The Transient High Energy Sky - Real-time multi-messenger searches for the origin of high-energy cosmic rays - IFAE Indico
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The Transient High Energy Sky
© PNHE
Real-time multi-messenger searches
for the origin of high-energy cosmic rays
Fabian Schüssler
February 6th, 2020
The Transient High Energy Sky
t a t i on a l
o f g r a v i
at i o n s l l b e t h e
o b se r v r ay s w i
ar ly, t h e g a m m a n e w
C l e o s a n d n o m y , a
n e u t r i n e r as t ro j i t a )
wave s , e s se n g y. ( T . K a
m u l t i - m c en t u r
ke y t o h e 2 1 st
m y i n t
astro n o
© PNHE
Real-time multi-messenger searches
for the origin of high-energy cosmic rays
Fabian Schüssler
February 6th, 2020
The Transient High Energy Sky
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 3
Energy [eV]
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 4
Energy [eV]
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 5
Gravitational waves
Energy [eV]
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 6
Gravitational waves
Energy [eV]
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 7
Multi-messenger astrophysics in a nutshell
■ Space (and time) correlations would provide ”smoking gun” signal for
joint emission processes => CR interaction/acceleration
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 8
Monitoring vs follow-up observatories
■ Large field-of-view: monitor the sky + provide alerts
■ Small field-of-view: high-sensitivity follow-up observations
Large FoV Small FoV
HAWC MAGIC
Monitoring
(+ duty cycle)
LSST /Vera Rubin
Sensitivity
Resolution Keck
IceCube
Energy threshold High Low
CHIME VLA
ASKAP
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 9
FoV + duty-cycle vs
sensitivity + Etreshold + resolution
H. Schoorlemmer
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 10VHE gamma-ray astronomy
VERITAS
MAGIC
CTA-North LHAASO
HAWC
H.E.S.S.
CTA-South
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 11Current IACTs: high resolution follow-up observatories
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 12The Cherenkov Telescope Array
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 13Neutrino telescopes: monitoring the neutrino sky
ANTARES: La-Seyne-sur-Mer, France BAIKAL: Lake Baikal, Siberia
DUMAND, Hawaii
(cancelled 1995)
KM3NeT (Catania, Italy)
AMANDA/IceCube: Antarctica
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 14IceCube
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 15ANTARES + KM3NeT
■ Good visibility of the Southern Sky
■ Water: low scattering => high angular resolution
■ 40K + bioluminescence
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 16TAToO: the ANTARES neutrino alert program
■ online reconstruction of the ANTARES data within a few seconds
■ filtering/detection of promising candidates
■ alert emission to a list of MoU observatories (ANTARES) or via public
announcements (IceCube)
APP 35 (2012) 530–536
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 17The H.E.S.S.-II response to ToOs
■ main design principles of the H.E.S.S. 28m telescope
▪ large photon collection area (614 m2 mirror area;
largest IACT worldwide)
▪ rapid response time
▪ flexible + fully automatized alert system
revers
e trac
king
Hofverberg et al., ICRC 2013
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 18ANTARES alert ANT170130A
■ ANTARES high-energy neutrino alert
• prompt/automatic reaction of H.E.S.S.
