TRAINING IN TEAM SPORTS, BASKETBALL. THEORY, TECHNIQUE AND DIDACTICS RIMODULATION IN SPORT TRAINING. IZZO RICCARDO E.,1,2 RUSSO LUCA1,3
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Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
TRAINING IN TEAM SPORTS, BASKETBALL. THEORY, TECHNIQUE AND
DIDACTICS RIMODULATION IN SPORT TRAINING.
IZZO RICCARDO E.,1,2 RUSSO LUCA1,3
Abstract
In this work after years of study we examine the current situation of the training methodology in sport,
most of all for youth, with an investigation on basketball with youth.
In particular, we focus on structure, suggesting a review of the way of operating, more linked to the
scientific aspect of the proposition and planning of the training, to become more adapted to the individual
and to the group than is currently conceived.
The focus is derived from the situation, today recognized by everyone in the field, of a preparation of a
senior athlete linked to a more and more experiential activity, though with its indisputable importance, but
limiting the basic work under the minimum level.
The further revelation which is indicated is the opportunity for scientific, physiologic, and also psycho-
pedagogic parameters linked to the age of the individuals, by referring to their growth phases to their
sensitive phases and other issues.
The aim is to bring all the scientific synergies derived from the collaboration of all the fundamental issues
of science in the theory of sport, above all in youth, in order to achieve the best preparation. This alone
merits a very delicate and specific reasoning, in that it is dedicated to individuals who are rapidly changing
in their psycho-physical being which is substantially important for their future.
Keywords: Training, quality of learning, quantity of learning, optimal preparation
Introduction which lack flexibility and adaptability for
playing team sports, in our case, basketball.
Training as a concept has been taken
in serious consideration in all fields as the Discussion
base and structure of the future of things, and
perfectionism of one’s quadri. Substantially, robotic players are
Training, as we believe should be produced, moreover with an insufficient basic
continuous, and not once in a while. level of individual technique.
It should be an instrument of Players, or rather “automatons”, in
enhanced cultural and technical value for the incomplete acceptance of the concept,
those teaching and preparing people at without their own knowledge and sufficient
various levels. know how, and therefore with the technical-
In sports, for example, our field of tactical programming received, only know
discussion, and in particular youths, therefore how to reproduce the technique by memory.
individuals in progressive and continuous They lack their own critical
growth, we intend training as a taxonomic and interpretation of the real situation of the
programmed work proposition, aimed at the game, not being players who can often choose
hypothetical optimization of specific learning; the right solution, moment by moment based
what we like to define as ‘optimal on what the field requires.
preparation’ (J.W. Bunn, 1955). Perhaps it is useful to remember
On the contrary, what the panorama however, that, except for very few talents who
for youth in Italy proposes today with are probably able to find good solutions by
disarming continuity is, in the best of cases, themselves, most athletes we have worked
athletes with their training designed on a mere with are normal individuals who are trained,
repetition of gestures and elements of the obviously also thanks to their genetic
game, training based on gestural automatisms patrimony, in function of the “food” which is
1 SportScience Faculty, Urbino, ITALY
2 Olimpia Milano basketball AJ Youth Formation Manager, ITALY
3 Human Movement and Sport Science Faculty, L’Aquila, ITALY
Email: riccardo.izzo@uniurb.it
Received 11.04.2011 / Accepted 14.07.2011
369Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
offered to them by the trainers. mechanical feedback), more than expecting
We can therefore say, and we are from them things which they can and must do,
convinced, that each player is substantially that is to find solutions which cognitively are
the product of the training that he receives (A. not yet part of their intellectual or motor
Kruger, 1997). makeup.
An instructor, therefore, with a broad
What we want to underline is that it cultural preparation, other than techniques
is time to review the concept of teaching, or and tactics of pedagogy, auxology, and other
rather training, which currently is too rranigid elements of learning, which help him not to
and too linked to the search for results in the underestimate elements like the sensitive
short term or very short term period, probably phases of the various ages in question, the
due to the over-structured and very dry chronological and biological age of the
“method” which lacks a projective logic for youths, the individual and group level of
an age which is often considerably premature, preparation and other factors, which will lead
that produces insufficient positive feedback, to requests that are more adequate for the
for a type of training which must be individual player and the group. (R. Martens,
qualitatively and quantitatively projected over 1990).
the years and not days or weeks.
