The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4 283
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
The Role of Activities Awareness
in Faceted Classification Development
Orélie Desfriches Doria
Laboratoire DICEN, Case courrier 1D6R10, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2,
rue Conté, 75003 Paris,
Orélie Desfriches Doria is a student, preparing her last year of PhD work in library and information
sciences in the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) France (Paris), and is Attaché
temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche (ATER) of the Research Laboratory DICEN (Information
and Communication Systems in Digital Age). Her research interests focus on KOS’s; uses of KOS’s,
especially faceted classification; methodologies for faceted classification; information organization
activities in organizations; and differing points of view about documents, folksonomies, document
typologies, KM, the semantic Web, and the socio-semantic Web.
Doria, Orélie Desfriches. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development.
Knowledge Organization. 39(4), 283-291. 21 references.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, we propose a part of the methodological work to accompanying the development of a new type of
Knowledge Organization System (KOS) based on faceted classification. Our approach to faceted classification differs from its
traditional use. We develop a theoretical typology of professional documents based on their uses. Then we correlate these types
of documents to specific types of KOS according to their degree of structural constraint and activities they aim to serve.
Received 7 March 2012; Accepted 7 March 2012
1.0 Introduction an industrial group. We focus our attention on a par-
ticular case of our work-in-progress methodology,
The evolution of work organization models, charac- concerning the elaboration of facets dealing with
terized by an intensification of distant exchanges, the document types information, which brings up specific
increasing number of coordination and communica- problems. After the development of an empirical ty-
tion tools and of sharing, transmission and back-up pology of observed document types, we propose an-
systems, results in complex informational environ- other theoretical typology to allow the management
ments. In the framework of an ANR1 project, a new of document type information. This type of informa-
type of Knowledge Organization System (KOS) based tion is essential, yet difficult to process autonomously.
on faceted classification is under development, aiming Not being of a universal nature, the document type
to reduce the cognitive cost of information manage- instead aims at representing the different terms of the
ment tasks in complex digital environments, particu- type according to the context. Hence the document
larly in working documents management. We are type in a faceted classification is considered a neces-
working on a methodology to accompany its deploy- sary component of document management, whose
ment and to elaborate relevant facets relating to dif- meaning, through combination with other facets, is
ferent trades. In this article, we present a part of this rendered unambiguous.
work. In this article, the theoretical typology we present
The starting point of this study consists of observa- is established according to document characteristics
tions on individual folder organization of documents such as usage, defined as groups they are included in,
taken from individual work stations of different re- and for which they represent a support for interac-
search engineers who work in the R&D department of tions, and activities for or during which documents
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.
284 Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
are created. Finally, we propose recommendations to from a professional exercise in which the main activity
correlate KOS, document uses, and documentariza- does not consist of information management. (Des-
tion operations purposes. friches Doria and Zacklad 2010).
In fact, KOS diversity, variability of storage media,
2.0 Documentarization and heterogeneous of activities associated with documents and of docu-
knowledge organization systems (KOS’s) ment types make document management activities
complex. Our findings differ from previous work on
KOS’s refer to “controlled languages, classification typologies by the scope of documents we deal with, in
schemes, and to knowledge representation languages contrast with Zeller (2004), who is interested in all
from Artificial Intelligence” (Zacklad 2011). In this document forms (DTB, Web sites, GIS, multimedia
tool category, Zacklad also includes search engines’ documents, etc.), or to Gagnon Arguin (1998), who
indexes. These KOS’s consist of systems of access to focuses her interest on proof documents for record
information, knowledge tracking, representation, and management, or to Alberts (2009), whose work is
filtering systems such as thesauri, classifications, on- concentrated on mail and is exploring document gen-
tologies, and tag clouds. They are most frequently der notion. We limit our studies to digital working
used for documentarization operations on documents documents that we define as individually or collec-
which consist of "transcribing or recording a semiotic tively produced or handled documents during profes-
product on a perennial substrate, which is endowed sional exercise of various trades. The purpose of our
with specific attributes intended to facilitate the prac- approach does not consist of record management, but
tices associated with its subsequent utilization in the is more focused on working documents management
framework of distributed communicational transac- in a knowledge management perspective.
tions” (Zacklad 2006).