• Neutrino detection: 2017-01-30 00:39:12
• VoEvent notice: 2017-01-30 00:39:25
• HESS observations: 2017-01-30 00:39:44
■ H.E.S.S. data analysis
• no significant gamma-ray emission
■ alert also followed by robotic optical telescopes
preliminary
• e.g.: TAROT at La Silla
D. Dornic et al., PoS(ICRC2017)985
FS et al. PoS(ICRC2017)653
Tarot Chili
2017-01-30 01:01
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 19IceCube-170922A
■ 22/09/2017: Detection of another high-energy
neutrino of about 300 TeV by IceCube:
automatic and public alert distribution to
follow-up observatories at all wavelengths
■ Observations with H.E.S.S. started 4h later
■ no gamma-ray signal found => ATEL #10787
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 20IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056
■ 28/09/2017 Fermi-LAT: Detection of an active
blazar (active galactic nuclei with the jet
pointing towards Earth) within the neutrino
uncertainty region ATEL #10791
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 21IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056
■ 28/09/2017 Fermi-LAT: Detection of an active
blazar (active galactic nuclei with the jet
pointing towards Earth) within the neutrino
uncertainty region ATEL #10791
■ activity in all wavelengths (optical - X-rays -
gamma rays) with unprecedented flux levels
High-energy gamma rays (Fermi-LAT)
Neutrino detection
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 22A worldwide observation campaign
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 23IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056 : MWL campaign
■ Highlights:
■ detection of VHE gamma-rays up to 400GeV by MAGIC (~10days after
the neutrino event)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 24IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056 : MWL campaign
■ Highlights:
■ detection of VHE gamma-rays up to 400GeV by MAGIC (~10days after
the neutrino event) => variability at day-timescales
■ longterm monitoring campaign by VERITAS + MAGIC
■ ToO observations by H.E.S.S. (e.g. March 2018)
FS et al, TeVPA 2018
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 25An orphan flare of neutrinos from the same direction
■ dedicated searches in the IceCube (and ANTARES) neutrino data
■ excess of 13 ± 5 neutrinos within ~100-150 days in 2014/2015
■ spectrum following E-2.1 ± 0.3 (atmospheric: E-3.7)
■ significance : 3.5σ
No associated MWL activity (no alert, i.e. few observations)
=> need for VHE monitoring observatories (see later)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 26Gamma Ray Bursts (previous picture)
▪ current detections mainly by Swift-BAT + Fermi-GBM (+ soon SVOM, later THESEUS)
▪ afterglow across the EM spectrum
▪ ~100 GeV photon(s) seen by Fermi-LAT
▪ rapid reaction + low energy threshold crucial
▪ e.g. MAGIC + H.E.S.S. phase II
GRB 090902B (Abdo et al. APJ 706 (2009) 138)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 27Gamma Ray Bursts with H.E.S.S.
© PNHE
C. Hoischen et al., PoS(ICRC2017)636
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 28Recent news on Gamma Ray Bursts @ IACTs
■ short-GRB 160821B @ MAGIC: hint for detection (Berti et al. 2019, Proc. MG15),
recently associated with a kilonova (Lamb et al. 2019 arXiV:1905.02159)
■ GRB180720B @ H.E.S.S.: >100GeV emission 10h after the burst (E. Ruiz
Velasco et al., CTA Symposium 2019)
■ GRB190114C @ MAGIC: >300GeV emission 50s after the burst (ATEL #12390)
■ GRB190829A @ H.E.S.S.: >5sigma; observations > 4h20 (ATEL #13052)
■ …
© PNHE
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 29H.E.S.S.: GRB180720B Swift-XRT energy flux @ 11 hours
■ Triggered by Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT
GRB180720B
■ Fermi-LAT detection until T0+700s (Emax
≈5 GeV)
■ Extremely bright burst (e.g. 2nd GRB130427A
brightest XRT afterglow)
■ Redshift: z = 0.653 (98% absorption at
~500 GeV)
Adapted from Hinton+(TAUP2019)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 30H.E.S.S.: GRB180720B
■ Visibility constrains: observations starting
~10h after the burst !!
■ 2h of data (zenith >45deg)
-2°00' a 5 -2°00' E 5
SignificancH
SignificancH
4 4
3 3
2 2
'eclinDtiRn (-2000)
'eclinDtiRn (-2000)
1 1
30' 0
30' 0
−1 −1
−2 −2
-3°00' -3°00'
30' 30'
GRB 180720B (70+10 hRurs) GRB 180720B (70+18 GDys)
H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S.
0h06m 04m 02m 00m 0h06m 04m 02m 00m
RiJht AscensiRn (-2000) RiJht AscensiRn (-2000)
HESS Collaboration
Nature 575, 464–467 (2019)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 31MAGIC et al.