The training must give results with The juvenile sport instructor
the future in mind, strictly correlated to the In our opinion sometimes the sport
various age groups, remembering that a instructor is dismissed from the real and
thirteen year old will stop growing around foundamental role of educator and trainer of
seventeen or eighteen, and not before. techniques and overall of moral and ethic
Of course this work foresees qualities, as well as useful sport rules, that can
feedback along the way to evaluate and be easily translate in every day life rules.
monitor the effectiveness of the work From this point of view the sport
proposed. instructor is very often a decisive figure by
Therefore, the multi-year program for the psychological, physical and technical
youths, starting for example at thirteen, must education and the relative influence on kid’s
absolutely have a multi-year connotation, initial pedagogic phase, specially nowadays
from three to four, if not five years. because the absence of family in the kid’s life.
Let’s remember, moreover, that (T. Bober, 1981).
basketball, as a team sport, increases the Because of this crucial role, the sport
difficulties of a team sport played in very instructor must has got a great flexible mind
close contact with the adversaries and is not (to be self-critical, humble, helpfully and to
divided by a net, for example, with a set of a get sacrifice spirit both in and out of court),
multitude of abilities of at least sixty or more he must to be really prepared both on psyco-
technical elements between attack and pedagogic and technical aspects, he must to
defense that are acquired very meticulously in know the learning rhythms of every age
order to be used effectively at the right times, group, he never must to pursue any personal
other than on a court which has become too scope or to follow the glory of success
small and therefore does not offer the right (specially the short term one), moreover he
space for those who are not able to control must to be far-sighted. (V.P. Filin, 1983)
their technique.
Let’s return, therefore, to our Let us to review the essential
personal conviction which is: it is the type of requirements characterizing the sport coach
training proposal which determines the figure:
quality and the quantity of the learning,
and the more it is qualified, the greater a) PRESENCE ON COURT:
benefits the athletes will obtain (D.L. Gill, - to be unimpeachable and to be a point of
1995) reference;
The figure which we believe and - Structuring the rules to respect;
always seen fundamental in this process is - positioning properly in the court;
obviously the instructor, with a different and
more attentive preparation to verify if his b) LANGUAGE:
athletes are effectively learning what he is - clear and easy;
teaching them (cognitive and technical- - use and modulation of voice;
370Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
- avoid long and complicated speech; PARTICIPANT: when, maintaining
c) COSTANT TECHNICAL his rigid plans, he is able to involve the kids
RETRAINING: in the activity (preferred) (R. Mager, 2001).
- to know the new methodologies and The instructor could to face to the
techniques; sportive drop out problem due to several
- to adapt the contents and the wrok to causes:
the group.
The sport instructor usually must to be A) PSYCOLOGICAL SATURATION
able to cover several different roles as well as: of the young player: the roel of
* technician instructor is very important, he
* teacher always has to be able to offer
* organizer-entertainer motivational incentives; at the same
* trusted individual time he does not to be obsessive in
* leader the requests to the kid, but he has to
* psychologist know the individual ant team limit of
* he must to be able to make first aid in stress; he has to know “what” and
case of injuries “how much” he can ask to every
* dynamic recovery of injuried player.
players.
The instructor has to move on several B) LACK OF CLARITY OF GOALS:
fields of activity: to pay attention in acting in an
incomprehensible way poor of
Creation and management of a group
significance for the players, not
pursuing rationally a well determined
goal.
Relationship instructor-learner
C) INJURIES:
- accidental
Relationship instructor-parents - consequences of previous
causes: poor psychical or physical
Training psyco-pedagogy
training; tiredness;
concentration; etc...;
lack of
Psycologgy of the learner in its D) INADEQUACITY
PLANNING: when the planning of
OF
various aspects
work does not fit with the age of
learner both quantitatively and
Physical conditioning (in case of qualitatively or the stimulus is
absence of specialists) inadequate.