Documentarization is a major issue in knowledge 3.0 Faceted classification
preservation and communication by allowing “(i) to
manage them along with other substrates, (ii) to han- Faceted classification is represented “as a combina-
dle them physically, which is a prerequisite to be able tion of complementary conceptual groups offering
to browse semantically among the semiotic content, the ability to insert varying analysis dimensions on
and lastly, (iii) to guide the recipients” (Zacklad 2006). informational objects, to characterize and make ac-
The stored information related to the documentariza- cess to information easier by offering multiple ways
tion process on a technical level (content), organiza- of navigation towards any document” (Mas et al.
tional level (coordination), or location aspects (access 2008). The notion of facet often appears as “the most
to documents) accounts for a substantial effort that consequent theoretical contribution of the century in
KOS endorses (Pikas 2007). In addition, we notice information sciences” (Maniez 1999). Faceted classi-
that different activities during the trade exercise lead fication presents a number of benefits reported in lit-
to the production of distinct document types, which erature. The most common benefits mentioned are
are not documentarized with aid of the same KOS. expressiveness, flexibility, consistency, and adaptabil-
Despite their diversity, the latter differ in structural ity (Maniez 1999; Ali and Du 2004; Marleau et al.
aspects, and also in content aspects (vocabulary, se- 2008). It has also been recognized by Broughton
mantic), though we state that KOS’s present in or- (2005) to support browsing, navigating, and informa-
ganizations and their structuring should be correlated tion researching. This author explains that faceted
to document uses and to the purposes of documenta- classification allows browsing (which consists of
rization operations. quickly scanning a corpus to discover its content),
In most organizations, we find frames of reference thanks to its logical structure and its capacity to ex-
that define the location where a document should be press complex or compound subjects. Its structure,
recorded according to different intentions (record which can be combined with user interfaces and mul-
management, sharing, individual use) and to docu- tiple access points, enable navigation through a cor-
ment features (state of document, life cycle, depart- pus. Finally, information research is supported by
ment) to limit informational entropy by controlling progressive filtering based on multiple search criteria
document management. The various storage media (facets) (Broughton 2006), though, according to
used according to document features may present het- Kwasnik (1999), one must not overlook the difficul-
erogeneous KOS and interfaces. Their use appears as ties related to establishing relevant facets, the poten-
an additional cognitive cost regarding those coming tial incoherence in inter-facet relations, and in the
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.
Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4 285
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
visualization of the classification scheme with regard classification adapted to all contexts in organizations.
to the internal logic of each individual facet. In our preliminary study, we notice that documents do
not imply identical uses according to different trades,
3.1 A more flexible approach to faceted classification it is not therefore necessary for them to be described
in the same terms, in a constrained way by all actors in
Faceted classification is traditionally used, in a formal an organization.
way, to standardize homogeneous corpus manage- Consequently, our approach to faceted classifica-
ment. Homogeneity is employed here for document tion which allows it to be fed and developed on the fly,
types, but also for content aspects. For example, in li- is bottom-up. We can compare it to Vickery’s opposi-
braries, document types are almost similar, and con- tion (1960) to mechanical and constrained implemen-
tents are described through standards fields as key- tation of fundamental categories to a subject. These
words for book subjects. The level of specificity of in- categories should be used as a guide for suggesting po-
dexing is established. tential characteristics that should not be ignored. (La
By contrast, in working document management, Barre 2010).
the corpus is heterogeneous in terms of form and
amount. We notice that the level of specificity can 4.0 Proposal of empirical and theoretical
vary according to specific needs, activities, and document typologies
amount of produced documents. The content is not
necessarily the major indexing requirement; we also Handling questions about document types leads us to
meet some specific needs for describing the situation focus our interest on the notion of facet and to con-
of document creation, like time related information. A front problems mentioned before by Kwasnik (1999).