MAGIC: GRB190114C Nature 575, 459 (2019)
■ Redshift z = 0.42
■ Large zenith angles + moonlight
=> relatively high energy threshold
MAGIC Collaboration
(~300GeV) Nature 575, 455 (2019)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 32MAGIC Collaboration
MAGIC: GRB190114C Nature 575, 455 (2019)
■ Redshift z = 0.42
■ Large zenith angles + moonlight
=> relatively high energy threshold
(~300GeV)
MAGIC et al.
Nature 575, 459 (2019)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 33A second high-energy component
Nature 575, 448-449 (2019)
■ Observation of the SSC component in GRBs
■ X-rays and gamma-ray fluxes are of the same level
▪ We were missing ~half of the emission in all previous GRB observations
■ New questions
▪ How long does the VHE emission last? …
■ Can we verify this link with further observations (?)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 34H.E.S.S.: GRB190829A
■ Extremely close burst: redshifts z = 0.0785
■ A special burst: low Eiso + low Epeak
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 35H.E.S.S.: GRB190829A
■ Extremely close burst: redshifts z = 0.0785
■ A special burst: low Eiso + low Epeak
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 36Outlook: GRB detections with CTA
■ ~10 times better sensitivity => increase detections + probe deeper into the
afterglow
■ Rapid slewing of the LSTs => catch parts of the prompt phase (?)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 37Monitoring the universe in Gravitational Waves
Ligo/Virgo
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 38Overview: O1 + O2 + O3 + …
B.P. Abbott et al., arXiv:1304.0670 (v9, 2019-09-27)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 39Links to Gamma-Ray Bursts
■ GW170817: NS-NS mergers
are sources of (short) GRBs
■ GRB160821B (?)
■ GRB180720B
■ GRB190114C
■ GRB190829A
■ GRBs emit at VHE energies
■ VHE emission is strong enough
for current IACTs
■ VHE emission is long-lasting
(GRB180729B: >10h)
Abbott, B.P. et al 2017 ApJL 848 L12
■ Let’s detect VHE emission from
NS-NS (and NS-BH) mergers…
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 40Links to Gamma-Ray Bursts
■ GW170817: NS-NS mergers
are sources of (short) GRBs
■ GRB160821B (?)
GWs are much more than a newGRB180720B
way to detect GRBs
■
■ GRB190114C
■ GRB190829A
▪ Crucial information on the pre-merger system
• masses, spins, inclination, (distance), …
■ GRBs emit at VHE energies
▪ MWL detections provide access to post-merger energetics
and particle acceleration processes■ VHE emission is strong enough
for current IACTs
▪ GRB190114C: VHE domain ~50% of Ltot
■ VHE emission is long-lasting
▪ localisation (host galaxy, redshift, etc.), local environment, …
(GRB180729B: >10h)
Abbott, B.P. et al 2017 ApJL 848 L12
■ Let’s detect VHE emission from
NS-NS (and NS-BH) mergers…
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 41GW150914
Virgo+Ligo+et al., ApJL 826:L13 (2016)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 42Scheduling and pointing strategy
GW170817 Fermi-GBM
+ Integral
Fermi-GBM
Ligo Virgo
+ Ligo
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 43Scheduling and pointing strategy
GW170817 Fermi-GBM
+ Integral
Fermi-GBM
?
?
?
IACTs
Ligo Virgo
+ Ligo
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 44Scheduling and pointing strategy
GW170817 Fermi-GBM
+ Integral
Fermi-GBM Fermi-GBM
Ligo Virgo Ligo Virgo
+ Ligo + Ligo
Galaxies
Galaxies
■ automatic selection of regions of interest
■ correlation with galaxy catalog(s) in 3 dimensions
■ dedicated algorithms for the different possibilities (e.g. BNS, BBH, bursts, etc.)
