only students who perceive themselves to be competent in the academic field are able to develop intrinsic
motivation. This student prefers challenging assignments and tries to find opportunities to satisfy his
curiosity. Conversely, students with low self-perception prefer tasks that are easy and are highly dependent
on teacher direction. Which includes individual factors include parental influence. From Ames and Acter's
research it can be seen that in mothers who strongly emphasize the value of report cards on their children,
motivation develops more towards the extrinsic direction, whereas mothers who prioritize how their
children work and see that success is the result of effort, the motivation that develops is more intrinsic.
b). Situational Factors. The size of the class affects the formation of student motivation. Large classes
tend to be formal, full of competition and control from the teacher. With this setting, each student tends to
emphasize the importance of ability rather than mastery of subject matter. Motivation for one's learning will
be reflected in behavior. There are several characteristics that are indicators of people who have high
learning motivation. Individuals with high learning motives will exhibit behavior with pleasant
characteristics of jobs that demand personal responsibility, choose work that is at moderate risk, have
encouragement as feedback (feed back) about their actions and try to do things in ways creative way [16].
According to Morgan, rewritten by Hasibuan, said that in carrying out activities, a person is driven by
the presence of biological factors, instincts, other mental elements and the influence of the development of
human culture. In Morgan's view, in fact all these factors cannot be separated from the question of needs,
needs in the broadest sense, both biological and psychological needs. These needs include:
a). The need to do something Activity. This is very important for children, because the act itself
contains a joy for him. In accordance with this concept, then for parents who force children to stay at home,
is contrary to the nature of children. This can be associated with a learning activity that work or learning
will succeed if accompanied by a sense of excitement.
b). The need to please others. Many people in their lives have the motivation to do a lot of things for the
pleasure of others.
c). The need to achieve results. A job or learning activity will be successful, if accompanied by "praise"
This "praise" aspect is an encouragement for someone to work and study hard.
d). The need to overcome difficulties. A difficulty or obstacle, maybe a disability, might cause a feeling
of inferiority, but this is an impetus to seek compensation with diligent and extraordinary effort so that
advantages or advantages are achieved in a particular field. Children's attitude to difficulties or obstacles
depends a lot on the circumstances and environmental attitudes. In connection with this, the role of
motivation is very important in efforts to create certain conditions that are more conducive for them to
strive for excellence [17].
Furthermore Motivation component which consists of impulses from within each individual to be able to
achieve goals and survive when facing obstacles has four components, among others, as:
a). Love a prestigious activity and associate success with ability and hard work. Individuals will feel
satisfied and proud of their success so they will work hard to improve all possibilities for achievement.
When working on a task he is driven more by hope for success than for avoiding failure.
b). Assume that failure is caused by lack of effort. Individuals with high achievement motivation will
feel angry at themselves and feel sorry if the achievements are not as good as expected, because he should
be able to achieve high achievement if he tries even harder.
c). Always display the feeling of like working hard compared to other individuals who have low
achievement motivation. This makes the individual toughness in carrying out the task. He will maintain
high quality work to complete tasks successfully, to be able to achieve the best he can achieve and surpass
others
d). Have one consideration in choosing a task with a moderate level of difficulty, namely a task that is
not too easy but also not too difficult. This is because the orientation of achievement motivation is the
existence of success as a value for achievement, so that tasks that are too easy are not worth the challenge
and tasks that are too difficult will give little chance for success [18].
To complete the description of the meaning and theory of motivation, it is necessary to put forward some
characteristics of motivation. Motivation has its own characteristics, and if someone has it, it means that
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4914
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
someone has a fairly strong motivation. The characteristics of motivation will be very important in teaching
and learning activities. In teaching and learning activities will be successful, if students are diligent in doing
the task, tenacious in solving various problems and obstacles independently. Students who study well are
not stuck in something routine and mechanical. Students who must defend their opinions, if he is convinced
and seen as quite rational. Even further students must also be sensitive and responsive to various common
problems, and how to think of solutions. These things must all be understood correctly by the teacher, so
that in interacting with students can provide the right motivation.