study from Pikas (2007) about engineers’ Personal In- The choice of relevant facets and the necessity of
formation Management practices reveals that they do consistency between facets are influenced by more
not use the same strategies to retrieve their docu- ancient techniques such as development of lists, tax-
ments, nor do they remember the same kind of in- onomies, or typologies. By typology, we mean analy-
formation. This study claims that the most important sis and description of typical forms of a complex real-
element while searching for a document is the time ity, allowing classification. For our concerns, we need
dimension, which can be conveyed with differing in- to find division criteria, or dimensions of analysis,
stances (season, precise date, period, project stage, from which we can develop a description of empirical
etc.). The development of relevant facets and of the complex data, to eventually transfer it to the devel-
required level of specificity for the documentarization opment of our faceted classification.
process is defined in context and in relation to activi-
ties, users habits, and volume of produced documents. 4.1 Empirical typology of documents
We don’t recommend any scale, as far as these are
principles to be applied in reference to a corpus, a set The theoretical typology of documents presented in
of activities, a department, or a professional group. part 4.2 represent a means to avoid an increasing
Thus the application of the principles of faceted classi- number of document types in faceted classification.
fication in the face of the large diversity of working In fact, during a deep study of folder organization on
documents forces us to soften the principle of facets individual workstation of two research engineers
and leads us to reflect on the development of more from the R&D department of an industrial group, we
coherent schemes adapted to diverse situations and ac- noted more than 110 document types which make up
tors. our empirical typology. The latter already constitutes
The faceted KOS we develop allows personal fac- a reduction in the actual complexity of observations
eted classification schemes, without restricting even- (Coenen-Huther 2007), given that we found several
tual constrained aspects of document description. It occurrences of the same document type in folder hi-
emphasizes the flexibility and expressiveness qualities erarchies due to the fact that workers are involved in
of faceted classification and this way of using it ap- several projects simultaneously with varying roles ac-
pears as a less strict approach of faceted classification cording to the project.
than the traditional ones. From our point of view, us- This empirical typology corresponds to the sys-
ers or document creators are considered the most tematic listing of instances of document types, which
relevant people to index their documents, thus we are we have reduced to a simplified form.
developing this methodology for designing faceted
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.
286 Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
Table 1. Extract from the empirical typology
The figure (Table 1) presented above is an extract is to enable document management rather than re-
from the empirical typology. We can hardly accomo- cord management.
date 110 values for a facet with our purpose of reduc- According to Marradi (1990), this typology, which
ing cognitive costs of information management tasks, could also be qualified as an extensional classification,
thus we have focused our interest on other dimen- originates with an item set (the document types men-
sions of analysis, such as document usage. tioned in the empirical typology), on which we apply
division criteria (purpose of activity and groups types
4.2 Theoretical typology functions of documents uses interacting with documents). These criteria are ap-
plied to items on the base of property similarity in
Our theoretical typology is developed from the view- the item set. Thereby, empirical document types own-
point of document usage, which depends, according ing the same properties are grouped in a new theo-
to us, on groups involved in creation or utilization of retical and more abstract type.
these documents and on the purpose of a worker’s It can be useful to notice that this typology can po-
activity considered in its entirety and to be seen in tentially be applied to all departments of an organiza-
the global organization. tion. For instance, in a Human Resource department,
In the following table (Table 2), purposes are men- the purpose of the activity labeled as “accomplishment
tioned in the frame of document creation, as our goal of mission in the frame of projects” can lead to pro-
Table 2. Document typology functions of professional activities purposes and types of groups
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.
Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4 287
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
duction of document types as “contracts.” These for activities or projects other than those during
documents will be considered, in the context of this which they have been produced. They could be
activity, as the type “Document of collaborative compared to documentation, but we distinguish
work,” but could also belong to the category “referen- them because they are internally produced. For ex-
tial document” from the viewpoint of people from ample: maintenance documents reused in context
other departments of the organization. The types of of repairing.
groups mentioned in this theoretical typology come Referential document: These documents can be
from the approach of Zacklad (2007). We assume that equally accessed by all organization members.
this theoretical typology can compose an adding They consist of document models, formal descrip-
marker for users in the stage of developing document tions of projects, forms, documents of activities
typologies for creation of faceted classification. This planning of a department. They are not specialized
can also eventually be a classification principle for on professional activities. For example: instruc-
consistent faceted organization within a trade. tions about record management or data backup,
consortium agreement, contract, organization
4.3 Definitions of types from the theoretical typology chart, visual guidelines
External documents: In every dimension of pro-
In this typology, types are nor definitive nor exclu- fessional exercise and in almost every case of
sive. For instance, a document can move from a type document production, workers need some docu-
“Document of collaborative work” over to an official mentation. These documents come from informa-
version for record, and another document of type tion research activities, from external sources.
“Document of collaborative work,” like a data model, Record document: Final versions, official versions
can become a “Trade Document” in other situations. of individual work documents, documents of col-
laborative work, trade documents. For example:
Individual work document: These documents Deliverable
correspond to an individual work activity, aside
from any work group, or for documents created in The following categories of Individual work docu-
autonomous ways, for preparing to share with a ments, Documents of Collaborative Work and Trade
working group. For example: notes, diagram documents can belong to a broader category from
Document of collaborative work: These docu- Zacklad (2006), labeled as DofA (Document For Ac-
ments are written collaboratively, within a group tion). These DofA are characterized by their ex-
where the work of individuals is highly dependent tended state of incompletion, their perenniality, their
of other workers’ work, as is frequently the case in fragmentation, their rapid circulation, by the fact that
project organization. For example: State-of-the- they are produced by different authors and by the
Art-review, requirement specifications non-trivial argumentative relationships between the
Project monitoring document: This type of docu- document fragments. (Zacklad 2006). For Zacklad,
ment is used to organize activities within projects DofA corresponds to various devices: textual file or
over time and organizational aspects (coordina- annotated drawings, forum systems, blog systems or
tion). For example: dashboard, schedule wikis, messaging systems, etc. (Zacklad 2007), while
Trade document: These documents are collabora- we are only focused on working documents in the
tively written by community of practice members frame of professional exercise.
or professionals from the same trade and are used,
individually or collectively, for professional activi- 4.4. Evaluation by reclassifying empirical types
ties; they can describe good practices; the type of in theoretical types
discourse is often prescriptive. For example: pro-
cedure, operating procedure, good practice guide, To test the theoretical typology based on document
recommendations uses presented above by reclassifying all empirical
Auxiliary resource document: These documents types inside the theoretical types, a large amount of
are often completed, reused in other departments document appears to fit in the category of Document
of organizations, or for other projects, or by other of Collaborative Work (40 instances) while amount
professional groups than those who produced of documents in other categories are manageable for
them. They are about knowledge capitalization. taxonomies that may become facet values (about 12
They are taken up and undergo a revival of interest values by other theoretical types).
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.288 Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
Figure 1. Major category of document types: Documents of Collaborative Work
The diagram (Figure 1) presented above illustrates functions of the prevalence of certain activities within
that the core documents produced or handled com- a trade vary.
prises the category of Document of collaborative If we develop a faceted classification with activity-
work. In fact, the Individual Work documents and based contexts, we may find a facet in each context
External documents often contribute to the drafting representing specific document types frequently pro-
of Document of Collaborative Work. Trade docu- duced during each activity. Thus we can detail docu-
ments also frequently appear as contributions to this ment types comprising the Document of Collabora-
type of document and vice versa. Auxiliary Resource tive Work category.
documents generally come from the category of As observed, activities within our KOS have sev-
Document of Collaborative Work and also become eral roles. First, they are a means of grouping facets in
resources for the drafting of this latter type of docu- a relevant context. Second, they improve information
ment. Lastly, Project Monitoring documents and Ref- allocation in facets when the number of values is too
erential documents are used to organize the drafting high by refining the facets’ content, while maintain-
activities of Document of Collaborative Work. Thus, ing consistency in the classification scheme.