M. Seglar-Arroyo + FS (H.E.S.S.), Moriond VHEPU 2017, arXiv: 1705.10138
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 45GW170817: TeV gamma-ray follow-up
F. Schüssler (Irfu, CEA-Saclay), H.E.S.S. Collaboration
F. Schüssler (Irfu, CEA-Saclay), H.E.S.S. Collaboration
H. Abdalla et al. (H.E.S.S.), ApJL 855:L22 (2017)
■ First observations of a ground-based pointing instrument
■ 5.3 hours after GW170817 (5 minutes after GCN circular with Ligo+Virgo analysis)
■ first pointing containing SSS17a (AT 2017gfo)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 46H.E.S.S. observations of GW170817: prompt
F. Schüssler (Irfu, CEA-Saclay), H.E.S.S. Collaboration
F. Schüssler (Irfu, CEA-Saclay), H.E.S.S. Collaboration
■ First observations of a ground-based pointing instrument
■ 5.3 hours after GW170817
■ 5 minutes after the GCN circular announcing the Ligo+Virgo analysis
■ no significant signal: Φ (0.28 < E [TeV] < 2.31) < 3.9 x 10-12 erg cm-2 s-1
■ monitoring campaign over 5 nights
H. Abdalla et al. (H.E.S.S.), ApJL 855:L22 (2017)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 47H.E.S.S. observations of GW170817: prompt
adapted from arXiv: 1710.05862 and arXiv:1710.10757
■ e.g. K. Murase et al. (arXiv:1710.10575)
■ high-energy signatures from long-lasting central engines
■ inverse Compton: X-ray up-scattering by electrons in the jet
■ H.E.S.S. observations constrain on-axis emission
■ CTA will have access to off-axis emission
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 48Longterm H.E.S.S. observations of GW170817
Preliminary
synchrotron self-Compton (SSC)
FSSC ⇠ u2e uB
synchrotron
Fsynch ⇠ ue uB
increase magnetic field
radio X-ray gamma-ray
■ Extensive H.E.S.S. follow-up during the peak of the X-ray+ radio emission
■ exploiting the link between synchrotron + SSC peaks to put limits on the B-field
S. Ohm, A. Taylor, H. Ashkar, FS, X. Rodriguez et al. (ICRC2019), paper submitted
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 49Longterm H.E.S.S. observations of GW170817
Preliminary
Preliminary
°11
10
210 µG
H.E.S.S. diÆerential
10 °12 220 µG upper limits
24 µG
26 µG
10°13
ic
∫ F ∫ (erg cm°2 s°1 )
st
ivi
lat
jet
-re
10°14
on
ic
st
n
i
C,
tiv
n
ro
SS
ela
ot
10°15
r
hr
C,
nc
SS
sy
10°16
10°17
10°18 °6
10 10°3 100 103 106 109 1012 1015
E∞ (eV)
■ Extensive H.E.S.S. follow-up during the peak of the X-ray+ radio emission
■ exploiting the link between synchrotron + SSC peaks to put limits on the B-field
■ isotropic, non-relativistic outflow: B ≳ 210µG
■ relativistic jet: B ≳ 24µG
S. Ohm, A. Taylor, H. Ashkar, FS, X. Rodriguez et al. (ICRC2019), paper submitted
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 50What’s next?
The Cherenkov Telescope Array
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 51For details see
”Science with CTA”
10 x Sensitivity,
Large Collection
Energies down Area
Energies up to
to 20 GeV → all topics 300 TeV
→ Cosmology++ → Pevatrons
60
Rapid Slewing
z=4.3, E>30GeV, 0.1 sec time bin
8o Field of View
Excess [/Bin]
40
in 20 seconds
→ surveys,
20 → transients extended objects
0
40 60 80 100
Time from GRB [sec]
10% Energy Few ‘ Angular
NASA Resolution Resolution
→ lines, features → morphology
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 52The CTA Transient program
■ Transients are integral part of the CTA ”Key Science Projects”
▪ Observation time allocated to the CTA consortium
■ dedicated Science Working Group ”Transients and MWL”
▪ Preparation of the first observations (reaction to external ToOs, definition of
observation program, preparation of science analysis, etc.)
▪ Setup of multi-wavelength/messenger connections
▪ Main topics: gamma-ray bursts, gravitational waves, high-energy neutrinos, FRBs,
Galactic transients (e.g. microquasars, novae, magnetars, etc.)