The characteristics are as follows:
a). Persevering in the task (can work continuously for a long time, never stop before completion).
b). Resilient in facing difficulties (not easily discouraged) does not require outside encouragement to
achieve the best possible (not quickly satisfied with the achievements he has achieved).
c). Showing interest in various problems for adults.
d). Prefer to work independently.
e). Quick to get bored with routine tasks (things that are mechanical, just repetitive so less active).
f). Can defend his opinion. (if that is something)
g). It's not easy to let go of that thing believed.
h). Happy to find and solve problems problems [19].
In order for someone to achieve optimal work results, motivation is needed. It must be stressed that
motivation is related to a goal. In connection with this, there are three functions of motivation, namely:
a). Encourage humans to do. So, as an activator or motor that releases energy. Motivation in this case is
the driving force of every activity that will be done.
b). Determine the direction of action, namely the direction of the goal to be achieved. Thus motivation
can provide direction and activities that must be done in accordance with the formulation of its objectives.
c). Selecting actions, which determines actions. What must be done is harmonious in order to achieve
the goal, by setting aside actions that are not beneficial for the purpose. A student who will face an exam in
the hope that he will pass, will certainly conduct learning activities and will not spend his time playing
cards or reading comics, because they are not compatible with the objectives. Besides that, there are also
other motivational functions.
Motivation can also be a driver of business and achievement. Someone doing an effort because of
motivation. Good motivation in learning will show good results. In other words, that with a diligent effort
and mainly based on motivation, then a person who learns it will be able to spawn a good achievement. The
intensity of a student's motivation will largely determine the level of achievement of his learning
achievement [20].
This type of motivation can be seen from various points of view. Because motivations or active motives
vary greatly. The forms of motivation are as follows:
a). Motivation seen from the basis of its formation.
1). Innate motifs, that is, motifs that are carried from birth, so this motivation is not learned.
2). Motives learned, meaning motives that arise because they are learned.
3). Physical and spiritual motivation, which includes physical motivation such as reflexes, instincts,
automatic, lust. While that includes spiritual motives, namely the will
b). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
1). Intrinsic motivation, ie motives that become active or functioning need not be stimulated from
the outside. Because every individual has an urge to do something. Keep in mind that students who have
the goal of educated people, who are knowledgeable, are experts in certain fields of study. The only way to
get to is to learn. Without learning it is impossible to get knowledge. The impetus that drives it comes from
a need. Needs that contain the necessity to be educated and knowledgeable. So, indeed the motivation
arises from self-awareness with the goal essentially, not just symbolic and ceremonial.
2). Extrinsic motivation, which is active functioning motives due to external stimuli. Extrinsic
motivation can also be said as a form of motivation in which learning activities begin and continue based
on external encouragement that is not absolutely related to learning activities. Need to be emphasized, it
does not mean that extrinsic motivation is not good and not important. Because, most likely the state of
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4915
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
students is dynamic, changing, and also maybe other components in the learning process there are less
attractive to students, so extrinsic motivation is needed [21].
Motivation can be interpreted as the strength (energy) of someone who can cause a level of persistence
and enthusiasm in carrying out an activity, both originating from within the individual itself (intrinsic
motivation) or from outside the individual (extrinsic motivation). How much motivation an individual has
will largely determine the quality of the behavior displayed, both in the context of learning, work and in
other lives. The study of motivation has long had a special attraction for educators, managers, and
researchers, especially related to interests efforts to achieve performance (achievement) someone. In the
context of psychological studies, that to understand individual motivation can be seen from several
indicators, including: (1) the duration of the activity; (2) frequency of activities; (3) persistence in activities;
(4) fortitude, tenacity and ability in dealing with obstacles and difficulties; (5) devotion and sacrifice to
achieve goals; (6) the level of aspiration to be achieved with the activities carried out; (7) achievement or
product qualification level (out put) achieved from the activities carried out; (8) direction of attitude
towards the target [22].