Technical conditioning
E) LACK OF MOTIVATION of the
learner. It is a tricky point and it is
very common with very young
The personality of a coach can be groups. This situation is due
defined: principally to the lack of enthusiasm
with regards to the training process or
NOMINATIVE: when the player to the instructor-coach. In this cases
does not have freedom of expression, but a the instructor must to try to follow in
unique work proposal. an equal and fair manner all the
components of the team and to try to
BUREAUCRATIC: when the make they feel important and to the
sending of human contents is very poor. centre of the attention.
PERMISSIVE: when the instructor The learners are not expert on specific
loose the control trying to get the sympathy of focus of training effects, but they are very
the players. careful in their physical and technical
improvement because it is the main theme of
371Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
each training session and it is the real push of well defined work plan for future training,
the learning process together with the both for the individual and for the group-team
personal appeal of the instructor. in the specific team sport. (S. Arend, J.
The issues of coaching process and its Higgins, 1976).
relationship with learning of young players Doing this, the work is optimized,
are very interesting fields. starting from the real data and not the hoped
It is our intention, in future, to handle or imaginary ones, obtaining moreover
this argument in a more exhaustive and greater homogeneity of the individuals of the
complete way, if there is the necessity, group and therefore giving the group a better
analyzing separately different sports with the overall quality. (J.W. Bunn, 1972)
aim to describe specifically the differences It will be the better player, a player
that can characterize each discipline. able to think autonomously, to solve the
problems which are proposed with an
It is important to give the youths the adequate technique and not invented, well
necessary time they need to interiorize the prepared physically, obviously based on the
learning in an aware manner, to acquire athlete’s abilities and linked to the age of each
learning (E.D. Mc Kinney, 1991) one, to the various levels achieved, which can
be more and more competitive and perhaps
An element which is particularly limit the foreign excess of power.
interesting for instructors of youth, in our case Everyone talks about the youth sector
basketball, is to not take for granted the and its importance, at time because it seems
acquisition of the technique by the athlete, “politically correct”, as though the youth
other than the technique in itself, of the should be the natural exchange for the athletes
concept which is behind it, which is to say of the first team, but in fact, it has been said
that something that lets the athlete know when and is continued to be said that evaluating
and if that technique should be used or not attentively what happens in the more
(D.I. Anderson, B. Sidaway, 1994). important teams, and not only, today there is a
This is defined as “reading the stable predominance of presences, both form
situations” and is the consequent solution to UE or extra UE community athletes, not
the problem which at the level of structured always as a good choise in technical and
athletes is substantially the effective economic terms. (K. Davids, A. Lees, L.
qualitative difference among them. Burwitz, 2000).
This concept, which is very important
on the field, is not always easy to define in To achieve a conclusion of this
applicative terms in training. dissertation, it is necessary to think to the
That is to say that it should be ethical and moral aspect of the individual
inserted in the didactic-methodological education, both for instructors and players.
planning, to enact when proposing training (M.R. Weiss, 1992)
exercises. Form an anthropological point of
According to us, the reading of the view we can say that the idea of “individual”,
situations constitutes the knowledge of the instructor or player, which made own this
subject under study, knowing how to play, idea of educational model, has got inside an
again related to the age and objectives of the awareness of the humanistic and personal
individuals, ability in the specific technical perspective, that is an “individual” able to be
gestures for a particular sport, conditional deeply free, with reference to the biological,
abilities, and above all, regarding problem cultural and psychological influences (self
solving, coordinative abilities, and motor idea and self perception in the living
combination, from the ability of environment). (M.E. Tubbs, 1986).
differentiation to the ability of equilibrium
and other abilities. (M. Metzler, 1983) The individual, as the sport-
These are the elements that in the individual (child, teenage, adult), has got a
choice of the exercises to propose to the dignity of human person when he can act
athletes should be taken into consideration. with his own will, making decisions, taking
responsibility, having inter-subjectivity
When working with young athletes it (existing with others around) and focusing
is always important to verify the starting point on a goal.
of everyone, from that point plan and realize a
372Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
It does not exist a division between
individuals and players; during the match on
the court there is the individual, and the ideal
player is the independent individual, knowing References
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373Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH
Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania
The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011.
The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning
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