it is not surprising to note that this category gathers The table (Table 3) proposed below is an extrac-
the most important empirical types. tion of reclassifying operations of the Document of
collaborative work category functions of specific ac-
4.5. Refinement with activities tivities. According to this example, we notice that an
acceptable amount of values of facets is created in
One facet containing 40 values is not manageable. It reference to specific activities. For a facet concerning
appears necessary to apply a new categorization crite- the preliminary studies documents, the label could be
ria. We chose the activity element, in which the “Preliminary Studies Specific documents.” The exe-
specificity level can vary in terms of functions of cuted choice consists of fragmenting document types
needs, numbers of documents, and degrees of preci- in reference to activities during which they are pro-
sion needed. Our tool allows the creation of activity duced.
contexts for grouping facets with relevance. This en-
ables documentarization with an adaptable level of
specificity functions for user needs, in which the
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4 289
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
Table 3. Extract from reclassifying one theoretical
type of document by specific activities
5.0 Recommendations for types of KOS We propose to make some recommendations about
according to document types and KOS types functions of theoretical document types
management of information activities’ and documentarization operations’ purposes. In the
purposes table (Table 4) below, KOS’s degrees of structural con-
straint are correlated to the latter document typology.
As mentioned above, we recommend that KOS’s used In addition, we notice that storage media associated
in organizations and their degree of structural con- with documentarization activities depend on the pur-
straint should be correlated to document uses and to poses of these operations and, to an extent, on the
documentarization operations’ purposes. Management public they are addressed to.
of information activities and especially for documen-
tarization can be enumerated in a broad outline as fol- 6.0 Conclusion
lows: applying indexing instructions for record keep-
ing with formal KOS’s, systematic and scalable work- Through a study of document types for developing
ing documents organization with medium formalized faceted classification, we recommend degrees of
KOS, and tagging of individual work documents structural constraint for KOS’s used for documenta-
through informal KOS. The degree of structural con- rization of working documents.
straint of KOS is related, itself, to document types Our tool, the flexibility of which has been men-
that are possibly documentarized with this KOS, and tioned before, allows us to apply varying degrees of
storage medias are associated to these features. structural constraint of KOS’s to faceted classifica-
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.290 Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
Table 4. Correlation between KOS types and theoretical types of documents
tion, although it was first designed for a top-down References
approach for document management, for knowledge
management. Aberts, Inge. 2009. “Exploitation des genres de textes
The interest in considering activities in the crea- pour assister les pratiques textuelles dans les envi-
tion of faceted classification lies in the opportunity to ronnements numériques de travail: le cas du cour-
make the specificity degree for the classification vari- riel chez des cadres et des secrétaires dans une mu-
able, thus for indexing and then for retrieval. Users' nicipalité et une administration fédérale canadien-
priorities differ within a department, as does the vol- nes.” Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Montréal.
ume of documents produced during the execution of Ali, Fauzi M. and Du, Weichang. 2004. Toward reuse
professional tasks. We assume that the possible varia- of object-oriented software design models. Infor-
tion of degrees in specificity in information manage- mation and software technology 46: 499-517.
ment tasks reduces the cognitive costs implied by Broudoux, Evelyne. 2012. Quelles lectures du tag-
those activities. Considering activities also allows for ging? Modélisation, techniques et usages. à paraitre,
fragmenting facet values in several distinct facets, programme de VSST 2012.
since their amounts might potentially be too large. Broughton, Vanda. 2006. The need for a faceted classi-
Faceted classification makes information manage- fication as the basis of all methods of information
ment easier by providing multi-point-of-view access retrieval. Aslib Proceedings 58: 49-72.
to documents. One can remember heterogeneous Coenen-Huther, Jacques. 2007. Classifications, typo-
elements for retrieval, thus, if the searched docu- logies et rapport aux valeurs. Revue Européenne des
ments have been indexed by the means of faceted sciences sociales 45n138: 27-40.