Within the discipline of psychology, several popular theories related to motivation can be found, namely
Abraham H. Maslow's Theory (Theory of Need). Motivation theory developed by Abraham H. Maslow
basically revolves around the opinion that humans have five levels or hierarchies of needs, namely: (1)
physiological needs (physiological needs), such as: hunger, thirst, rest and sex; (2) safety needs, not only in
the physical sense, but also mentally, psychologically and intellectually; (3) the need for love (love needs);
(4) the need for self-esteem (esteem needs), which is generally reflected in various status symbols and (5)
self actualization, in the sense of the availability of opportunities for someone to develop the potential
contained in him so that it turns into the ability real. The first so-called (physiological) and second
(security) needs are sometimes classified in other ways, for example by classifying them as primary needs,
while others are also known as secondary needs classifications. Apart from how to classify human needs,
what is clear is that the nature, type and intensity of human needs differ from one person to another because
humans are unique individuals. It is also clear that human needs are not only material, but psychological,
mental, intellectual and even spiritual. It is also interesting to note that as more and more organizations
grow and develop in society and a deeper understanding of the human element in organizational life,
Maslow's classical theory is increasingly used, even said to be corrected. The improvement or correction is
mainly directed at the concept of the hierarchy of needs proposed by Maslow. The term hierarchy can be
interpreted as tiers. Or by analogy means of stairs. The logic is that going up a ladder means starting with
the first, second, third step and so on[23].
If the concept is applied to the gratification of human needs, it means that one will not try to satisfy the
second level of needs, - in this case security - before the first level of needs, namely clothing, food, and
shelter the third will not be sought satisfying before someone feels safe, so too so on. Departing from the
fact that understanding of various human needs is getting deeper and refinement and "correction" are felt
not only right, but also indeed necessary because experience shows that efforts to satisfy various human
needs take place simultaneously. That is, while satisfying physical needs, a person at the same time wants
to enjoy a sense of security, feels valued, needs friends and wants to develop [24]. Thus it can be said that it
is more appropriate if various human needs are classified as a series and not as a hierarchy. In this
connection, it should be emphasized that :
a). The needs that are fulfilled one day are very likely to arise again in the future;
b). Mastery of certain needs, especially physical needs, can be shifted from a quantitative approach to a
qualitative approach in gratification.
c). The various needs will not reach the saturation point in the sense of the arrival of a condition in
which a person can no longer do anything in fulfilling those needs. McClelland is known about the theory
of the need to achieve achievement or Need for Access (N.Ach) which states that motivation varies
according to the strength of one's need for achievement. Murray, as quoted by Winardi, defined the need for
achievement as a desire: Carrying out a difficult task or job. Mastering, manipulating, or organizing
physical objects, humans, or ideas carry out these things as quickly as possible and as independently as
possible, according to the prevailing conditions. Overcome obstacles, reach high standards. Achieve peak
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4916
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
performance for yourself. Able to win in competition with other parties. Enhance one's abilities through the
successful application of talent [25].
According to McClelland the characteristics of high achievers have three general characteristics,
namely: (1) a preference for doing tasks with a moderate degree of difficulty (2) likes situations where their
performance arises because of their own efforts, and not because of other factors, such as luck for example;
and (3) want feedback about their successes and failures, compared to those with low achievements.
Alderfer's theory is known by the acronym "ERG". The ERG acronym in Alderfer's theory is the first
letters of three terms: E = Existence, R = Relatedness (the need to relate to other parties, and G = Growth
(the need for growth) .If the meaning of the three terms is explored Two important things will appear: First,
conceptually there are similarities between the theories or models developed by Maslow and Alderfer,
because Existence can be said to be identical with the first and second hierarchies in Maslow's theory,
Relatedness is in line with the third and fourth hierarchy of needs according to the concepts of Maslow and
Growth contains the same meaning as self actualization according to Maslow Second, Alderfer's theory
emphasizes that various types of human needs are pursued simultaneously.If Alterfer's theory is further
observed it would appear that:
a). The more unmet certain needs are met, the greater the desire to satisfy them;
b). Strong desire to satisfy higher needs is greater when lower needs have been satisfied
c). On the contrary, the more difficult it is to satisfy the higher level needs, the greater the desire to
satisfy more basic needs.