▪ Real-time analysis of the data => emission of notifications/alerts (internal + external)
■ AGN monitoring program
■ survey of the galactic + extragalactic sky
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 53GW follow-up with CTA
LST prototype taking data
H.E.S.S. CTA ■ detailed studies ongoing
■ extending work from
▪ all current IACTs
▪ I.Bartos et al., MNRAS
477 (2018) 639-647
▪ B. Patricelli et al., JCAP
05 (2018) 056
H. Abdalla et al. (H.E.S.S.), ApJL 855:L22 (2017) FS (CTA consortium), preliminary
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 54GW follow-up with CTA: real-time analysis
M. Seglar-Arroyo et al. (CTA), ICRC2019, arXiv: 1908.08393
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 55High Altitude particle detector arrays
Milagro ARGO-YBJ
HAWC LHAASO Taiga
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 56Searches with air shower arrays
■ HAWC + LHAASO (+ SWGO, ALTO, ALPACA, etc.)
■ Large FoV + high duty-cycle
▪ Smaller instantaneous sensitivity + higher E threshold
HAWC
■ HAWC: automatized searches for excess at several timescales (0.3s -
100s)
S191216ap LHAASO
MassGap => BBH
HAWC
« hotspot »
S190425z
GCN #24173
BNS > 99% GCN #26455
GCN #26463
GW event confirmed 2020-01-06 IceCube neutrino GCN #26472
Paper + press release: …
https://www.ligo.org/detections/GW190425.php
I. Martinez + H. Schoorlemmer et al. (HAWC)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 57SKY COVERAGE
The Southern sky
TAIGA
MAGIC LHAASO
VERITAS TIBET
CTA-N
HAWC
CTA-S HESS
SGSO
adapted from W. Hofmann (TeVPA2018)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 58The Southern sky
■ almost 250 TeV sources
▪ rich harvest in the Southern Sky
▪ HAWC competitive with IACTs (on short timescales)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 59The main science drivers of SGSO
■ Cosmic ray acceleration and transport
■ Monitoring the high-energy transient sky
■ Physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics
■ Cosmic ray observations
Complementarity with CTA White paper:
arXiv: 1902.08429
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 60Thornton D. et al.2013 Science 341, 53
Fast Radio Bursts
■ strong, millisecond radio burst of extragalactic origin
■ large variety of models (e.g. FRBTheoryCat)
■ significant evolutions over the last years
■ large FoV instruments + rapid detection pipelines
■ Large variety of bursts
■ Single bursts
■ Repeating bursts
■ Periodic bursts (FRB 180916.J0158+65)
Evan Keane (2019-01-09), see also: frbcat.org
Parkes
CHIME
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 61High-energy multi-messenger astrophysics
■ Several years of preparation coming to fruition
▪ automatic alert systems + dedicated data analysis tools + MoUs + …
■ Gravitational waves + Gamma Ray Bursts
▪ major breakthroughs over the last years (GW170817, GRB180720B, GRB190114C, etc.)
▪ follow-up challenging due to large localization uncertainties
▪ important input from additional EM detection, galaxy catalogs, etc.
▪ successful participation of IACTs in the Virgo/Ligo EM follow-up efforts
▪ Main future players: CTA + LHAASO (+ SWGO?)
■ Neutrinos
▪ diffuse astrophysical flux detected (details lacking statistics)
▪ transient sources more promising (no point-source in IceCube + reduced chance prob.)
▪ IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056: a first hint
■ Fast Radio Bursts
▪ rapidly evolving domain (number of bursts, dedicated analysis pipelines, MWL campaigns)
■ Optical transient factories (Vera Rubin Observatory, etc.)
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 62Opportunities for IFAE
■ MAGIC + CTA
▪ Obvious link to VIRGO (locally joint MM projects ?!)
▪ Reinforce links with other MM facilities (e.g. IceCube, KM3NeT)
▪ Exploit information provided by LHAASO (e.g. alerts! visibility!)
■ VIRGO + DES/EUCLID
▪ Exploit possible synergies on cosmological parameters
■ Theory
▪ Exploit multi-messenger signals (or limits) for BSDM searches/limits
▪ e.g. combined gamma-ray and neutrino/GW BSDM limits
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 63Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 64
Fabian Schüssler - IFAE - 2020-02-06 65
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