classification, one can recognize potential elements Desfriches Doria, Orélie, and Zacklad, Manuel. 2010.
used for the documentarization in facets. Stakes re- Apports de la psychologie du travail pour caractéri-
lated to graphic interfaces for presenting faceted clas- ser l’activité de gestion de l’information. In Actes du
sification are involved in the efficiency and the suc- colloque Cide 13, document numérique entre perma-
cess of this kind of system. nence et mutations, Paris, INHA, 16-17 Décembre
2010. Paris: Europia Productions, pp.53-69.
Note Desfriches Doria, Orélie. 2011. Les SOC semi-
formels au service de l’exercice des métiers et de
1. National Agency for Research l’innovation dans les organisations. In Hypermédias
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.Knowl. Org. 39(2012)No.4 291
O. D. Doria. The Role of Activities Awareness in Faceted Classification Development
et pratiques numériques: actes de H2PTM'11, 12-14 modèles à base de points de vue: différences et
octobre 2011, Université Paul Verlaine, Metz. Paris: complémentarité. In Guastavino, Catherine, and
Hermès Science Publications. Turner, James eds. Information sans frontières: inte-
Gagnon-Arguin, Louise, and Vien, Hélène. 1998. Ty- ractions entre la BSI et d’autres disciplines, actes du
pologie des documents des organisations: de la créa- 36e congrès annuel de l’Association canadienne des
tion à la conservation. Sainte Foy, Québec: Presses sciences de l'information (ACSI), Université of Bri-
de l’Université du Québec. tish Columbia, Vancouver, 5-7 juin 2008.
Kwasnik, Barbara H. 1999. The role of classification Pikas, Christina K. 2007. Personal information man-
in knowledge representation and discovery. Li- agement strategies and tactics used by senior engi-
brary trends 48 no. 1: 22-47. neers. In Proceedings of the American Society for In-
La Barre, Kathryn. 2010. A semantic (faceted) web? formation Science and Technology 44: 1–21.
Les cahiers du numérique 6n3: 103 – 31. Vickery, Brian. 1960. Faceted classification: a guide to
Leplat, Jacques. 1997. Regards sur l’activité en situation construction and use of special schemes. London:
de travail: contribution à la psychologie ergonomi- Aslib.
que. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. Zacklad, Manuel. 2006. Documentarisation processes
Maniez, Jacques. 1999. Des classifications aux thésau- in Documents for Action (DofA): the status of an-
rus: du bon usage des facettes. Documentaliste – notations and associated cooperation technologies.
sciences de l’information 36: 249-62. Computer supported cooperative work 15: 205-28.
Marradi, Alberto. 1990. Classification, typology, tax- Zacklad, Manuel. 2007. Une théorisation communica-
onomy. Quality & quantity 24: 129-57. tionnelle et documentaire des TIC. In Brossaud,
Marleau, Yves, Mas, Sabine, and Zacklad, Manuel. Claire, and Reber, Bernard eds. Humanités numéri-
2008. Exploitation des facettes et des ontologies ques 2: socio-informatique et démocratie cognitive.
sémiotiques pour la gestion documentaire. In Brou- Paris: Hermes.
doux, Evelyne, et Chartron, Ghislaine eds. Traite- Zacklad, Manuel. 2011. Cinq critères d’évaluation des
ments et pratiques documentaires, vers un changement systèmes d’organisation des connaissances. Les ca-
de paradigme?: actes de la deuxième conférence docu- hiers du numérique, à paraître.
ment numérique et société, Paris, CNAM, 17-18 no- Zeller, Jean-Daniel. 2004. Documents numériques: à
vembre 2008. Paris : ADBS, pp. 91-110. la recherche d’une typologie perdue… Document
Mas, Sabine, Bénel, Aurélien, Cahier, Jean-Pierre, and numérique 8n2: 101-16.
Zacklad, Manuel. 2008. Classification à facettes et
https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2012-4-283
Generiert durch IP '46.4.80.155', am 22.03.2021, 21:15:12.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.You can also read