The third recognized scientist has made an important contribution in understanding Herzberg's
motivation. The theory he developed was known as the Two Factor Model of motivation, namely
motivational factors and hygiene or maintenance factors. According to this theory, what is meant by
motivational factors are things that encourage achievement which is intrinsic in nature, which means it is
sourced within a person, whereas what is meant by hygiene or maintenance factors are factors that are
extrinsic in nature which means that it originates from outside the self which also determines behavior
someone in someone's life. According to Herzberg, classified as motivational factors include one's work,
success achieved, opportunities for growth, advancement in career and recognition of others [26]. While the
factors of hygiene or maintenance include, among others, the status of a person in the organization, the
relationship of an individual with his supervisor, the relationship of a person with colleagues, supervisory
techniques applied by supervisors, organizational policies, administrative systems within the organization,
working conditions and reward systems applicable. One of the challenges in understanding and applying
Herzberg's theory is to calculate precisely which factors are more powerful in one's life, whether they are
intrinsic or extrinsic. The core of this theory lies in the view that humans are driven to eliminate the gap
between the effort made for the benefit of the organization and the rewards received. That is, if an
employee has a perception that the compensation received is inadequate, two possibilities can occur,
namely: a). Person will try to get a greater reward, b). Reducing the intensity of the effort made in carrying
out the tasks for which it is responsible [27].
In order to foster certain perceptions, an employee in the context of work motivation usually uses the
following four things as a comparison, namely:
a). His expectation of the amount of compensation he deems appropriate based on personal
qualifications, such as education, competence, nature of work and experience
b). Rewards received by others in organizations whose qualifications and work characteristics are
relatively the same as those concerned themselves
c). Rewards received by other employees in other organizations in the same area and conducting
similar activities
d). Legislation in force regarding the amount and type of compensation that is the right of employees
Maintenance of relations with employees in this connection means that officials and officers in the
staffing department must always be vigilant not to create perceptions of injustice, let alone widespread
among employees. If it happens, there will be various negative impacts on the organization, such as
dissatisfaction, high absenteeism, frequent accidents in completing tasks, often employees make mistakes
in carrying out their work, strikes or even transfers employees to other organizations [28]. In goal setting it
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4917
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
has four kinds of motivational mechanisms namely: (a) goals direct attention (b) goals govern effort (c)
objectives increase persistence and (d) goals support strategies and activity plans. The following chart
presents an instructive model of goal setting. A theory which he calls the Theory of Hope. According to this
theory, motivation is the result of a result from what a person wants to achieve and the estimate in question
that his actions will lead to the desired results. That is, if someone really wants something, and the way
seems open to get it, they will try to get it [29]. Expressed in a very simple way, the theory of hope says that
if someone wants something and the hope of getting something is big enough, the person concerned will be
very motivated to get what he wants. Conversely, if the expectation of getting what he wants is thin, his
motivation for effort will be low. Among scientists and practitioners of human resource management, this
theory of hope has its own appeal because of the emphasis on the importance of the staffing department to
help employees determine what they want and show the most appropriate ways to realize their desires. This
emphasis is considered important because experience shows that employees do not always know exactly
what they want, let alone how to get it. Various theories or motivational models that have been discussed
above can be classified as cognitive cognitive models because they are based on a person's needs based on
the perception of the person concerned, meaning that they are very subjective. His behavior is determined
by that perception. Yet in organizational life it is recognized and recognized that one's will is also
determined by various external consequences of his behavior and actions. That is, from various factors
outside oneself also play a role as determinants and behavior modifiers. In this case, what is known as the
law of influence states that humans tend to repeat behaviors that have consequences that benefit themselves
and avoid behaviors that result in behaviors that result in adverse consequences [30].
A very simple example is a typist who is able to complete his task well in a short time. The typist
received praise from his boss. Such praise results in accelerated salary increases. Because the typist likes
the consequences of his behavior, he is then motivated not only to work more diligently and more
thoroughly, but even to try to improve his competence, for example by learning to use computers so that his
abilities increase, which in turn is expected to have positive consequences again in the future. An example
of the opposite is that an employee who arrives late repeatedly receives a reprimand from his superiors,
perhaps accompanied by threats of disciplinary sanctions. Reprimand and the possibility of being penalized
as a negative consequence of the employee's behavior results in the modification of his behavior, which is
to arrive on time at the assignment. , these methods are adopted in a humane style as well. Starting from the
view that there is no one perfect motivational model, in the sense that each has advantages and
disadvantages, scientists are constantly trying to find and find the best motivation system, in the sense of
combining the various advantages of these models into one model. There seems to be agreement among
experts that the model is what is covered by theories that link rewards to individual achievements.
According to this model, an individual's motivation is strongly influenced by various factors, both internal
and external. Included in internal factors are: (a) someone's perception of themselves (b) self-esteem (c)
personal expectations (d) needs (e) desires (f) job satisfaction (g) work performance produced. While
external factors affect one's motivation, among others are: (a) the type and nature of work (b) the work
group to which one joins (c) the organization of the place of work (d) the general environmental situation
(e) the applicable reward system and how to apply it [31].
There are four characteristics that distinguish between someone who has low motivation and someone
who has high motivation. Motivation will be seen in the attitude of behavior in everyday life in learning, for
example, which can be elaborated on how active in learning to achieve achievement, in completing
assignments, the use of free time and time off and how he behaves to overcome learning barriers. The
characteristics of people who have high motivation, finally it can be stated that individuals will have high
learning motivation will perceive that success is a result of will and effort. While individuals who have low
learning motivation will perceive that failure is as a result of lack of ability and do not see effort as a
determination of success. The characteristics of people who have high motivation, finally it can be stated
that individuals will have high learning motivation will perceive that success is a result of will and effort.
While individuals who have low learning motivation will perceive that failure is as a result of lack of ability
and do not see effort as a determination of success. How strong the motivation of an individual will largely
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4918
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
determine the quality of the behavior displayed, both in the context of learning, work and in other life,
(achievement) someone [32].
2.2 Learning Motivation In Dealing With The Development Of Covid Pandemic 19
All events and events in this world certainly have wisdom that we can learn. We think positively in
dealing with the Corona virus outbreak and endeavor to prevent it. We can also know the positive wisdom
as seen in several online media or through social media. Wisdom that can be taken as teachers becomes
more adept at making and compiling online learning materials. Students become accustomed to using
smartphones in doing online assignments. Students, researchers and innovators from various regions in the
country created hand sanitizers from various materials that were cheap and easily available. Hand sanitizer
products can also be marketed, which means opening business opportunities. In addition, the high demand
for masks gave rise to impromptu mask manufacturers. Whether it is done by vocational students or the
community all of them are able to teach skills and open jobs. Those are some lessons that we can learn
from the Covid-19 pandemic disaster. Of course there are many more positive lessons that we can take. The
point is that the plague also gives us learning that we may never have thought of [33].
Educators or teachers must ensure teaching and learning activities continue even though students are at
home, learning innovation is a solution that needs to be designed and implemented by teachers by
maximizing existing media such as online media. Teachers can do learning using the E-Learning method,
namely learning to use information and communication technology. The learning system is implemented
through a computer (PC) or laptop connected to an internet network connection, teachers can do learning
together at the same time using groups on social media such as Whatsapp (WA), telegram, Zoom
applications or other social media as a learning tool so that they can ensure students learn at the same time
even in different places. The teacher can also provide measurable tasks but still ensure that every day the
learning of students is carried out step by step from the task. Many other innovations that can be done by
educators to ensure learning continues and students get knowledge according to the curriculum that has
been prepared by the government. The principal must also innovate in carrying out the supervision or
coaching function to the teacher to ensure that teaching and learning activities have been carried out by
teachers and students even though using the remote method (online). The principal can also provide
solutions and motivation to teachers at the school, so that teachers who are not ready to use online media
can be supervised and given a solution. For school supervisors under the auspices of the Provincial
Education Office and the City and Regency can also innovate in order to continue to carry out supervision
and the goals of the supervision can run well even though they don't have to always face to face [34].
Online learning or online learning is distance learning using interconnected computer devices or gadgets
where teachers and students communicate interactively by utilizing communication and information media.
This learning is very dependent on the internet network connection that connects teacher and student
devices. . Online learning is very helpful for our education world during this pandemic. Many applications
can be utilized in online learning such as Whatsapp Group, Google Classroom, Edmodo, Quizzi, Zoom
Cloud, Jitsi, and others. However, there are actually many obstacles that we find in the field today. For
example, it is still constrained in terms of infrastructure or devices such as computers or gadgets. Some of
our educators are still not accustomed to using or operating this device. Likewise students are still
unfamiliar especially in rural areas, and also lack of a strong signal network throughout Bali. Another
fundamental problem is the habitual pattern of teaching and learning of students and teachers who are
accustomed to conventional learning. Teachers are still not accustomed to teaching by utilizing complex
online media that must be packaged effectively, easily accessed and understood by students. While students
really need a culture of learning to attend and the habit of learning to follow learning through computers or
gadgets. Thus the teacher is required to be able to design or design online learning that is lightweight and
effective, by utilizing appropriate online devices or media and in accordance with the material being taught.
Although online learning will provide wider opportunities to explore the material to be taught, the teacher
must be able to choose and limit the extent of the scope of the material and what applications are suitable
for the material and learning methods used. Many teachers over-insist an application that is considered
contemporary and cool, but it is not in accordance with the initial purpose of an online learning, which is to
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4919
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
facilitate students to get learning or education in this co-19 pandemic situation. Instead of helping to
alleviate psychological burdens, it actually makes students stressed, coupled with a large number of
assignments that are not measured by their teacher [35].
The experience of managing education in emergencies today should be able to foster our collective
awareness as a nation of the importance of learning technology in order to realize quality and fair
education. The concepts of cyber schools and / or blended learning, including disruptive assessments,
which are already widely used in a number of schools / colleges in foreign countries, should be made as a
serious, consistent, and measurable study by education policy controllers at the national and regional levels.
In fact, some academics will have the opportunity to be critically involved in the theory, pedagogical
reasoning and learning design related to online and distance education. Meanwhile, teachers also need to
make repairs quickly so that they no longer stutter and allow online and distance learning to run as they
should. Organizing online education in many cases is still in the form of lectures or seminars, involving
large groups of individuals, all attending the same room, at the same time, but they are not necessarily
involved with each other. Better teaching involves formative assessment, and this does not have to be
marked by hard work. Questioning techniques, both synchronous in terms of remote streaming and
asynchronous in text-based facilitation, which provide evidence for teachers / lecturers to respond and show
the direction of learning can be far more valuable. Further learning involves students communicating with
each other, with structured activities between transmission, collaboration and application modes. This can
all happen using technology available now with live-casting platforms, collaborative documents, shared
spaces and applications (Matt Cornock: 2020). The current state of information and communication
technology does not automatically create an innovative and quality learning environment. To justify their
use in class, they need to add value in the form of increased student motivation and involvement [36].
Covid-19 pandemic forced the world community to define the meaning of life, learning objectives and
the nature of humanity. If all this time people have been forced to live in fast-paced situations, endless
work, and the pursuit of economic growth targets in the competition system. However, the spread of the
Corona virus (Covid-19), which has become a major crisis in modern humans, forces us to breathe for a
moment, stop from the vortex of the system, and look back at life, family, and the social environment in the
true sense. Humans are forced to 'stop' from their routine, to interpret what is actually sought from life.
Indonesia has a big challenge in handling Covid-19. Of all the aspects that are challenging at the moment, I
concentrate on the educational aspects, which is essential for discussion. The aspect of education becomes
the concentration of the writer, because he has worked for decades in this field in the capacity of
researchers, practitioners and policy makers. The Covid-19 pandemic forced social distancing policy, or in
Indonesia it was introduced as physical distancing to minimize the spread of Covid-19. So, this policy is
strived to slow down the spread of the Corona virus in the community. The Ministry of Education and
Culture responds with learning policies from home, through online learning and the elimination of the
National Examination for this year. The massive spread of Corona virus in various countries forces us to
see the reality that the world is changing. We can see how the changes in the fields of technology,
economics, politics to education in the midst of the crisis caused by Covid-19. These changes require us to
prepare ourselves, respond with attitudes and actions while always learning new things. Indonesia is not
alone in finding solutions for students to keep learning and fulfill their educational rights. Until April 1,
2020, UNESCO recorded at least 1.5 billion school-age children with Covid 19 recorded in 188 countries
including 60 million of them in our country. All affected countries have tried to make the best policy in
maintaining the continuity of education services. Indonesia also faces several real challenges that must be
immediately resolved: (1) technological disparities between schools in big cities and regions, (2) limited
teacher competence in the use of learning applications, (3) limited resources for the utilization of Education
technology such as the internet and quotas, (4) teacher-student-parent relations in online learning that are
not yet integral [37].
3. Research Methods
Research methodology is a way to find out the results of a specific problem, where the problem is also
called a research problem. In Methodology, researchers always try to find the questions given in
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4920
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
systematic ways that are used and try to find all the answers until they can draw conclusions. If research
is not done systematically on the problem, there will be less possibility to be able to know the final
results. In Methodology, researchers use a variety of different criteria to solve existing research
problems. Different sources state that the use of various types of methods is to solve problems [38].
In a research journal that researchers conducted regarding the Important Role of Leadership in
Dealing with the 2019 Corona Virus Disease Pandemic (COVID 19). As for this study, researchers used
research methods in the literature. Where this research is a type of descriptive research, which describes
the characteristics of a phenomenon that can be used as a basis for decision making to solve problems in
a study.
4. Research Result
The spread of the corona virus pandemic or COVID-19 in Indonesia caused many universities and
schools to stop the process of face-to-face learning. Instead, learning is done remote or remote learning.
Minister of Education and Culture (Mendikbud) Nadiem Makarim also seeks to build cooperation with
various parties that focus on developing online education systems. The application of online learning
requires readiness for both parties, both from the education service provider or from the students
themselves. However, online and distance learning requires the help of qualified and easily accessible
technology. In addition, students must also be prepared to adapt to changes in learning that are
governed by schools and universities. Remote learning can be seen more freely and flexibly accessed
from home [39].
As of Wednesday, April 15, 2020, the government stated that there were 5,236 people who had
confirmed positive for Covid-19. This figure shows an increase of 297 cases compared with reports on
the previous day. Of these, 469 people have died and 446 patients have been cured. These cases have
been reported in all provinces in Indonesia. To monitor the development of the corona virus, most
provinces have also provided a special page that contains information about the number of positive
cases of Covid-19 as well as the handling carried out. The public can monitor corona virus cases in
some of these special portals. The following is a list of monitoring links to the development of the
corona virus at the national and provincial levels in Indonesia. To monitor the number of cases
nationally, the public can access the following sites: National:
1. https://www.covid19.go.id
2. Ministry of Health: http://covid-monitoring.kemkes.go.id
3. BNPB: http: // covid19 .bnpb.go.id /
Geospatial Information Agency (BIG): https://portal.ina-sdi.or.id/big-lawan-covid19-mobile Through
these pages, information is presented relating to the number of positive cases nationally, the number who
died, as well as the number of samples examined. In addition, the corona virus distribution map is also
available and other information about knowledge related to the corona virus [40].
The Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) is preparing a learning scenario from home
until the end of 2020. That is in anticipation if the corona virus outbreak (Covid-19) still does not end in
Indonesia until the end of the year. To date there are 97.6 percent of schools that have done distance
learning. The remaining 2.4 percent have not done it because the area is not infected by corona or does
not have supporting devices. Of the 97.6 percent, 54 percent of schools have done full distance learning,
namely teachers and students teach and learn from home, and another 46 percent of teachers still teach
from school, but students at home. Because there are some regions that still require teachers to come to
school, alternately picket. Likewise, vocational students who should have gone through practical work
but cannot be done directly or via the internet. If teaching and learning activities at home are extended
until the end of the year, there must be readjustment regarding the new school year. The Ministry of
Education and Culture will make adjustments so that each school can run the KBM in the new school
year. Referring to the education calendar, the Academic Year 2020/2021 starts in July 2020 until June
2021 after the New Student Admissions (PPDB) is finished. According to the Minister of Education and
Culture's Circular Letter No. 4 In 2020, the education office and schools must prepare PPDB in their
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4921
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4911-4925
areas that follow the health protocol. Parents and students may not physically gather at school. In other
words, PPDB is recommended to be done online[41].
The Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (Kemen PPPA) through the National
Children's Forum (FAN), conducted a Survey of What's With Covid-19 (AADC-19) to find out
children's perceptions and knowledge about the corona virus when learning from home, as well as
feelings and expectations of children in the current situation, where the results stated that as many as 58
percent of children do not feel happy when they have to learn from home. Based on the results of the
survey, especially related to children's perceptions about learning at home, as many as 58 percent of
children feel unhappy while undergoing the process, because they have difficulty interacting with their
friends. 38 percent of children also stated that schools did not have a good program in implementing
learning at home. They hope that schools do not give too many assignments, but rather apply learning
patterns with two-way communication with teachers and carry out effective learning, AADC-19 survey
results show that the source of information related to covid-19, the most accepted by children through
internet platforms where 70 percent of children believe that the information they receive is valid, and 73
percent consider it to be informative enough, information on the spread of Covid-19 also has an effect on
children, 98% of children feel their habits and lifestyle become cleaner and healthier. But there are those
who feel paranoid, fearful and also ordinary, this group must be watched out for because excessive
feelings of fear will interfere with the psychological child and those who consider this mediocre will also
make children not care about this condition, almost all respondents namely 98.7 % considers the
#dirumahaja movement to be very important and important. For this reason, their expectation of learning
at home is two-way communication and effective learning implementation; the teacher is able to provide
maximum explanation of the material and the existence of more creative assignments. In addition to the
AADC-19 Survey, in an effort to prevent and deal with Covid-19, FAN has also carried out various
programs and activities, namely making a Covid-19 prevention call with local languages, making FAN
challenges through Tik Tok Self Quarantine and letters to medical personnel; held a Time to Know FAN
about Covid-19, and a campaign using the twibbon campaign at home [42].
Based on the study in the previous chapter it can be stated that being prepared is not ready, various
efforts to apply social restrictions must be carried out in order to prevent the widespread spread of the
corona virus. One of them is "laying off" the world of education, including asking for education at
various levels to apply distance learning from their respective homes. Seeing the increasing distribution
of Covid-19 in order to protect students from corona virus exposure, several regions also followed the
same policy. The provinces of West Java, Central Java, East Java, Banten, Bali, NTB, NTT, Aceh,
Jambi, Riau, and following DI Yogyakarta also dismissed students. Each province has a different policy.
There are provinces that implement distance learning for one week, there are two weeks, while
continuing to see developments. This policy resulted in at least 28.6 million students from elementary to
high school / vocational high school in a number of provinces affected by this distance learning program.
Not yet added to the number of students who were also temporarily stopped the lecture process. As of
March 18, 2020, there have been 276 public and private tertiary institutions in Indonesia applying online
lectures. The number of campuses that eliminate face-to-face lectures is certain to continue to grow amid
the spread of the corona virus. At a global level, changes in learning due to the spread of the Covid-19
virus also took place very quickly. Based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on March 12, there were only 29 countries implementing policies to
dismiss schools. On March 18, that number had grown to 112 countries. The eight new countries that
start school holidays starting March 19 are Malaysia, Thailand, Germany, Austria, Mexico, South Africa,
Yemen and Zambia. Of the 112 countries, 101 countries implemented national school holidays. While 11
other countries, including Indonesia, implement school holidays in certain areas. The impact, referring to
UNESCO data, was experienced by at least 849.4 million students and students. That number does not
include students and students from 11 countries who have just applied school holidays in certain areas.
The distance learning process has now been underway for a week. Teacher and student readiness in
home learning varies, some are ready, forced to be ready, and really not ready. Without any preparation,
the teaching and learning system changes from face to face to online by utilizing technology. A number
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4922
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCYou can also read
